tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42056316745931313672024-03-19T12:26:37.745+01:00PhiPhiloUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger280125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-45637431692319534812024-02-20T09:00:00.000+01:002024-02-21T08:55:29.630+01:00EST-CE AINSI QUE LES HOMMES VIVENT (ET MEURENT) ?<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><span></span></b></span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b>Le sionisme n'est pas un humanisme ! (Décision de la Cour Internationale de Justice du 26 janvier 2024 - Résolution 3379 de l'Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies du 10 novembre 1975).</b></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: justify;">À<span style="font-family: georgia;"> la requête de l'Afrique du Sud considérant que "<i> le traitement des Palestiniens ressemble fortement au régime d'</i>apartheid<i> à motivation raciale de l'Afrique du Sud, qui a pris fin en 1994 avec l'élection de Mandela. Il est important de replacer <b>les actes de génocide</b> dans le contexte plus large de la conduite d'Israël à l'égard des Palestiniens pendant les 75 ans d'apartheid, les 56 ans d'occupation belligérante du territoire palestinien et les 16 ans de blocus de Gaza, y compris les violations graves et continues du droit international qui y sont associées, notamment les violations graves de la quatrième convention de Genève, et d'autres <b>crimes de guerre</b> et <b>crimes contre l'humanité</b></i></span>", la Cour Internationale de Justice déclare le 26 janvier 2024 qu'"<span class="citation"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>au moins certains des actes et omissions dont l'Afrique du Sud allègue qu'ils ont été commis par Israël à Gaza semblent pouvoir relever des dispositions de la Convention [de 1948 sur la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide]</i>". </span></span>Ce qui n'est pas sans rappeler la résolution 3379 de l'ONU votée (1) il y a presque 50 ans avant d'être abrogée sous la pression d'Israël (2) et dont voici le texte intégral (dans tous les cas, nous soulignons).</div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">"<i>L’Assemblée générale,</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Rappelant sa résolution 1904 (XVIII) du 20 novembre 1963, dans laquelle elle a proclamé la Déclaration des Nations unies sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale et, notamment, a affirmé que "toute doctrine fondée sur la différenciation entre les races ou sur la supériorité raciale est scientifiquement fausse, moralement condamnable, socialement injuste et dangereuse" et s'est déclarée alarmée devant les "manifestations de discrimination raciale qui se constatent encore dans le monde, dont quelques-unes sont imposées par certains gouvernements au moyen de mesures législatives, administratives ou autres",</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Rappelant également que, dans sa résolution 3151 G (XXVIII) du 14 décembre 1973, l’Assemblée générale a condamné en particulier l'alliance impie entre le racisme sud africain et le sionisme.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i style="font-style: italic;">Prenant note de la Déclaration de Mexico de 1975 sur l’égalité des femmes et leur contribution au développement et à la paix, proclamée par la Conférence mondiale de l’Année internationale de la femme, tenue à Mexico du 19 juin au 2 juillet 1975, qui a promulgué le principe selon lequel "la coopération et la paix internationales exigent la libération et l’indépendance nationales, l’élimination du colonialisme et du néocolonialisme, de l’occupation étrangère, <b>du sionisme, de l'apartheid</b></i><i style="font-style: italic;"> <b>et de la discrimination raciale sous toutes ses formes</b>, ainsi que la reconnaissance de la dignité des peuples et de leur droit à l'autodétermination ",</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><i><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Prenant note également de la résolution 77 (XII), adoptée par la Conférence des chefs d’États et de gouvernements de l'Organisation de l'unité africaine, à sa douzième session ordinaire, tenue à Kampala, du 28 juillet au 1er août 1975, qui a estimé "que le régime raciste en Palestine occupée et les régimes racistes au Zimbabwe et en Afrique du Sud ont une origine impérialiste commune, constituent un tout et ont la même structure raciste, et sont organiquement liés dans leur politique tendant à la répression de la dignité et l’intégrité de l’être d’humain",</i></div></i><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><i><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Prenant note également de la Déclaration politique et de la Stratégie pour renforcer la paix et la sécurité internationales et renforcer la solidarité et l’assistance mutuelle des pays non alignés, adoptée à la Conférence de ministres des affaires étrangères des pays non-alignés tenue à Lima, du 25 au 30 août 1975, qui a très sévèrement condamné le sionisme comme une menace à la paix et à la sécurité mondiales et a demandé à tous les pays de s’opposer à cette idéologie raciste et impérialiste,</i></div></i><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>Considère que le sionisme est une forme de racisme et de discrimination raciale</b>.</i>"</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(1) 72 voix pour, 35 contre et 32 abstentions</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(2) Résolution abrogée par la résolution 4686 en date du 16 décembre 1991 par 111 voix contre 25 et 13 abstentions.</span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: center;"><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: georgia;">*</span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: georgia;">***</span></p></div></span><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>"Si les vies se valaient ..." </i>(Benoît Bréville - <u>Le Monde Diplomatique</u> - Janvier 2024)</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">"<i>Au regard du droit international, la situation est limpide : la Russie occupe illégalement son voisin ukrainien, tout comme Israël occupe illégalement son voisin palestinien, ce que les Nations Unies ont maintes fois condamné. Tous deux devraient inspirer la même réprobation aux Occidentaux [...]. Il n'en est tien. Dans un cas, les Etats-Unis et l'Union Européenne se tiennent aux côtés du pays agressé, dans l'autre, du pays agresseur.</i></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Dès les premiers jours de la guerre, le Vieux Continent a ainsi ouvert grand ses portes à des millions d'exilés ukrainiens [...]. Nul ne propose d'accueillir les centaines de milliers d'habitants qui voudraient fuir Gaza. [...] Washington et Bruxelles ont riposté à l'invasion russe en prenant des sanctions draconiennes contre Moscou [...]. Rien de tel pour Israël. [...] Alors que les Occidentaux livrent des armes à l'occupé ukrainien, ils en vendent à l'occupant israélien, tout en menaçant de représailles ceux qui soutiendraient militairement les Palestiniens. [...] </i></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Les commentateurs occidentaux ont souvent rapporté les 1 200 victimes du Hamas à un population israélienne de 8 millions d'habitants, calculant que pour un pays de 331 millions d'habitants comme les Etats-Unis, l'équivalent des tueries du Hamas serait l'assassinat de 50 000 civils [...]. Mais qu'en serait-il si on comparait également les 20 000 tués </i>(1)<i> de Gaza pour une population de 2,3 millions d'habitants ? [...] Pour les Etats-Unis [cela en ferait] environ 2,8 millions, soit davantage que le total cumulé de toutes les guerres de leur histoire, celle de Sécession comprise. Près de 70% de la population de Gaza a été condamnée à l'exode. Alors, comparons là aussi : l'équivalent donnerait environ 50 millions de Français et près de 200 millions d'</i></span><i style="font-family: georgia;">Américains ..."</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(1) Dont 18 000 civils. Soit, en trois mois, plus de civils massacrés à Gaza qu'en deux ans en Ukraine ou en quatre ans à Sarajevo ! Et encore n'est-ce qu'un bilan provisoirement arrêté au début du mois de janvier 2024.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">*</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">***</span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>"Nous vous annonçons la bonne nouvelle"</i> (Mahmoud Darwich).</b></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"></p><p></p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">"</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">"Nous vous annonçons la bonne nouvelle de la civilisation" a dit l'Étranger, et il a dit "Je suis le seigneur du temps, venu recevoir la terre de vos mains" [...]. Ô, maître des Blancs, où emportes-tu mon peuple et le tien ? Vers quel gouffre ce robot hérissé d'avions et de porte-avions entraîne-t-il la terre ? Vers quel gouffre béant montez-vous ? Et tout ce que vous désirez vous échoit. La nouvelle Rome, la Sparte de la technologie et l'idéologie de la folie</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">"(</span><u style="font-family: georgia;">au Dernier Soir sur cette Terre</u><span style="font-family: georgia;">, traduit par Elias Sanbar).</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">"<i>Après un semblant de courte trêve, les bombardements israéliens terrorisent de nouveau Gaza et redoublent en intensité, en fréquence et en aveuglement. Le dernier rapport d'OCHA [Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs] estime à plus de 15 899 le nombre de Palestiniens et Palestiniennes assassiné-e-s par Israël depuis le 7 octobre, dont au moins 6 600 enfants</i>"(<a href="https://agencemediapalestine.fr/blog/2023/12/06/gaza-israel-a-tue-plus-de-15-523-palestinien-ne-s-dont-6-600-enfants-apres-bientot-deux-mois-de-bombardements/">Agence Medias Palestine</a>, 6/12/2023).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">*</div><div style="text-align: center;">***</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Obscénité </i>(<a href="https://ujfp.org/gaza-le-colonialisme-lapartheid-et-le-supremacisme-a-lorigine-du-carnage/">Pierre Stambul</a> - 15 octobre 2023).</b></span><p></p><p></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"<i>Le Hamas est-il un groupe terroriste ?</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Le mot « terroriste » est utilisé n’importe comment. Pour les Nazis, la Résistance était « l’armée du crime ». Le FLN algérien a été déclaré terroriste. Nelson Mandéla et l’ANC aussi. Et s’il y a un pays qui a été dirigé par des terroristes, c’est bien Israël avec Menahem Begin et Yitzhak Shamir, ce dernier ayant en plus assassiné des soldats anglais alors que l’extermination des Juifs était à l’œuvre. Et que doit-on dire du terrorisme d’État ? En Irak comme en Cisjordanie.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Le Hamas, c’est la branche palestinienne des Frères Musulmans. Ceux-ci représentent 30 % de la population égyptienne. Ils ont cru pouvoir imposer leurs conceptions obscurantistes et ils été lâchés par la population. Mais la dictature militaire qui les a renversés est 100 fois pire avec des dizaines de milliers de prisonniers politiques, la torture, la corruption, la collaboration avec Israël dans le blocus de Gaza …</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Le Hamas a gagné les élections de 2006 (parfaitement démocratiques) sur un double rejet : les accords d’Oslo et la corruption. Même dans la bande de Gaza, il n’a eu que 40 % des voix. Il est clairement haï par une partie de la population. J’ai rencontré en 2016 deux de ses dirigeants, j’ai été interrogé par sa police et ce n’est vraiment pas ma tasse de thé.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Mais, désolé, il est perçu (à juste titre) comme un des éléments de la résistance palestinienne. Les raisons de son attaque (peut-être empêcher une normalisation avec l’Arabie Saoudite) et les méthodes employées n’ont jamais été débattues démocratiquement, mais le soutien à ce qu’il vient de faire va largement au-delà de sa base sociale.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>La guerre qui se déroule en ce moment n’est pas une guerre contre le Hamas. C’est une guerre de destruction de la société palestinienne.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i style="font-style: italic;">Exiger qu’on qualifie le Hamas de terroriste alors qu’Israël utilise des méthodes authentiquement terroristes contre la population civile, c’est un non-sens. Décorer la Tour Eiffel aux couleurs d’Israël, c’est une obscénité.</i>"</div></span><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>*</i></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>***</i></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Nausée </i>(<a href="https://oumma.com/il-y-a-une-difference-a-faire-entre-des-gens-qui-sont-des-civils-qui-sont-assassines-dans-la-rue-par-des-commandos-islamistes-et-les-victimes-collaterales-de-bombardements-consecutifs-a-cette-attaq/">le soi-disant "philosophe" R. Enthoven</a> - 11 octobre 2023).</b></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">"<i>Oui, il y a une différence à faire entre des gens qui sont des civils, qui sont assassinés dans la rue par des commandos islamistes et les victimes collatérales </i>(1)<i> de bombardements consécutifs à cette attaque. Il faut marquer cette différence, c'est même très important de la faire.</i>"</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzMy0fnwSIfzUnPYsIyfIrVkzB1rcJ92D3k637FHTxg5xNNsr0WtlvdYLnm00ZypRNPdn1aNGQUwh-SNzb-8A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(1) De même, sans doute, faut-il faire une différence entre les 86 "victimes collatérales" de l'attentat de Nice du 14 juillet 2016 et l'assassinat de Samuel Paty le 16 octobre 2020 ! Misère de la "philosophie" !</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">*</div><div style="text-align: center;">***</div></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>"Ils sèment le vent, ils récolteront la tempête" </i>(<u>Livre d'Osée</u>, 8,7) - </b><b>Communiqué de <a href="https://ujfp.org">l'Union Juive Française pour la Paix</a> (</b><b>9 octobre 2023).</b></span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>""L'armée du crime" : c’est ainsi que les Nazis désignaient les résistants </i>(1)<i>.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Après 1945, le droit international a légitimé le droit à la résistance en cas d’occupation et d’oppression. Résistance pacifique comme résistance armée.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Depuis des années, les Palestiniens réclament que le droit international leur soit appliqué. Ils demandent protection. Ils demandent qu’on arrête l’occupant.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>À quoi assistons-nous ?</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Plus de 50 années d’impunité ont enlevé toute limite à l’occupant.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Les pogroms se succèdent à Huwara. Les assassinats d’enfants, les vols de terre, les destructions de maison, les emprisonnements massifs, les exécutions extra judiciaires se poursuivent.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Aucune sanction. La communauté internationale est totalement informée. Elle laisse courir la fable de « la seule démocratie du Proche-Orient » alors qu’il s’agit d’un colonialisme raciste.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Alors les Palestiniens se révoltent. Ils n’acceptent pas qu’on les efface de la carte, qu’on les écrase, qu’on les enferme, qu’on les expulse.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i>Ils viennent de prouver qu’ils n’accepteront pas d’être écrasés.</i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i style="font-style: italic;">Quoiqu’on pense de leurs directions politiques, ils ont le doit absolu de résister et nous les soutenons.</i>"</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">(1) : plus précisément, ce sont les 23 résistants du Groupe Manouchian qui étaient ainsi désignés par la propagande nazie sur la fameuse "<a href="https://histoire-image.org/etudes/affiche-rouge">affiche rouge</a>".</div></span><p style="text-align: center;">*</p><p style="text-align: center;">***</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Meurtre de Nahel Merzouk le 27 juin 2023.</i></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyljfvk4Qqc42RUQgemi09RBU9OqEzysRTGjSPGEgmYmUpugjle8zW-DpFS8wQa1sGjXqGocrbfDVFFlf7dbCTzJczf0Ooa-w92ho7qoXVApVzjWhK7b_hT3qWt4TN2nGuJU8koRWpsddtrjWlMaem_PdU76K9bnYu4tFAjaG02aD75GeXTXrX3r7T7YA/s4000/20230821_095342.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyljfvk4Qqc42RUQgemi09RBU9OqEzysRTGjSPGEgmYmUpugjle8zW-DpFS8wQa1sGjXqGocrbfDVFFlf7dbCTzJczf0Ooa-w92ho7qoXVApVzjWhK7b_hT3qWt4TN2nGuJU8koRWpsddtrjWlMaem_PdU76K9bnYu4tFAjaG02aD75GeXTXrX3r7T7YA/s320/20230821_095342.jpg" width="240" /></a></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/P1wR_LG7m6g" width="320" youtube-src-id="P1wR_LG7m6g"></iframe></div><br /><i><br /></i></b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><i>Coluche, invité du journal d'Antenne 2 Midi le 10 mars 1980.</i></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8rgAHXxPdLo" width="320" youtube-src-id="8rgAHXxPdLo"></iframe></div><br /><p style="text-align: center;">*</p><p style="text-align: center;">***</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Lettre ouverte de Serge (le S.) à l'hebdomadaire l'Ire des Chênaies (n° 963 du 22 juin 2023).</i></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: georgia;">"<i>Salut tout le monde.</i></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia;">Je m'appelle Serge et j'ai été gravement blessé, comme beaucoup d'autres, à la manifestation contre la mégabassine de Sainte Soline du 25 mars 2023. J'ai été atteint à la tête par une grenade, probablement tirée en tendu par un gendarme équipé d'un lanceur de grenade cougar. J'ai subi un grave traumatisme crânien qui m'a mis en situation d'urgence absolue, situation aggravée par le blocage de ma prise en charge par les secours durant la manifestation. Après un mois de coma artificiel et six semaines en réanimation, j'ai été transféré dans un service ... (1) chirurgie, puis en centre de rééducation. A l'heure actuelle, je ressens d'énormes progrès dans ma faculté à bouger, manger et tout simplement échanger et réfléchir. Le chemin va être extrêmement long mais je suis déterminé à tout donner, à me battre pour récupérer ce qui me constituait, tant physiquement que mentalement. Je le fais évidemment pour moi mais aussi parce que je pense que refuser d'abdiquer, refuser d'être écrasé par la machine répressive est une nécessité politique, à l'heure où les Etats font le pari de la terreur et de notre passivité.</span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia;">Je tiens d'abord à remercier celles et ceux qui, dans ce champ de mines, m'ont porté, tenu la main, prodigué les premiers soins (ralentissement de l'hémorragie, massage cardiaque, intubation, etc.) et m'ont tout simplement permis de rester en vie. Je tiens également à remercier les soignants qui, à chaque stade, ont pris soin de moi et m'aident encore aujourd'hui à reconquérir mon corps et ma tête. Je ne peux que vous faire part du bien fou que j'ai ressenti à ma sortie du coma devant la solidarité massive qui s'est exprimée : assemblées, textes, tags, dons, musiques, actions et messages divers de camarades de par le monde. L'écho de vos voix et des rugissements de la rue nous a aidés, mes proches et moi, à ne rien lâcher. Pour tout cela, je vous dis à toutes et tous un grand merci. Vous avez été énormes.</span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia;">Tout ceci rappelle qu'il est primordial qu'aucun tabassage, qu'aucune mise en geôle, qu'aucune mutilation, qu'aucun meurtre ne soit passé sous silence par les forces de l'ordre social capitaliste. Ils mutilent et assassinent tellement souvent que cela n'a rien d'accidentel, c'est dans leur fonction. Beaucoup trop d'histoires dans le monde nous rappellent qu'il n'y a pas plus vrai que la formule "ACAB" (2). Tous les flics sont bien des bâtards. Ils sont et resteront les larbins de la bourgeoisie dont ils protègent les intérêts et assurent, jusqu'à maintenant, la pérennité.</span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia;">La classe capitaliste a comme seule perspective la dégradation de nos conditions de vie à une large échelle et tous les prolétaires d'ici et d'ailleurs en font l'amère expérience. Face aux luttes que nous menons pour contrecarrer ce funeste destin, ils ont clairement fait le choix d'augmenter drastiquement la répression, autant par de nouvelles lois répressives que par le fait de donner carte blanche aux forces de l'ordre, comme à Sainte Soline. Nous devons en prendre acte et porter collectivement l'idée qu'il est hors de question de participer à une lutte sans des protections efficaces et des capacités de résistance. Nous ne sommes pas des martyrs.</span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia;">Néanmoins, notre force n'a pas grand chose à voir avec une histoire de champ de bataille. Notre force, c'est notre nombre, notre place dans la société et le monde meilleur auquel nous aspirons. Contre les quelques organisations de dirigeants et de bureaucrates qui souhaiteraient nous ramener à la maison une fois leur place au soleil acquise sur notre dos, il nous faut mille façons de nous organiser à la base par et pour des solidarités concrètes, à destination des camarades du mouvement mais aussi, et peut-être surtout, à toutes celles et ceux qui rejoindront les élans révolutionnaires futurs.</span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia;">Force aux camarades actuellement dans le viseur des Etats.</span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia;">Vive la Révolution !</span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia;">A vite dans les luttes.</span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Le S.</i>"</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(1) : un mot est effacé sur mon exemplaire du journal.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(2) : All cops are bastards.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">*</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">***</span></p><p><b><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Discours de Justine Triet, Palme d'Or du Festival de Cannes 2023, le 29 mai 2023.</span></i></b></p><p><b><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i></b></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div><br /></div><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyXeJ5Y4qtMgEHmGypBZSVhZ5Yju5Tch6yz6UpFufx-aVScrmdE6PDlFS8wJRVXaNBF9tKMIrshl96hMRSDyA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">*</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">***<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Article de Frédéric Lordon sur son blog <a href="https://blog.mondediplo.net/-La-pompe-a-phynance-">"la Pompe à Phynances"</a> (24 mai 2023).</i></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">"<i>Quand un pouvoir en est à redouter des casseroles, des bouts de papier rouges et des sifflets, c’est qu’il est au bord de tomber. Est-on fondé à se dire. Et pourtant il tient. Il tient parce que des institutions totalement vicieuses le lui permettent. Parce que toute moralité politique, tout ethos démocratique, l’ont abandonné. Parce qu’il est aux mains de forcenés qui n’ont plus aucune idée de limite.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Il tient aussi parce que les conducteurs du mouvement – pour parler clair, l’Intersyndicale – n’ont pas eu le début du commencement d’une analyse de l’adversaire, et persistent dans une stratégie désormais avérée perdante – on n’avait d’ailleurs nul besoin de passer quatre mois à le vérifier : on pouvait le leur dire dès le premier jour. Les stratégies de la décence démocratique, par la seule manifestation paisible du nombre, échouent là où, en face, il n’y a plus que de l’indécence démocratique.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i style="font-family: georgia;">Comme il était clair depuis ce même premier jour à qui n’avait pas envie de se raconter des histoires pour enfants, l’Intersyndicale était partie pour perdre. C’est bien ce qui l’a rendue si sympathique aux yeux des médias. Quand elle se penche sur les forces de gauche, la presse bourgeoise n’a d’yeux et de sentiment que pour celles qui sont de droite ou pour celles qui sont perdantes. C’est une loi absolument générale que la presse bourgeoise est une instance de consécration négative. La chose vaut en matière de littérature, de pensée, d’art, comme en politique : ceux que la presse bourgeoise bénit, par là on connaît leur « valeur », et aussi leur destin — entre innocuité, phagocytose et renégation. La condition nécessaire de l’espoir, d’une perspective, c’est de se diriger vers ceux qu’elle exècre.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>La presse a d’emblée adulé l’Intersyndicale Berger. Son sort était scellé. Avec Laurent Berger, le conflit social s’était doté d’un étonnant leader. Un leader capable de prononcer une phrase aussi avariée que « La gauche s’est fait piéger dans l’idée que le travail est un lieu d’exploitation et d’aliénation » — à l’époque du capitalisme le plus furieux, le plus destructeur, qui s’est donné pour nouvelle frontière le travail des vieux jusqu’à la mort, et y ajoutera bientôt celui des enfants ! Un leader de conflit qui hait le conflit. Et n’était par conséquent déterminé à aucun affrontement d’aucune autre sorte que symbolique.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Les démonstrations symboliques n’ont d’effet qu’auprès de protagonistes sensibles aux démonstrations symboliques. </i></span><i style="font-family: georgia;">Tragique erreur : les démonstrations symboliques n’ont d’effet qu’auprès de protagonistes sensibles aux démonstrations symboliques. Et sinon, elles sont grotesquement inefficaces. On pense à ce film où le héros est confronté à un adversaire qui tente de l’impressionner avec une démonstration d’art martiaux supposément intimidante — à ce stade, donc, essentiellement symbolique. Le héros sort un pistolet, boum, par terre le démonstrateur symbolique. Pareil avec Bruce Berger. C’est bien pourquoi on pouvait prédire dès janvier qu’aligner répétitivement des millions de manifestants dans les rues ne conduirait à rien. Les gesticulations, en face, ils s’en foutent.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>C’était pourtant le mouvement imperdable. Une conjonction comme on n’en avait jamais vue : une réforme inique, indéfendable, un pays exaspéré de la destruction néolibérale, un président haï, un pouvoir d’une brutalité qui indigne le monde entier, des sondages d’opposition à des niveaux inouïs, une colère noire partout, accumulée depuis des années. C’était le mouvement imperdable, et s’il reste aux mains de cette Intersyndicale il sera perdu.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Contrairement à ce qu’on pourrait penser, on ne passe pas sans solution de continuité d’un affect de colère noire, fût-il à l’échelle du pays entier, à un mouvement social gagnant. Il y faut un opérateur de conversion : c’est-à-dire un pôle capable de convertir un affect commun, ici d’une rare intensité, en une force politique effective. C’était la responsabilité de l’Intersyndicale, et c’est son échec. C’était sa responsabilité historique : mettre en forme, stratégiquement, la puissance du nombre pour mettre un coup d’arrêt au néolibéralisme. L’enjeu était même plus grand encore : poser une victoire de gauche, seule à même d’enrayer la dynamique de fascisation à qui toutes les colères profitent autrement. Or, l’Intersyndicale aura été la fabrique de l’impuissance. Elle a certes produit le nombre, mais du nombre vain, du nombre inutile — du nombre qui perd.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Et pourtant, le nombre ne se résigne pas à perdre. Les casserolades sont devenues le symbole admirable de cette combativité qui ne désarme pas. Paradoxe (ça n’en est pas un) : on y retrouve bon nombre de syndiqués, de la CGT, de Sud, en cherchant bien on y dégoterait même un peu de CFDT. Les casserolades c’est la vraie Intersyndicale : l’Intersyndicale par le bas. En mieux même : ouverte au monde extra-syndical, activistes d’organisations variées (c’est tout de même Attac qui a lancé le mouvement), citoyens ordinaires. Un laboratoire. Qui illustre cette vérité ambivalente que l’auto-organisation n’a besoin de personne… et cependant qu’elle a aussi besoin d’un pôle.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Pour peu qu’on les regarde avec deux sous de lucidité, en effet, les casserolades, si merveilleuses soient-elles, sont vouées à l’extinction. Pour une raison simple, toujours la même : on « n’y va pas », ou on « n’ira plus », si on se sent seuls à y aller, et surtout s’il n’existe aucun débouché, aucune perspective stratégique de victoire pour soutenir la mobilisation dans le temps. Alors, logiquement, l’effort s’étiole, et les casserolades séparées s’éteignent les unes après les autres.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>La faute la plus impardonnable de l’Intersyndicale, c’est de n’avoir à ce point rien fait d’une telle abondance d’énergie politique — c’est d’avoir failli comme pôle de la mise en forme stratégique. La nécessité d’un pôle est une nécessité logique. Sauf à croire aux miracles de la coordination spontanée à grande échelle, seul un pôle peut agréger les multiples puissances locales, autrement vouées à demeurer éparses, en une puissance globale, et ceci en leur proposant une direction stratégique. Une direction que tout le monde regarde et à partir de laquelle, la regardant, tout le monde se coalise réellement, dans une action puissante.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>La solution polaire, la solution de puissance coalisée était évidente — en fait, il n’y en avait qu’une : la grève, sinon générale, du moins aussi étendue que possible et reconductible. C’est bien ici que se fait connaître et le pouvoir et la responsabilité du pôle : la coordination — encore. Définitivement échaudés par « la grève par procuration » de 2010, qui avait vu certains d’entre eux se lancer pour se retrouver isolés et abandonnés, les secteurs maintenant se regardent les uns les autres en attendant pour bouger une garantie que tous bougeront. Seul un « centre » peut la leur offrir… pourvu qu’il parle. Et même qu’il parle fort, quand il faut venir à bout du souvenir de tant de conflits perdus, de tant de « sorties » pour rien.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Mais le centre est resté muet, ressassant lui-même la complainte de l’inanité des « appels dans le vide ». Les appels en soi, sans doute, à plus forte raison du dehors. Cependant qui appelle ne ferait-il pas une petite différence ? Par exemple lorsque « qui » est une Intersyndicale — plutôt qu’un meeting parisien.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>« Solution de papier et d’incantation », persiste malgré tout la « voie institutionnelle » (« on va se faire entendre », « on va être exemplaires, on aura le soutien des médias », « on va parler aux partis », « on va impressionner l’Assemblée »). Interrogée par Mediapart, Sophie Binet déroule à nouveau l’argumentaire automatique du ne-rien-faire : « Il n’y pas de bouton “Grève générale” sur lequel il suffirait d’appuyer », « Les transformations du monde du travail, son atomisation notamment, y font de toute manière obstacle ». Le pire étant que cet argumentaire n’est pas absolument faux. En effet, le monde du travail n’est plus celui du fordisme, et en effet il n’y a nulle part de « bouton ». Mais il y a des conjonctures, qui interdisent de répéter à l’identique les bonnes raisons de la passivité. Or, celle de 2023 est inédite — à l’échelle des trente dernières années. Elle rend à nouveau possibles des choses encore impossibles il y a peu. Au moins elle justifiait d’essayer.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Quand on est un pôle, on sait qu’on fait de la politique. Donc qu’une initiative risque toujours d’échouer. Mais aussi qu’il se présente des situations où le risque en vaut néanmoins la chandelle. C’était le cas. Au moment du 49.3, la colère est portée à un point d’incandescence. La fenêtre s’ouvre. Les énergies sont décuplées, se cherchent des points d’application. Les manifs nocturnes fleurissent spontanément, les rues de Paris sont en flammes, de très belles images qui ne manqueront pas d’impressionner Fitch.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Jamais de telles conditions n’avaient existé pour qu’un appel, lancé depuis le pôle, ait autant de chances d’être entendu. Un appel clair et puissant, résolu, qui dise l’armement des caisses de grève, la nécessité et la possibilité que les énergies salariales se donnent une forme coalisée dans le grand débrayage, qui dise surtout que la grève soutenue, coordonnée à grande échelle, a les plus grandes chances de faire plier le camp d’en-face, que cet effort-là ne sera pas vain comme les journées passées à arpenter.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Mais l’Intersyndicale est Berger. Et Bruce n’ira pas au-delà de la gesticulation symbolique. Car il est bien élevé. Et nous constatons, une fois de plus, à quoi conduit de se soumettre aux médias comme arbitres des élégances : à la défaite. Mais à la défaite avec les félicitations du jury. Alors on peut rentrer content de soi à la maison.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Eh bien non, il n’y a pas de quoi être content. Perdre avec le respect de la bourgeoisie, c’est perdre deux fois : avec les honneurs de la bourgeoisie, en plus d’avoir été défait. Et en ayant oublié Flaubert : « les honneurs déshonorent ».</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>On pouvait accorder du bien-fondé à la stratégie de l’Intersyndicale, à la condition qu’elle-même la considérât comme phasée : un premier temps de pure construction du nombre et du capital symbolique était utile. Mais ceci supposait que l’Intersyndicale serait capable de se transcender elle-même et, passé le premier temps de construction, d’entrer dans une deuxième phase, de pivoter, de faire quelque chose du nombre construit. C’était trop demander.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Le moment pourtant lui a été désigné : 16 mars, 49.3. Pour son malheur, l’Histoire, dont on, dit usuellement qu’elle ne repasse pas les plats, pourrait bien rouvrir une fenêtre. Voici la proposition de loi d’abrogation LIOT. Et surtout son devenir probable : votée à l’Assemblée, elle sera rejetée au Sénat, mais avec interruption violente du processus parlementaire par refus de convoquer une commission mixte paritaire. À supposer d’ailleurs qu’elle ne soit pas d’emblée escamotée au prétexte de l’article 40. Dans tous les cas, ce sera un nouveau coup de force, semblable en niveau d’outrage à celui du 49.3. La colère est encore rougeoyante, bienvenue au litre d’alcool à brûler.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Il a toujours mieux valu des unités moindres mais combatives que des unités larges mais désireuses de perdre, en tout cas de ne rien faire de ce qui était requis pour vaincre. </i></span><i style="font-family: georgia;">Cette loi LIOT, quel fléau pour l’Intersyndicale — qui l’oblige à faire quelque chose là où elle n’a envie de rien faire, qui lui tend des opportunités qu’elle n’a aucun désir de saisir. Car nous savons qu’en l’état, l’Intersyndicale ne fera rien de plus de cette deuxième fenêtre miraculeuse. Sauf à ce qu’elle mute : en se séparant de la CFDT, et en se resserrant comme bloc enfin combatif. Évidemment, pour en trouver les voies, il faudrait rompre avec le fétichisme de « l’unité », c’est-à-dire être capable de ne pas se laisser impressionner par les larmes de crocodile médiatiques, qui ne manqueraient pas de prononcer la fin de tout sitôt le départ de Berger, le doudou de la défaite avec les honneurs. L’« unité », ce talisman mensonger. Il n’y avait pas d’« unité » en 1995. Et 1995 a gagné – pour cette raison même : il a toujours mieux valu des unités moindres mais combatives que des unités larges mais désireuses de perdre, en tout cas de ne rien faire de ce qui était requis pour vaincre (comme d’élargir la revendication à l’indexation des salaires, cet embrayeur irrésistible). L’unité intransitive, l’unité pour l’unité, est un mirage. On comprend que les médias mettent tant d’efforts à nous la rendre si précieuse.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Ce mouvement imperdable, mais dont les conducteurs ont tout fait pour qu’il perde, n’a donc pas encore perdu. Pour peu que le pôle démissionnaire se restructure en pôle résolu — à remettre la grève à l’ordre du jour. On reste songeur que cette solution ait été aussi obstinément évacuée. N’était-elle pas la seule stratégie de puissance, d’ailleurs doublement préférable puisque son efficacité est établie et qu’elle minimise l’engagement violent — à cet égard, elle est vraiment la dernière station avant l’autoroute insurrectionnelle. Car tous ceux qui ont vu leur énergie absorbée par le vortex de l’impuissance en tireront, ont déjà commencé à en tirer, des conclusions. L’Intersyndicale Berger qui a de la « condamnation de toutes les violences » plein la bouche aurait dû « logiquement » faire un effort non seulement pour considérer la grève dure, mais pour la promouvoir ardemment. Au lieu de répéter bras ballants que « les gens sont très en colère ». Et de les y abandonner sans solution.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>On peut supposer que la profondeur des organisations syndicales ne manque pas de militants déterminés, qui observent consternés l’impasse où leurs dirigeants les ont conduits. De la liste, qu’on croyait enfin terminable, des défaites syndicales enfilées comme des perles depuis 2010 (les retraites, déjà), celle de 2023 restera comme une sorte de joyau de la couronne. Le scandale des institutions, c’est le gaspillage qu’elles font du dévouement de leurs membres : tous ces piquets à l’aube, tous ces salaires abandonnés, tous ces coups reçus dans les déblocages, toutes ces intimidations judiciaires. Pour rien ?</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Il n’est nullement fatal qu’il en soit ainsi, même encore aujourd’hui. Pendant quatre mois, il faut se souvenir que ce pouvoir a été d’une certaine manière un allié objectif, aussi puissant qu’inattendu, des mobilisations : par le spectacle continu de son infamie et le sentiment de scandale qu’il n’a cessé de nourrir. Ce « naturel » là n’est pas près de faire défaut.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>La voie de la grande grève n’est pas fermée pour peu qu’un nouveau pôle vienne à se former, quitte d’ailleurs à ce que ce soit à partir de l’ancien. Un pôle qui soit capable d’analyse. Analyse stratégique de ce qu’il est permis d’espérer comme compromis significatif dans le jeu policé (et frelaté) du « dialogue social » — rien —, et de ce que ce « rien » détermine comme seule issue conséquente : une ligne d’affrontement autre que « symbolique ». Et puis analyse tactique de ce qu’une conjoncture à la fois fluide et inflammatoire peut réserver d’opportunités. Pour que, si venait à s’ouvrir une nouvelle fenêtre, cette fois elle soit prise.</i>"</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">*</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">***</span></div></div><p></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; text-align: left;"><i><br /></i></b></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; text-align: left;"><i>Lettre ouverte d'Adèle Haenel à l'hebdomadaire Télérama (n° 3826 du 10 mai 2023, pp. 31 et 32)</i></b></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">"<i>J'ai
décidé de politiser mon arrêt du cinéma pour dénoncer la
complaisance généralisée du métier vis-à-vis des agresseurs
sexuels et, plus généralement, la manière dont ce milieu collabore
avec l'ordre mortifère écocide raciste du monde tel qu'il est.
Disons-le clairement : alors que la biodiversité s'effondre,
que la militarisation de l'Europe s'emballe, que la faim et la misère
ne cessent de se répandre, quelle est cette obsession du monde du
cinéma -collégialement réuni aux César, en promotion pour ses
films- de vouloir rester "léger" ? De ne surtout
parler de "rien". Dans un contexte de mouvement social
historique, on attend de voir si les pontes du cinéma comptent
-comme les sponsors de l'industrie de luxe- sur la police pour que
tout se passe comme d'habitude sur les tapis rouges du Festival ce
Cannes. Remplir de vent l'espace médiatique a un but, celui de
rendre l'ordre bourgeois aussi naturel que le bleu du ciel et de
rendre inaudibles, marginales, les voix de celleux qui organisent la
résistance pour que tous les humains puissent vivre dignement et qui
essayent d'arracher un avenir à cette planète. Continuer de rendre
désirable ce système est criminel. Il y a urgence : il n'y a
plus d'avenir vivable pour personne à très court terme dans le
cadre du capitalisme. Il est urgent de vocaliser cette alarme le plus
fort possible. Mais elles et eux toustes ensemble pendant ce temps se
donnent la main pour sauver la face des Depardieu, des Polanski, des
Boutonnat</i><i> </i>(1)<i>.
</i><i>Ça les incommode, ça les dérange que les victimes fassent
trop de bruit, ils préféreraient qu'on continue à disparaître et
crever en silence. Ils sont prêts à tout pour défendre leurs chefs
violeurs, ceux qui sont si riches qu'ils se croient d'une espèce
supérieure, ceux qui spectacularisent cette supériorité en se
vautrant dans le bruits de cochon, en chosifiant les femmes et les
subalternes. Les chefs se lèvent et pètent, les larbins du capital
ricanent et applaudissent. Ils sont agrippés à leur coupe de
champagne rosé, prêts à chanter à ces ultra-riches lobotomisés
par le pouvoir toutes leurs plus belles chansons pour leur dire
qu'ils seront toujours les plus innocents. Que c'est vrai, les
pauvres sont pauvres et c'est malheureux, que les femmes sont violées
et c'est malheureux aussi, mais que ce n'est la faute ni des riches
ni du système qui les exploitent. Et d'ailleurs la grande industrie
produit à dose homéopathique des films sur les pauvres héroïques
et des femmes exceptionnelles, histoire de capitaliser toujours
davantage sur notre dos sans donner aucune force à notre mouvement.
Que tout le monde reste bien à sa place. Je le redis : la
HONTE. Face au monopole de la parole et des finances de la
bourgeoisie, je n'ai pas d'autres armes que mon corps et mon
intégrité. De la cancel culture au sens premier : vous avez
l'argent, la force et toute la gloire, vous vous en gargarisez, mais
vous ne m'aurez pas comme spectatrice. Je vous annule de mon monde.
Je pars, je me mets en grève, je rejoins mes camarades pour qui la
recherche du sens et de la dignité prime sur celle de l'argent et du
pouvoir. Depuis 2019, je poursuis mon travail artistique dans la
collaboration théâtrale et chorégraphique avec Gisèle Vienne.
C'est une actrice qui construit une des œuvres les plus puissantes
que j'aie jamais rencontrées. Face au détachement, à la vacuité
et à la cruauté que l'industrie du cinéma érige en principe de
fonctionnement, le sens, le travail et la beauté qu'elle met en
permanence en jeu sont une lumière qui me permet de garder la foi
dans ce que peut vouloir dire la puissance de l'art</i>".</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>(1) : </span><span style="text-align: left;">Note de la rédaction de Télérama : "</span><i style="text-align: left;">dans ces affaires, les trois hommes contestent les faits qui leur sont reprochés</i><span style="text-align: left;">".</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-77034975563574839562024-02-19T07:00:00.000+01:002024-02-21T08:55:04.237+01:00PLAN DU BLOG<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2022/10/enseignement.html">ENSEIGNEMENT ET COURS</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2013/04/travaux.html"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">EPISTEMOLOGIE ET SCIENCE</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div><a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2014/07/reflexions.html"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">ESTHETIQUE ET ART</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2022/10/metaphysique.html">METAPHYSIQUE ET SAGESSE</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2013/12/controverses.html"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">POLITIQUE ET SOCIETE</span></a></div></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-77287721212492698672024-02-18T09:33:00.008+01:002024-02-22T08:43:59.582+01:00DIRE ET MONTRER : LE "MYSTICISME" DE WITTGENSTEIN.<div lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Je me propose, dans cet article, de clarifier la relation que Wittgenstein établit, dès le <u>Tractatus</u>, entre les verbes "dire" et "montrer" et, ce faisant, d'essayer de dissiper la confusion qui, alimentée notamment par un contre-sens total à propos de la formule qui clôt cet ouvrage ("Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen <i>[à propos de ce dont on ne peut rien dire, il faut se taire]</i>"), a fait attribuer à son auteur un "mysticisme" assimilé à tort à un mutisme. <span><a name='more'></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Commençons par dire que "le mystique" (<i>das Mystiche</i>) dans la première philosophie de Wittgenstein (plutôt que "le mysticisme", mais je développerai <i>infra</i>) est clairement la conséquence de sa conception transcendantale de la logique dans le <u>Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</u>. <span lang="zxx">L'enjeu du </span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">,
c'est la possibilité ou non de déborder les frontières du <i>langage </i>(cf.
par exemple ce qu'en dit Pierrre Hadot dans un petit livre intitulé
précisément </span><span lang="zxx"><u>Wittgenstein et les Limites du Langage</u></span><span lang="zxx"> publié chez Vrin)<i> </i>et non pas de faire la promotion de </span><span lang="zxx"><i>la logique</i></span><span lang="zxx">. Dans une lettre du 10.11.1919 à son ami Ludwig von Ficker, Wittgenstein écrit en effet, <span lang="zxx">"</span><span lang="zxx"><i>[le </i></span><span lang="zxx"><i><u>Tractatus</u></i></span><span lang="zxx"><i>]
consiste en deux parties : l'une est celle qui est présentée ici,
l'autre comprend tout ce que je n'ai pas écrit. Et c'est précisément
cette seconde partie qui représente l'essentiel. En effet, mon livre
trace les limites de l'éthique de l'intérieur [...] et je suis convaincu
qu'elles ne peuvent être tracées rigoureusement que de cette façon</i></span><span lang="zxx">". </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="zxx">Pour le dire vite, on pourrait paraphraser cette étrange position de la
manière suivante : je vais écrire un livre dont le sujet réel (</span><span lang="zxx"><i>l'éthique</i></span><span lang="zxx">) n'est pas le sujet apparent (</span><span lang="zxx"><i>la logique</i></span><span lang="zxx">) et je vais l'écrire en parlant ni de </span><span lang="zxx"><i>l'éthique </i></span><span lang="zxx">ni de </span><span lang="zxx"><i>la logique </i></span><span lang="zxx">mais </span><span lang="zxx"><i>du monde </i></span><span lang="zxx">! </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="zxx">Il est donc de la plus haute importance de commencer par élucider ce que Wittgenstein entend lorsqu'il dit que </span><span lang="zxx">"<i>le monde est l'ensemble des faits et non pas des choses [</i></span><span lang="zxx">die Welt ist die Gesamtheit der Tatsachen, nicht der Dinge<i>]</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx"> 1.1)</span><span lang="zxx">, affirmation d'autant plus importante que, non seulement elle entame le </span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u> </span><span lang="zxx">mais surtout elle est significative d'une </span><span lang="zxx"><i>Weltanschauung </i></span><span lang="zxx">dont il ne se départira jamais par la suite. Regardons-y de plus près. Dans la toute première proposition du <u>Tractatus</u> : "</span><span lang="zxx"><i>le monde est tout ce qui a lieu </i></span><span lang="zxx"><i>[</i></span><span lang="zxx">die Welt ist alles, was der Fall ist<i>]</i></span><span lang="zxx">". Or, ajoute-t-il un peu plus loin, "</span><span lang="zxx"><i>ce qui a lieu, le fait, est la subsistance [</i>das Bestehen<i>] d'états de chose</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(2), et il définit un état de chose (</span><i><span lang="zxx">Sachverhalt</span></i><span lang="zxx">) comme "</span><span lang="zxx"><i>une connexion d'objets [</i></span><span lang="zxx">eine Verbindung von Gegenständen<i>] (entités, choses). Il fait partie de l'essence d'une chose [</i></span><span lang="zxx">Es ist dem Ding wesentlich<i>] d'être élément d'un état de chose</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">, 2.01-2.011). Bref, un état de chose est un fait primitif, un "fait atomique". Ce qui a deux conséquences.<br />
<br />
Premièrement, </span><span lang="zxx">Wittgenstein est sans doute, en un certain sens, un </span><span lang="zxx"><i>empiriste</i></span><span lang="zxx">, mais il n'est pas un </span><span lang="zxx"><i>atomiste</i></span><span lang="zxx">. En tout cas, pas dans le même sens que Russell qui n'a eu de cesse, tout au long de son
oeuvre philosophique, de partir en quête de ce qu'il a lui-même appelé </span><span lang="zxx"><i>the ultimate furniture of the world</i></span><span lang="zxx">, c'est-à-dire, dans la plus pure tradition lockienne, de chercher en quoi consistent ces </span><span lang="zxx"><i>atomes de signification </i></span><span lang="zxx">avec lesquels nous devons en quelque manière être en relation perceptive directe (</span><span lang="zxx"><i>in acquaintance with</i></span><span lang="zxx">).
Pour Russell, le monde n'est pas l'ensemble des faits mais l'ensemble
des choses, qu'il réduit (bien que sa position ait beaucoup varié sur ce
qui précisément mérite d'être appelé une chose), par exemple dans </span><span lang="zxx"><u>Problèmes de Philosophie</u></span><span lang="zxx">, aux données sensibles (</span><span lang="zxx"><i>the sense data</i></span><span lang="zxx">)
et aux universaux. Rien de tel chez Wittgenstein pour qui, ce qui est
premier, ce ne sont pas les choses mais les faits parce que, notre
connaissance, en particulier notre connaissance perceptive, n'est pas </span><span lang="zxx"><i>synthétique </i></span><span lang="zxx">au sens kantien où notre faculté de connaître composerait le divers donné en une unité connaissable, mais elle est </span><span lang="zxx"><i>holistique </i></span><span lang="zxx">(c'est l'influence sur Wittgenstein de la </span><span lang="zxx"><i>Gestaltpsychologie</i></span><span lang="zxx"> qui se manifeste là). C'est ce que prouve l'existence de ce qu'on a coutume d'appeler des </span><span lang="zxx"><i>illusions d'optique </i></span><span lang="zxx">(cf. <a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2012/03/sentir-et-percevoir-une-distinction.html">Sentir et Percevoir : une Distinction Problématique</a>) et
qui ne sont des illusions que si et seulement si on part du principe
empirico-kantien selon lequel notre esprit organise spontanément des
atomes de perception selon un schème fantaisiste, voire pathologique
(par exemple chez Freud). Or, dit Wittgenstein, "</span><span lang="zxx"><i>percevoir
un complexe signifie percevoir que ses éléments sont dans tel ou tel
rapport. Ceci explique bien aussi que l'on puisse voir de deux manières
la figure ci-dessous comme un cube </i></span><span lang="zxx"><i>[</i>suit le
schéma en deux dimensions d'un cube qui, non seulement nous semble avoir
trois dimensions, mais encore dont nous pouvons voir au premier plan la
face A ou la face B </span><span lang="zxx"><i>ad libitum</i></span><span lang="zxx"><i>]</i> </span><span lang="zxx"><i>; et de même pour tous les phénomènes analogues. Car nous voyons alors réellement deux faits distincts</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">,
5.5423). De la même façon que nous voyons aussi spontanément deux faits
distincts lorsque nous voyons le même dessin, tantôt <i>comme </i>la tête d'un canard, tantôt <i>comme </i>la tête d'un lapin dans <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard-lapin">l'expérience de Jastrow</a>,
alors, que, par hypothèse, les atomes de perception sont les mêmes dans
les deux cas (la même organisation spatiale des traits sur le papier). Bref, si le monde est
constitué de faits et non de choses, c'est que celles-ci, les </span><span lang="zxx"><i>individuals </i></span><span lang="zxx">chers aux atomistes historiques, pourrait-on dire, ne sont que des abstractions dérivées et non des réalités premières. Pour Wittgenstein, </span><span lang="zxx"><i>voir</i></span><span lang="zxx">, c'est </span><span lang="zxx">d'emblée, </span><span lang="zxx"><i>voir comme ...</i></span><span lang="zxx">, </span><span lang="zxx"><i>voir un certain fait</i></span><span lang="zxx">. Donc, si Wittgenstein peut, dans une certaine mesure être dit néanmoins atomiste (dans la mesure où il est question, dans le <u>Tractatus</u>, de "faits atomiques"), son atomisme est, comme chez les Stoïciens, un atomisme des faits et non des choses.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="zxx"> </span>
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Deuxièmement, dire que le monde est la totalité des faits implique qu'il n'y a pas de valeur dans le monde : "<span lang="zxx"><i>il n'y a [dans le monde] aucune valeur.
S'il y a une valeur qui a de la valeur, elle doit être extérieure à
tout ce qui arrive, et à tout état particulier</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">, 6.41). </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="zxx">Et en effet, Wittgenstein s'est évertué, tout au long du </span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">, à circonscrire le domaine du </span><span lang="zxx"><i>dicible </i></span><span lang="zxx">(les
propositions des sciences de la nature, c'est-à-dire les images
logiques des états de chose qui se trouvent correspondre à des
faits possibles) afin de nous figurer le domaine de </span><span lang="zxx">l'indicible</span><span lang="zxx"> (ce qu'il appelle l'</span><span lang="zxx">éthique</span><span lang="zxx">, c'est-à-dire non pas la morale </span><span lang="zxx"><i>stricto sensu</i></span><span lang="zxx">, mais le domaine de l'</span><span lang="zxx"><i>èthos</i></span><span lang="zxx">, autrement dit, comme chez Spinoza, celui des "problèmes de notre vie")</span><span lang="zxx">. Donc dire que le monde est la totalité des faits et ne comprend
aucune valeur, c'est dire que l'attitude que nous avons à l'égard des
faits, la façon dont nous les percevons (cf. l'exemple du cube ou celui
du canard-lapin), la façon dont nous les confrontons à nos
représentations, la façon dont nous agissons à leur égard, bref, la </span><span lang="zxx"><i>valeur</i></span><span lang="zxx"> que nous leur accordons, est conditionnée </span><span lang="zxx"><i>a priori </i></span><span lang="zxx">par de l'</span><span lang="zxx">irreprésentable, par de l'impensable. Pour Wittgenstein (comme pour Pascal avant lui et Bourdieu après lui), il existe un</span><span lang="zxx"> point aveugle à toute capacité représentative. A l'encontre d'une certaine tradition intellectualiste, Wittgenstein affirme que la conscience de soi n'est pas une connaissance de soi : "</span><span lang="zxx"><i>le
sujet n'appartient pas au monde mais il est une frontière du monde
[...]. Il en est ici tout à fait comme de l'œil et du champ visuel</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">,
5.631-5633), ce qui rappelle l'étonnement de Socrate qui, face à
Critias qui prétend que la sagesse est science d'elle-même, lui demande
s'il peut concevoir une vision qui serait vision d'elle-même (</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Charmide</u></span><span lang="zxx">,
167d) ! En d'autres termes, nous autres humains ne pouvons nous
connaître (que ce soit individuellement ou collectivement) au sens où
nous connaissons les faits du monde, parce que cela reviendrait à
connaître les </span><span lang="zxx"><i>conditions de possibilité </i></span><span lang="zxx">de toute connaissance. D'où les accents kantiens que prend Wittgenstein pour expliquer qu'on ne peut pas connaître </span><span lang="zxx"><i>ce par quoi est possible </i></span><span lang="zxx">la valeur de vérité : "</span><span lang="zxx"><i>la logique est transcendantale</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">, 6.13), et ce par quoi sont possibles les autres valeurs, c'est-à-dire les valeurs éthiques, voire esthétiques : "</span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il
est clair que l'éthique ne se laisse pas énoncer. L'éthique est
transcendantale. (Ethique et esthétique sont une seule et même
chose)</i></span></span><span lang="zxx">"(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">, 6.421). </span><span lang="zxx"><br />
</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Ce qui semble, d'emblée, faire de Wittgenstein un kantien implicite (je dis "implicite" parce que Wittgenstein ne semble connaître Kant qu'à travers Schopenhauer, et, de toute façon, il ne se réclame explicitement d'aucun héritage kantien). En effet, Wittgenstein affirme que "<i>la logique n'est pas une théorie mais une image qui reflète le monde. La logique est transcendantale</i>" (<u>Tractatus</u>, 6.13). Bref, il existe indiscutablement, chez Wittgenstein, un sous-bassement à la représentation du monde, ce par quoi une telle représentation est possible ("dotée de sens", <i>sinnvoll</i>, dit Wittgenstein, c'est-à-dire susceptible d'être vraie ou fausse), et ce sous-bassement, cette condition de possibilité de la représentation, c'est la logique. Ce qui ressemble étrangement, en effet, à ce que dit Kant lorsqu'il "<i>appelle transcendantale toute connaissance qui s'occupe en général non pas tant d'objets que de notre mode de connaissance des objets en tant que celui-ci doit être possible</i> a priori" (Kant, <u>Critique de la Raison Pure</u>, AK III, 43). </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Par ailleurs, l'idée que le possible se donne avant le réel, au point même que c'est cet </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a priori</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> qui structure et guide la connaissance du réel est commune aux deux auteurs. Comparons encore : </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"la forme d'une représentation est la possibilité que les choses soient entre elles dans le même rapport que les éléments de l'image [...]. L'image figure une situation possible dans l'espace logique [...]. Les possibilités de vérité des propositions élémentaires sont les conditions de vérité ou de fausseté des propositions</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"(Wittgenstein, </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tractatus</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, 2.151-4.41) </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">et : </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">est réel ce qui s’accorde avec les conditions matérielles de l’expérience, à savoir la sensation, [et] ce qui s’accorde avec les conditions formelles de l’expérience [...] n’est que possible. [Donc] ce qui possible est déterminé </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a priori </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">par l’entendement lui-même comme objet d’une expérience possible en général [...]. Ce sont les jugements synthétiques </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a priori </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">qui sont les conditions générales de l’expérience possible</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"(Kant, </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Critique de la Raison Pure</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, III, 185-190).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Oui mais voilà. Ce qui semble unir ces deux auteurs est aussi ce qui les sépare : </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">une science proprement dite [...] exige une partie pure sur laquelle se fonde la partie empirique et qui repose sur la connaissance </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a priori </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">des choses de la nature. Or, connaître une chose a priori signifie la connaître d’après sa simple possibilité</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"(Kant, </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Premiers Principes Métaphysiques de la Science de la Nature</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, IV, 470). </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Pour Kant, il existe quelque chose comme une connaissance </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a priori</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, autrement dit une connaissance des conditions de possibilité de toute expérience en général (même s'il faudrait établir un distinguo plus subtil que je ne le fais ici entre d'une part la connaissance des formes pures de la sensibilité que sont l'espace et le temps et qui ne donnent lieu qu'à une exposition dans l'esthétique transcendantale, et d'autre part les concepts purs de l'entendement qui sont l'objet d'une déduction en bonne et due forme dans la logique transcendantale, cf., à ce propos, </span><a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/11/comment-des-jugements-synthetiques.html" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">comment</a><a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/11/comment-des-jugements-synthetiques.html" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> des </a><a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/11/comment-des-jugements-synthetiques.html" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"Jugements Synthétiques <i>a priori" </i>sont-ils Possibles</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> ?). Or, on ne trouvera rien de tel chez Wittgenstein. En effet, si l'</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a priori</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> wittgensteinien, c'est la logique de la représentation, alors il est clair qu'il n'est pas possible de représenter et donc, </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a fortiori</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, de "connaître" cette logique de la représentation : </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">une proposition ne peut pas dire ce qu’elle a de commun avec la réalité : sa forme logique [...]. Pour pouvoir représenter la forme logique, il faudrait que nous puissions, avec la proposition, nous placer au dehors de la logique [...]. Une proposition pourvue de sens [vraie ou fausse] ne peut représenter sa forme logique, elle en est le miroir. Ce qui se reflète dans la langue, ce qui se montre, c’est donc la forme logique de la proposition. [...] Et ce qui peut être montré ne peut être dit [par une proposition pourvue de sens]</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"(Wittgenstein, </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tractatus</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, 4.12-4.121-4.1212).</span></div><div lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Donc, même s'il y a effectivement du Kant chez Wittgenstein, cette différence fondamentale entre une connaissance transcendantale chez Kant, et une impossibilité de connaître ce par quoi toute connaissance est possible chez Wittgenstein nous conduit, à présent, au problème du "mysticisme". En effet, nous ne pouvons penser (collectivement) que par "les images des faits" (<i>die Bilder der Tatsachen</i>) avec lesquelles nous pouvons entrer en relation (collectivement) notre vie durant. Et ce, parce que, justement, la pensée est "un miroir" (<i>ein Spiegel</i>), dit Wittgenstein, de la logique et que la logique est transcendantale dans le sens où la logique "se reflète" (<i>spiegelt sich</i>) ou encore "se montre" (<i>zeigt sich)</i>, c'est-à-dire, et c'est là une position fondamentale chez Wittgenstein, "ne peut se dire" (<i>kann sich nicht sagen</i>). D'où la relation que Wittgenstein établit entre langage et image des faits. Dans la mesure où "<i>dans la proposition, la pensée s'exprime pour la perception sensible</i>"(Wittgenstein, <u>Tractatus</u>, 3.1), la proposition sensée (<i>sinnvoll</i>, c'est-à-dire susceptible de se révéler vraie ou fausse après confrontation avec la réalité) n'est autre que l'ensemble des conditions de mise en correspondance d'une image (par exemple une image propositionnelle) avec la réalité (<i>die Wirklichkeit</i>) dont elle est une image possible. Autrement dit, "<i>la proposition montre ce qu'il en est des états de chose quand elle est vraie. Et elle dit qu'il en est ainsi</i>" (Wittgenstein, <u>Tractatus</u>, 4.022), elle "montre" (<i>zeigt</i>) ses conditions de vérité, sa structure logique, donc, et "dit" (<i>sagt</i>) que ces conditions de vérité sont réalisées, en d'autres termes, elle "dit" qu'elle est vraie (ce qui, bien entendu, peut se révéler inexact, puisqu'elle n'est jamais vraie <i>a priori</i>). Et ce qui rend possible cette mise en correspondance, ces conditions de possibilité de l'isomorphisme, donc, entre, d'une part "un fait" (<i>eine Tatsache</i>), d'autre part "une image du fait" (<i>ein Bild der Tatsache</i>), c'est ce que Wittgenstein appelle "la logique" (<i>die Logik</i>) ou encore "la forme logique" (<i>die logische Form)</i>. Voilà pourquoi "<i>une
proposition ne peut pas dire ce qu’elle a de commun avec la
réalité : </i><i><i>sa forme logique</i></i>". Elle ne peut que le montrer, le refléter car, pour le dire, il faudrait pouvoir confronter, d'une part une proposition quelconque sur la logique, d'autre part, un fait de logique, ce qui suppose, circulairement, des conditions de possibilité qui ne sont rien d'autre que la forme logique elle-même.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="zxx">On ne peut donc même pas dire que, dans le <u>Tractatus</u>, Wittgenstein </span><span lang="zxx"><i>parle </i>de la logique</span><span lang="zxx">
puisque la logique loin de pouvoir se laisser "dire" ou "décrire" par un discours
vrai ou faux, est plutôt l'ensemble des conditions de possibilité de
tout discours vrai ou faux. En effet, pour pouvoir prétendre
tenir un discours doué de sens (c'est-à-dire vrai ou faux) sur
la logique, il faudrait pouvoir confronter une image de la logique à un </span><span lang="zxx"><i>fait de logique</i></span><span lang="zxx"> distinct de l'image</span><span lang="zxx">, or il n'y a rien de tel qu'un <i>fait de </i></span><span lang="zxx"><i>logique</i></span><span lang="zxx"> : "</span><span lang="zxx"><i>ma pensée fondamentale est que les constantes logiques ne sont les représentants de rien</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx"> 4.0312), ce qui est une réfutation explicite de la thèse russellienne (qui deviendra celle du </span><span lang="zxx"><i>wiener Kreis</i></span><span lang="zxx">) selon laquelle nous avons la connaissance directe des constantes logiques (le </span><span lang="zxx"><i>et</i></span><span lang="zxx">, le </span><span lang="zxx"><i>ou</i></span><span lang="zxx">, le </span><span lang="zxx"><i>si ... alors</i></span><span lang="zxx">, etc.) comme représentant des "faits de logique". Aussi, pour Russell (et les positivistes logiques), la philosophie est-elle, entre autres choses, "</span><span lang="zxx"><i>un
effort pour voir et pour faire voir aux autres clairement ces entités
de façon que l’esprit puisse en avoir cette sorte de connaissance
directe que l’on a du rouge ou du goût de l’ananas</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(Russell, </span><span lang="zxx"><u>Principes des Mathématiques</u></span><span lang="zxx">).
Or, pour Wittgenstein, cela est illusoire, car si l'on peut représenter
des faits chromatiques (le rouge) ou des faits gustatifs (le goût de
l'ananas) et, donc, en dire quelque chose, on ne peut représenter (dire quoi que ce soit) des </span><span lang="zxx"><i>faits de logique </i>pour la bonne raison qu'il n'existe rien de tel</span><span lang="zxx">. Raison pour laquelle </span><span lang="zxx">"</span><span lang="zxx"><i>nous ne pouvons rien penser d'illogique</i></span><span lang="zxx">"(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u>,</span><span lang="zxx">
3.03), puisque toute pensée, donc toute image, toute proposition,
présupposent une série de contraintes qui s'appliquent <i>a priori </i>représentation à toute représentation, ce que Wittgenstein appelle précisément "forme logique". </span><span lang="zxx">Bref, "<i>pour pouvoir représenter la forme
logique, il faudrait que nous puissions, avec la proposition, nous
placer au dehors de la logique, c'est-à-dire en dehors du monde</i>"</span><span lang="zxx"><span lang="zxx">(</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">, 4.12)</span>, autrement dit, penser illogiquement, ce qui est impossible. Et, si on est à nouveau tenté par un rapprochement avec Kant au motif que, peut-être, après tout, la forme logique n'est-elle que le nom wittgensteinien des formes kantiennes <i>a priori </i>de notre sensibilité (espace et temps) ou de notre entendement (catégories), la réplique de Wittgenstein serait encore que, dans cette éventualité, on ne pourrait rien en dire ou bien il faudrait se placer en dehors du temps, de l'espace, des catégories, ce qui, derechef, est inconcevable.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="zxx"><br />
Le préjugé le plus fréquent que l'on trouve chez les mauvais lecteurs (ou les détracteurs) de Wittgenstein consiste à
réduire la logique à la logique formelle du calcul des propositions et
du calcul des prédicats. Alors que l'on voit bien que, chez Wittgenstein, la logique, c'est
la </span><span lang="zxx">structure interne de représentation</span><span lang="zxx"> (</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tracatus</u></span><span lang="zxx"> 4.014, 4.015) qui fait que l'on reconnaît spontanément une </span><span lang="zxx"><i>représentation</i></span><span lang="zxx"> comme </span><span lang="zxx"><i>représentation de quelque chose</i></span><span lang="zxx"> : ce qu'il appelle "la logique" n'est pas formelle au sens des logiciens, puisqu'elle est d'emblée, à l'instar d'un Kant ou d'un Husserl, une logique du sens, donc du contenu propositionnel.</span> L'originalité de Wittgenstein ne réside pas, par conséquent, dans une sorte de réductionnisme logiciste. Tout au contraire, car, non seulement nous ne pouvons jamais réduire un discours à de la pure logique comme ont tenté de le faire Frege ou Russell, mais, par la logique, ou mieux encore, <i>sur</i> la logique <span lang="zxx"><i>nous ne pouvons rien dire du tout</i></span><span lang="zxx"> ! La logique ne peut que se </span><span lang="zxx"><i>montrer</i></span><span lang="zxx">, non pas dire ni se dire. Elle ne peut que se </span><span lang="zxx">reconnaître</span><span lang="zxx">, non pas connaître ni se connaître (</span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx">
4.122). La difficulté de comprendre le propos de Wittgenstein tient
essentiellement à son extrême ascétisme lexical : il applique
strictement la devise de Guillaume d'Ockham en faisant de la philosophie
un couperet qui tranche entre ce qui se laisse <i>dire</i>, </span><span lang="zxx"><i>i.e.</i></span><span lang="zxx"> confronter à la réalité par comparaison, et ce qui ne peut que se <i>montrer</i></span></span></span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> : </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
méthode correcte en philosophie consisterait proprement en ceci : ne
rien dire que ce qui se laisse dire, à savoir les propositions de la
science de la nature, quelque chose qui, par conséquent, n'a rien à
voir avec la philosophie. [...] Cette méthode serait insatisfaisante pour l'autre -qui
n'aurait pas le sentiment que nous lui avons enseigné la
philosophie- mais ce serait la seule strictement correcte</i></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Tractatus</u></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
6.53)</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span lang="zxx">Pourquoi serait-ce insatisfaisant (en dehors du fait que cette "méthode" se démarque de la tradition philosophique) ? Eh bien parce qu'il va bien falloir parler d'autre chose que des propriétés objectives du monde expérimentalement constatables. Il va donc bien falloir, sinon <i>dire</i> ou décrire, du moins <i>montrer</i>, "indiquer" (<i>zeigen</i>)<i> </i>ces fameux (faux ?) problèmes dont, en général, traitent les philosophes et qui sont d'autant plus accaparants qu'ils sont certainement insolubles par la seule voie de la science. Bref, si Wittgenstein commence par circonscrire, comme il le dit
lui-même, le domaine du </span><span lang="zxx"><i>dicible</i></span><span lang="zxx">, c'est, non pas pour faire profession de foi logiciste, encore moins scientiste, mais, au contraire, pour nous </span><span lang="zxx"><i>montrer</i></span><span lang="zxx"> le caractère inessentiel du dicible, le caractère inessentiel de l'univers de la connaissance scientifique afin de nous faire apparaître, par contraste, "le supérieur" (<i>das Höhere</i>) l'</span><span lang="zxx"><i>indicible</i></span><span lang="zxx"> : d'une part la structure même de notre représentation du monde (la <i>logique</i>), d'autre part ce qui se trouve au-delà de la limite de la représentation du monde (l'<i>éthique</i>). Et, faute de pouvoir "dire"</span> quelque chose de sensé (<i>sinnvoll</i>) à propos de ce "supérieur", nous sommes condamnés, soit, dans le domaine de la logique, à proférer des tautologies et des contradictions "vides de signification" (<i>sinnlos</i>), soit, dans le domaines des autres valeurs (éthique, esthétique, etc.), à faire des énoncés "dépourvus de signification" (<i>unsinnig</i>). </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Dès lors, une proposition comme "le ciel est bleu" montre le fait possible qui a à être confronté avec la réalité pour qu'elle soit déclarée vraie ou fausse, et elle dit, en quelque sorte implicitement, "il en est ainsi : le ciel est bien bleu". Donc à première vue, effectivement, nous sommes prisonniers de cette injonction faite à notre langage d'être isomorphe à la réalité par structure logique interposée. Ce qui pourrait être compris comme une invitation au mysticisme entendu comme la nécessité de nous libérer de ce carcan qu'impose la logique à notre langage ou à notre pensée. Sauf que :</span></div></div><div lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1° - par définition, toute prison suppose une extériorité (je suis prisonnier si et seulement si je pourrais être au dehors de ma prison) ; or, précisément, Wittgenstein exclut la possibilité de penser et donc, de <i>dire </i>quoi que ce soit, au-delà des représentations possibles du monde, au-delà des conditions de possibilité de ces représentations, et donc au-delà des propositions sensées (<i>sinnvolle</i>) : "<i>ce que nous ne pouvons penser, nous ne pouvons le penser. Nous ne pouvons pas davantage dire ce que nous ne pouvons penser</i>"(<u>Tractatus</u>, 5.61) ; nous ne pouvons penser que "logiquement" et ce qui est illogique n'est pas une pensée d'un certain type, mais une absence de pensée, son "langage" ne serait donc pas un langage d'une certaine sorte mais une absence de langage</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">2° - la complexité anthropologique des règles de représentation des faits du monde fait que, souvent, "<i>la langue déguise la pensée</i>" (Wittgenstein, <u>Tractatus</u>, 4.002), non pas au sens où le langage serait mensonger (par exemple, si je dis qu'il est 10h alors que je sais pertinemment qu'il est midi, je mens, certes, mais comme j'exprime là une réalité possible, je ne dissimule aucune pensée au sens de Wittgenstein), mais plutôt au sens où, parfois, j'ai l'air de dire ou de décrire quelque chose (une proposition pourvue de sens, une pensée, une connaissance), ce qu'en réalité je ne fais pas. C'est typiquement le cas, comme nous l'avons vu <i>supra</i>, lorsque nous énonçons une tautologie, une contradiction ou une proposition éthique ou esthétique. Par exemple, lorsque Gérard de Nerval écrit (P1) "mon luth constellé porte le soleil noir de la mélancolie", il a l'air de <i>dire </i>quelque chose comme "mon beau-frère porte le costume de cérémonie de son mariage", quoique sur un mode plus poétique. C'est-à-dire qu'il a l'air de décrire un fait possible, un fait en quelque sorte "poétique". </span></span></div><div lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le problème, c'est que l'on fait là du Bergson, pas du Wittgenstein : </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">nous ne voyons pas les choses mêmes : nous nous bornons, le plus souvent, à lire des étiquettes collées sur elles. Cette tendance, issue du besoin, s’est encore accentuée sous l’effet du langage. Car les mots, à l’exception des noms propres, désignent des genres. Le mot, qui ne note de la chose que sa fonction la plus commune et son aspect le plus banal, s’insinue entre elle et nous, et en masquerait la forme à nos yeux si cette forme ne se dissimulait déjà derrière les besoins qui ont créé le mot lui-même. Et ce ne sont pas seulement les objets extérieurs, ce sont aussi nos propres états d’âme qui se dérobent à nous dans ce qu’ils ont d’intime, de personnel, d’originalement vécu. Quand nous éprouvons de l’amour ou de la haine, quand nous nous sentons joyeux ou tristes, est-ce bien notre sentiment lui-même qui arrive à notre conscience avec les mille nuances fugitives et les mille résonances profondes qui en font quelque chose d’absolument nôtre ? Nous serions alors tous romanciers, tous poètes, tous musiciens. [...] Mais de loin en loin, par distraction, la nature suscite des âmes plus détachées de la vie. Je ne parle pas de ce détachement voulu, raisonné, systématique, qui est œuvre de réflexion et de philosophie. Je parle d’un détachement naturel, inné à la structure du sens ou de la conscience, et qui se manifeste toute de suite par une manière virginale, en quelque sorte, de voir, d’entendre ou de penser</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"(Bergson, </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">le Rire</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, iii, 1). </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">On peut dire, sur la base de ce passage en tout cas, que Bergson laisse ouverte la possibilité d'une expression mystique au-delà du langage, par exemple l'expression artistique. Mais il n'y a rien de tel, chez Wittgenstein, qu'un "</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">détachement
naturel, inné à la structure du sens ou de la conscience, et qui se
manifeste toute de suite par une manière virginale, en quelque sorte,
de voir, d’entendre ou de penser</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">", puisque, pour lui, dire, décrire, représenter, produire du sens, connaître et penser sont termes à peu près synonymes. L'esthétique, tout comme la logique, tout comme l'éthique, etc., c'est-à-dire tout ensemble de conditions de possibilité d'un discours doté de sens, relève du transcendantal, ce transcendantal dans lequel nous sommes irrémédiablement "embarqués", comme dirait Pascal. C'est pourquoi Wittgenstein définit "le mystique" comme ce qui se montre sans pouvoir se dire : "</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">il y a assurément de l'indicible. Il se montre. C'est le mystique</i><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> [</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">das Mystiche</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">]</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">" (</span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tractatus</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, 6.522).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">"Le mystique", pour Wittgenstein, c'est, par définition, la limite du dicible, certes, mais aussi, en raison de l'isomorphisme entre le dicible (ou le pensable) et le représentable, la limite de la pensée ou la limite de la représentation. Or, nous l'avons dit, ce qui est représentable (ou pensable), le fait, est la matière du monde. Dès lors, "<i>les frontières de mon langage sont les frontières de mon monde</i>"(Wittgenstein, <u>Tractatus</u>, 5.6) : le langage entendu au sens wittgensteinien d'ensemble des expressions douées de sens (<i>sinnvolle</i>), c'est-à-dire qui, en vertu des règles transcendantales de la logique, représentent tous les faits possibles, toutes les connexions élémentaires possibles d'objets (états de choses), est isomorphe au monde lui-même. Si le dicible est isomorphe au représentable, le tout du dicible (le langage) est isomorphe au tout du représentable (le monde). Mais ce par quoi tout discours sensé (<i>sinnvoll</i>) est possible, cela se montre et ne peut se dire, de quelque façon que ce soit. Tout méta-discours, toute méta-pensée, toute méta-représentation est, pour Wittgenstein, rigoureusement, un non-sens, soit sous l'aspect de la vacuité de sens (<i>Sinlossheit</i>), lorsqu'il s'agit d'énoncer une règle tautologique (ex. P0 : "si p implique q et si p, alors q"), soit sous l'aspect d'un sens vide (<i>Unsinnigkeit</i>), autrement dit d'une forme vide de signification lorsqu'on énonce quelque chose qui a un rapport avec les valeurs éthiques, esthétiques, etc. (ex. P1 : "mon luth constellé porte le soleil noir de la mélancolie"), c'est-à-dire, précisément, avec des formes <i>a priori </i>vides de signification qui pourraient bien, cependant, en acquérir une dans des conditions non-factuelles (psychologiques, culturelles, historiques, etc.). En tout cas, il n'y a pas plus de fait esthétique ou éthique que de fait logique. Pourtant, dans la mesure où on utilise les signes du langage mais que certains d'entre eux n'ont pas de signification (<i>Bedeutung</i>), c'est-à-dire ne réfèrent pas à des objets d'un état de choses (qu'est-ce que "p" dans P0 ? qu'est-ce que "mon luth constellé" dans P1 ?) on a l'air de faire des propositions vraies ou fausses correspondant à des "méta-faits", à des faits d'un niveau ontologique particulièrement éthéré. Mais il n'en est rien : loin de dire <i>dire</i>,<i> </i>en l'occurrence, ce qui <i>est </i>ou ce qui <i>peut être</i>, on fait, en réalité, tout autre chose : on <i>montre</i>, on indique<i> </i>ce qui <i>doit être</i>, ce qui est <i>nécessaire </i>et non <i>contingent</i>. Et "<i>la
certitude [...] d'une situation ne
s'exprime [...] pas au moyen d'une proposition, mais par ceci qu'une
expression est une tautologie</i>"(<u>Tractatus</u>, 5.525). On ne dit pas quelque chose de sensé, une connaissance possible portant sur un "méta-fait" lorsqu'on énonce une nécessité, on montre ce par quoi ce qu'on pourrait dire de sensé par ailleurs acquerrait son sens, aurait de la valeur. On montre ce qui donne de la valeur au monde, alors que le monde, par lui-même, n'a aucune valeur, puisque c'est l'ensemble des faits et que ces faits sont contingents, c'est bien pourquoi l'image d'un fait n'est jamais vraie <i>a priori</i> : "<i>le sens du monde doit être hors de lui. dans le monde, tout est comme il est, et tout arrive comme il arrive ; il n'y a en lui aucune valeur [...]. Ce qui le rend non accidentel [</i>zufällig<i>] ne peut être </i>dans <i>le monde, car ce serait retomber dans l'accident. Ce doit être hors du monde</i>"(Wittgenstein, <u>Tractatus</u>, 6.41)<i>. </i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Voilà donc bien ce qui donne sa valeur à la vie humaine, ce qui lui donne son sens : le non-accidentel, le nécessaire, le "supérieur" (<i>das Höhere</i>) dit Wittgenstein, non pas des faits (accidentels, contingents), mais la règle (nécessaire, intentionnelle) qui gouverne la représentation des faits. De sorte qu'une formule comme (P2) "Dieu est le créateur de l'univers visible et invisible" n'est pas une proposition, elle ne dit rien, elle ne donne rien à connaître ni à penser, elle n'est pas susceptible d'être vraie ou fausse : elle indique une règle, une règle de représentation des faits. En effet, dit par exemple Wittgenstein, "<i>croire en Dieu signifie voir que les faits du monde ne résolvent pas tout. Croire en Dieu signifie voir que la vie a un sens</i>"(Wittgenstein, <u>Carnets de 1916</u>). Donc, s'il faut rapprocher P2 d'une autre formulation, ce sera de (P3) : "au jeu d'échecs, le roque permet de mettre son roi à l'abri et de développer sa tour" plutôt que de (P4) : "Pasteur a découvert le vaccin contre la rage". De même (P1), "mon luth constellé porte le soleil noir de la mélancolie", ne dit rien. C'est une règle, une règle qui dicte une certaine représentation (poétique) des faits en rapport avec des problèmes de notre vie dans la mesure où, précisément, "<i>le monde de l'homme heureux est un autre monde que celui de l'homme malheureux</i>"(Wittgenstein, <u>Tractatus</u>, 6.43). P4 dit ce qui <i>est </i>ou <i>peut être</i> : c'est une proposition. P0, P1, P2, P3 montrent ce qui <i>doit être</i> (éventuellement, ce qui doit être énoncé, comme P1 et P2) : ce sont des règles, c'est-à-dire des formes vides de signification autrement que de manière contextuelle.</span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Donc Wittgenstein n'est nullement un mystique au sens où on entend habituellement ce terme. Dans <u>Mysticism and Logic</u>, Russell définit le mysticisme comme croyance en "<i>la possibilité d'un mode de connaissance qui peut être appelé </i>révélation<i>, </i>vision<i> ou </i>intuition<i>, par opposition aux sens, à la raison et à l'analyse, qui sont considérés comme des guides aveugles conduisant au marais de l'illusion</i>". </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Autrement dit, pour Russell, est mystique celui qui croit à <span style="color: black;">l'existence d'un mode de connaissance synthétique de l'unité fondamentale du réel par-delà les illusions de pluralité (notamment la pluralité des segments spatio-temporels et sa conséquence éthique : l'indétermination dans l'action et le choix du mal) faisant suite à l'insuffisance de la connaissance sensible et/ou rationnelle. Il ne serait pas difficile de montrer à quel point cette manière de définir le mysticisme correspond à la manière de philosopher d'un Spinoza, voire d'un Leibniz ou d'un Bergson. En revanche, nous avons vu <i>supra </i>qu'il ne pouvait exister, pour Wittgenstein, de connaissance que sensible, par image (<i>Bild</i>) d'un fait (<i>Tatsache</i>), celle-ci fût-elle propositionnelle :<span lang="fr-FR"><i> "la proposition ne peut être vraie ou fausse que dans la mesure où elle est une image de la réalité</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>"</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u>Tractatus</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>, 4.06). </span></span></span>Quant à l'unité fondamentale du réel par-delà une soi-disant illusion de pluralité, elle est clairement contredite par le postulat d'atomicité (la réalité est atomique, elle est irréductiblement plurielle puisque les états de choses sont mutuellement indépendants et les faits contingents) qui s'exprime dans les premières propositions du <u>Tractatus</u>. Mais alors, et ce sera notre dernière question, que veut dire exactement Wittgenstein lorsqu'il a l'air de prétendre qu'il existe un mode langagier de donation du réel qui, même s'il n'est pas, à proprement parler un mode de connaissance, se <i>montre</i> néanmoins à défaut de se pouvoir <i>dire </i>dans des propositions douées de sens ? En d'autres termes, que signifie "se montrer dans le langage", en quoi consiste cette "indicibilité langagière" qui est longtemps apparue aux commentateurs comme un oxymore ? "<i>Cette indicibilité constitutive est presque toujours rapportée, implicitement ou explicitement, à une sorte d'impuissance ou d'insuffisance intrinsèque de notre langage, au fait que, d'une manière ou d'une autre, nous ne disposons pas du langage adéquat. Chez Wittgenstein au contraire, il ne saurait être question d'un défaut ou d'une inaptitude quelconque du langage : aucun langage ne peut être un langage sans l'être pleinement, sans posséder entièrement l'essence du langage, de tout langage. Et l'élément mystique n'est pas quelque chose qui se trouve en dehors des possibilités d'expression du langage tel qu'il est : son existence découle immédiatement du fait qu'il y a des possibilité d'expression, de l'existence même du langage [...]. Le mysticisme tel qu'il est formulé habituellement traite [par exemple] le langage et le monde comme des entités qui peuvent être définies en intension et jouer le rôle de sujet dans des propositions de forme attributive. Mais, pour Wittgenstein, à la question de savoir ce qu'est le monde, nous ne pouvons répondre qu'en énumérant la totalité des états de chose existants, et à la question de savoir ce qu'est le langage, nous ne pouvons répondre qu'en énumérant la totalité des propositions élémentaires</i>"(Bouveresse, <u>Wittgenstein : la Rime et la Raison</u>, i). </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Pour reprendre l'exemple du mysticisme de Spinoza, le Tout de la réalité, ce qu'il appelle Dieu ou la Nature, non seulement (comme l'a fait remarquer Russell dans <u>the Nature of Truth</u>) est le seul sujet grammatical duquel on puisse prédiquer avec vérité, mais encore à condition de le faire dans le cadre de ce qu'il nomme "troisième mode de connaissance", "science intuitive" ou encore "intellection" qui n'est rien d'autre que la saisie directe par l'esprit des attributs de Dieu en tant que cet esprit est lui-même une partie de l'entendement éternel et infini de Dieu. Bref, comme le souligne Bouveresse, ce mysticisme-là se fonde sur l'impossibilité de définir Dieu ou la Nature dans le cadre d'un langage, fût-il rationnel.</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Tandis que, pour Wittgenstein, l'impossibilité de définir une totalité infinie quelconque (le monde, le langage, le moi, l'ensemble des nombres premiers, etc.) n'est pas un défaut du langage mais une de ses caractéristiques essentielles que l'on peut énoncer de la manière suivante : on ne peut pas donner une définition intensive (ou compréhensive)<span style="color: red;">(1)</span> de n'importe quel sujet grammatical apparent, notamment d'une multiplicité infinie, et ce, parce que tout sujet grammatical apparent n'est pas un sujet logique réel, pour parler comme Russell. R</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">appelons que la définition intensive ou compréhensive d'une notion consiste à mettre le <i>definiendum</i>, "ce qui doit être défini", en position de sujet logique pour énumérer la conjonction de prédicats qui est essentielle à son identité (ex. s'il s'agit de définir en compréhension "l'eau" et "Mercure" : "l'eau, c'est H2O", "Mercure est la première planète du système solaire", etc.). Tandis que la définition extensive consiste à mettre le <i>definiendum</i> en position de prédicat logique pour énumérer la conjonction de sujets qui est essentielle à son identité (ex. si l'on veut définir en extension "nombre pair" ou "poète de la Pléïade" : "les nombres pairs sont deux, quatre, six, huit, ...", "les poètes de la Pléïade sont Ronsard, du Bellay, Jodelle, Belleau, ...", etc.). Rappelons aussi que :</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> - que ce que nous appelons, après Russell, "sujet logique" et "prédicat logique", ne correspond pas forcément à ce qu'on entend par "sujet" et "prédicat" dans la grammaire naturelle, puisque, comme nous le voyons dans nos exemples, tous nos <i>definienda</i> sont en position de sujet grammatical, tandis que seuls ceux de la première série (définitions intensives) sont également des "sujets logiques", tandis que ceux de la seconde série (définitions extensives) sont en réalité des "prédicats logiques"</span></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">- chez Wittgenstein, notamment, une définition, qu'elle soit intensive ou extensive, peut toujours, en outre, être ostensive, c'est-à-dire consister à "montrer du doigt" ce que l'on entend définir en s'accompagnant, éventuellement du commentaire, par exemple, "le rouge, c'est ça" (on pense à Ella Fitzgerald "définissant" le swing en claquant des doigts).</span></div></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Bref, si, "<i>souvent, nous sommes
incapables de définir les termes que nous utilisons, non parce que
nous ne connaissons pas leur vraie définition, mais parce qu’il
n’ont pas de vraie définition</i>"(Wittgenstein, <u>le Cahier
Bleu</u>, 24, 25), parce que la plupart des termes de notre langage naturel n'ont pas, comme c'est le cas pour les termes scientifique, reçu de signification (<i>Bedeutung</i>) déterminée. Dès lors, si on tient cependant à énoncer quelque chose "du monde", "du langage", "du moi" ou bien "de l'ensemble des nombres premiers", par exemple, on a le choix entre, soit définir l'expression en extension (dire de quoi se compose le tout en en donnant des exemples significatifs), soit donner l'impression qu'on le définit en intension parce qu'on donne la règle de composition de ses éléments ("l'ensemble des nombres premiers, c'est l'ensemble des nombres entiers qui ne sont divisibles que par eux-mêmes et par un"). Mais on n'énonce une proposition douée de sens (<i>sinnvoll</i>) que dans le premier cas et donc, seulement dans ce cas, on <i>dit </i>quelque chose de sensé en décrivant un fait. <span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">Ce qui a, entre autres conséquences, et non parmi les moindres, de démythifier une notion sur-déterminée par la métaphysique classique : celle d'infini. Par exemple, en mathématiques, </span></span>en quoi peut bien consister l'"extension" de la série infinie des chiffres du développement décimal d'un nombre irrationnel ? L'infini est-il une sorte de fait gigantesque qui dépasse simplement nos capacités d'aperception et de compréhension et, partant, qui excède les capacités descriptives de notre langage ? "<i>Les concepts dans les propositions mathématiques concernant des fractions décimales infinies ne sont pas des concepts de séries mais des concepts de la technique illimitée du développement des séries. Nous apprenons une technique sans fin, c'est-à-dire que nous apprenons quelque chose et nous le reproduisons ; on nous dit des règles et nous faisons des exercices qui les appliquent ; on utilise peut-être pour cela une expression telle que "et ainsi de suite à l'infini" mais il n'est jamais question d'une extension gigantesque</i>"(Wittgenstein, <u>Remarques sur les Fondements des Mathématiques</u>, V, 19). </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">"L'infini" est le terme que l'on emploie communément pour désigner, non pas un fait métaphysique, mais une règle mathématique. On ne peut rien <i>dire </i>sur l'infini. L'infini n'est pas un fait susceptible d'expérience mais une règle, une technique que l'on peut <i>montrer </i>dans des applications particulières dont la généralisation (en substituant les signes de variables aux signes de constantes) constitue l'énoncé de la règle.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Pour Wittgenstein, l'indicible, "l'élément mystique", n'est pas étranger au langage lui-même. Ce qui ne se dit pas (ne se décrit pas) doit se montrer, et se montrer dans le langage naturel lui-même. Encore une fois, c'en est simplement la limite interne, donc une fonction importante. Comme le dit Bouveresse, "<i>la difficulté n'est pas de reconnaître ici que l'on ne peut sortir du langage, ce que beaucoup de philosophes admettent, du moins en théorie, mais de comprendre que cette impossibilité n'a rien d'inquiétant ou d'anormal à quoi nous puissions légitimement aspirer, qu'elle ne fait pas de nous, en un sens quelconque, les victimes ou les prisonniers du langage (un thème sur lequel Wittgenstein ne cessera de revenir par la suite)</i>"(<u>Wittgenstein : la Rime et la Raison</u>, i). Mieux encore : cette impossibilité de <i>dire </i>autre chose que des faits, non seulement ne nous prive de rien d'important, mais c'est elle qui nous fait accéder à ce qui est vraiment important, à savoir le domaine extra-mondain des valeurs. Ce
qui, dans le langage, échappe à la sphère de la connaissance n'est pas
pour autant dépourvu de valeur. C'est même là, au contraire, que
commence le domaine "mystique" de la valeur : "<i>comment est le monde, ceci est, pour le Supérieur [</i>das Höhere<i>], parfaitement indifférent. [...] Les faits appartiennent tous au problème à résoudre, non à sa solution. [...] Ce n'est pas </i>comment <i>est le monde qui est le Mystique [</i>das Mystiche<i>], mais</i> qu'il soit"(Wittgenstein, <u>Tractatus</u>, 6.432-6.4321-6.44). Le problème, pour Wittgenstein comme pour Leibniz, c'est qu'il y ait quelque chose plutôt que rien. Sauf que, contrairement à ce dernier, Wittgenstein ne posera jamais la question du "pourquoi est-ce ainsi ?", convaincu q</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">u'il est que </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>d’une
réponse qu’on ne peut formuler, on ne peut pas non plus formuler
la question. Il n’y a pas d’énigme. Si une question peut de
quelque manière être posée, elle peut aussi recevoir une
réponse</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Wittgenstein,
</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Tractatus</u></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
6.5). Or, Wittgenstein remarque que les philosophes, en général se comportent un peu comme ces enfants qui posent inlassablement la question "pourquoi ceci ?", "pourquoi cela ?" D'où</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> cette véritable obsession de la définition intensive héritée de Platon : </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">ti esti ?</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> "qu'est-ce ?"</span><span class="reference-text" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Sauf qu'"<i>une proposition peut seulement dire </i>comment <i>est une chose, non </i>ce qu'<i>elle est</i>"(<u>Tractatus</u>, 3.221). <i>Dire </i>"comment elle est" en la mettant en connexion avec d'autres choses constitutives d'un fait possible et, par conséquent, la donner à connaître. "Ce qu'elle est" pourra, en revanche, toujours se <i>montrer </i>dans la règle qui énoncera ce pourquoi cette chose est importante, ce pourquoi elle a de la valeur. C'est cette confusion permanente entre <i>dire </i>et <i>montrer</i></span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">qui, pour Wittgenstein, constitue, pour l'essentiel, ce qu'il appelle la "maladie philosophique" consistant, précisément, à ignorer cet élément</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>Mystiche </i>qui ne peut que se montrer dans la vacuité sémantique qu'il y a à l'évoquer, dans l'embarras que nous éprouvons lorsque nous tentons de poser la question "quoi ?" ou "pourquoi ?" là où la question "comment ?" semble si facile à résoudre. </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Rappelons à cet égard que </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Wittgenstein</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">distingue deux catégories bien différentes de vides sémantiques </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> : celle des expressions </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">proprement </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">dépourvues</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">signification</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">sinnlosse</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">) et celle des expressions qui ont </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">un</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">e signification</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> vide (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">unsinnige</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">). Dans le premier cas, le vide est irrémédiable : on n'a pas de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">signification</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> du tout parce que, comme dans la conception métaphysique du néant </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">("l'être du non-être")</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, il y a contradiction </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">dans les termes</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">ce</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">qui rend l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">'expression </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">carrément incompréhensible, absurde</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. Tandis que dans le second cas, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">on a tout de même l'intuition qu'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">il y a </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">peut-être quelque chose à comprendre, même si on ne sait pas au juste quoi</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. Car </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de telles expressions </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">montrent qu'il y a une tension </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">dans l'énoncé des propriétés </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de la soi-disant "chose" signifiée. Du coup, elles ne sont pas à proprement parler dépourvues de signification, absurdes (<i>sinnlos</i>, <i>senseless</i>) mais plutôt des expressions de signification vide</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">unsinnige</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">meaningless</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, imagées, métaphoriques. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">C'est ce qui se passe chaque fois que l'on fait de la poésie, de l'humour, de l'ironie, ou que l'on énonce un oxymore</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. Par exemple, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">lorsque l'on parle de "clair-obscur", "aigre-doux", "monarque républicain", "réalité virtuelle", etc., ou que l'on s'exclame "quel beau temps !" alors que le temps est exécrable, on montre le flottement qui existe quant aux règles d'usage des termes que nous employons et sur le plaisant effet de vacuité sémantique qui en résulte, mais sans aucun engagement ontologique relatif à ce qui est censé Être. Tandis que si, à l'instar d'Aristote prétendant nier la réalité du vide, on affirme</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> qu'une entité (le néant) existe (pour pouvoir en parler) tout en n'existant pas (par définition du néant), c'est le principe de non-contradiction comme régissant la possibilité d'affirmer quoi que ce soit qui est violé. De sorte que, si l'on s'en tient là, ce que fait précisément la métaphysique aristotélicienne et post-aristotélicienne, alors l'expression est effectivement vide de signification (<i>sinnlos</i>) dans la mesure où elle emprunte une voie par laquelle, précisément, rien ne peut être affirmé. Mais si elle est juste destinée à attirer l'attention sur un problème, à le "montrer", comme lorsqu'on parle de "clair-obscur" ou de "monarque républicain", alors elle possède bien une signification mais une signification vide (<i>unsinnig</i>). Contrairement à la <i>Sinnlossheit </i>(c'est-à-dire la contradiction ou la tautologie) qui n'est pas une forme du tout en ce qu'elle exclut radicalement la possibilité de donner un sens à ce qui est énoncé, l'<i>Unsinnigkeit </i>est une forme vide qui, loin de clouer le bec aux interlocuteurs, les engage tout au contraire à dialoguer pour donner du sens à des formulations en soi problématiques. Et cette forme restera vide jusqu'à ce qu'un consensus significatif se fasse jour à travers la compréhension mutuelle des interlocuteurs, éventuellement à travers une définition scientifiquement fondée (ce qui est d'ailleurs le cas pour l'existence du vide). </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Le "mysticisme" wittgensteinien donne ainsi toute sa valeur à l'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">une des propriétés les plus importantes du langage humain : </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">l'<i>Unsinnigkeit </i>comme possibilité de "parler pour ne rien dire", </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">autrement dit pour sécréter du </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">vide sémantique, non pas, certes, comme le fait la </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Sinnlossheit </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> de la </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">métaphysique qui </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fétichise le langage en le considérant comme une succession de noms tous censés référer en quelque manière à de l'Être plein et entier (toute la "seconde philosophie" de Wittgenstein sera consacrée à l'étude de cette difficulté), mais plutôt comme on le fait spontanément lorsqu'on formule une </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">expression qui est </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">une forme vide </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">prête cependant à recevoir une matière en creux, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">en l'occurrence, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">un</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">e signification</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">possible </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">qui, en fait, se dérobe.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> Telle est la différence fondamentale entre l'absence de signification (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Sinnlossheit</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">) et la signification de l'absence (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Unsinnigkeit</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">). </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">La profonde o</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">riginalité de Wittgenstein réside donc bien dans sa conception radicalement négative de l'activité philosophique à quoi il incombe de "montrer le Mystique" : "</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">la philosophie délimite le territoire contesté de la science de la nature. [...] Elle doit marquer les frontières du pensable, et, partant, de l'impensable. Elle doit délimiter l'impensable de l'intérieur par le moyen du pensable. [...] Elle signifiera l'indicible en figurant le dicible dans sa clarté</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"(Wittgenstein, </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tractatus</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, 4.113-4.114-4.115). </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Le plus important, lorsque l'on parle, n'est pas, le plus souvent, ce qu'on dit, mais ce qu'on montre en disant. Ce qu'on montre en ayant d'ailleurs souvent l'illusion de dire. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">On se rend bien compte alors que la formule qui clôt le </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tractatus</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">n'est ni une injonction à cesser de parler, ni même une invitation à parler "autrement" : il n'y a pas, chez Wittgenstein, le dessein philosophique d'une "réforme de l'entendement", la philosophie ne doit, ni d'ailleurs ne peut, porter atteinte à l'usage naturel du langage. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="zxx">D'où cette fameuse dernière proposition du </span><span lang="zxx"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="zxx"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(7) </span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">: "</span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen" qui ne peut se comprendre que comme : </span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>à la limite</i></span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, il ne faudrait parler que de ce qui est <i>sinnvoll</i>, autrement dit de ce dont traitent les </span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>sciences de la nature</i> qui disposent de théories expérimentalement et procéduralement étayées<i>. </i></span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Limite, bien entendu, inatteignable dans la mesure où "</span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>nous sentons bien que, à supposer que toutes les questions théoriques possibles soient résolues, les problèmes de notre vie demeurent encore intacts</i></span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"(</span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><u>Tractatus </u></span><span lang="zxx" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">6.52) et qu'il va bien falloir les énoncer d'une manière ou d'une autre. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Voilà pourquoi le mysticisme wittgensteinien n'est pas une abstinence mais une continence.</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-40300083718391458782023-12-05T08:29:00.083+01:002024-03-02T17:32:55.469+01:00VIDE, NÉANT, ABSENCE, CHAOS, DISPONIBILITÉ.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Gilles Lipovetski fait en 1983
paraître un </span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span>best
seller </span></i><span style="font-family: georgia;">dont le titre,
</span><u style="font-family: georgia;">l'Ère du Vide</u><span style="font-family: georgia;">,
semble auto-référentiel tant son propos est affligeant de banalité,
s'appliquant </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">lourdement<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">à montrer que dans la
société occidentale actuelle "tout fout l'camp",
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">s'évertuant à
exemplifier à son insu le dicton latin </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">selon
lequel </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><i><span>vocaliora
sunt vacua quam plena</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span><span>,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span><span>ce
qui est creux est toujours plus sonore que ce qui est plein</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span><span>"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">!
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">En
fait, le seul élément </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">intéressant</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
dans cet ouvrage de plus de 300 pages, c'est son titre qui mentionne
un des symptômes de la post-modernité : la fascination pour le
vide. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>L'</span></span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span>homo
occidentalis</span></i><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>,
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>en
effet,</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
n'a de cesse de vouloir se vider la tête, se vider les tripes, être
</span></span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span>zen</span></i><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>,
bien profiter de ses vacances (du latin </span></span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span>vacuum</span></i><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>,
"vide"), vacances au cours desquelles il sera,
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>paradoxalement,</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
enjoint d'avoir des journées bien remplies, de faire le plein </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>d'activités,
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>d'émotions,
d'images, de souvenirs, de rencontres, d'énergie, de bon air, etc.
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Et
c'est bien ce balancement schizophrénique entre l'attrait pour le
vide et l'horreur du vide qui est </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>caractéristique
de notre époque</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>,
tant il est vrai que </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>l'obsession
subliminale de notre civilisation est </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>moins
de faire le vide que</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
de faire le plein (de "plénitude", d'argent, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>d'emplois, de
diplômes, d'expérience, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>de
carburant, d'ondes positives, …). </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Pourtant,
comme le rappelle Trinh Xuan Thuan citant Léonard de Vinci, dans
l'avant-propos de son ouvrage intitulé </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><u>la
Plénitude du Vide</u></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>,
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>"</span></span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span>de
tous les grands concepts que nous portons en nous, celui du néant est
sans doute le plus fécond</span></i><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>".
Et c'est précisément cette fécondité du vide que nous allons à
présent tâcher d'explorer en analysant successivement ses aspects
métaphysiques, matériels, formels et enfin spirituels.</span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><u style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">I – LE VIDE MÉTAPHYSIQUE : LE NÉANT (NE PAS ÊTRE).</span></u></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;">Qui
n'a pas entendu dire que "la nature a horreur du vide" ?
Pourtant, ce qui pourrait être considéré comme une simple
métaphore poétique est, en réalité, l'expression littérale de
l'un des problèmes métaphysiques les plus anciens de la pensée
occidentale. Est-ce à dire que cette expression est à prendre au
pied de la lettre, que la nature est prise de vertige à la pensée
du vide ? Il n'y a sans doute pas de meilleure introduction intuitive
à la conception métaphysique du vide que la peur panique qu'éprouve
le personnage joué par James Stewart dans le film </span><u style="text-align: left;">Vertigo</u><span style="text-align: left;">
d'Hitchcock </span><span style="text-align: left;">(cf.</span><span style="text-align: left;">
</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnQHLa5WqyE" style="text-align: left;"><u>sa
bande annonce</u></a><span style="text-align: left;"> qui
concentre en quelques images ce pour quoi le vide peut inspirer une
horreur irrépressible</span><span style="text-align: left;">)</span><span style="text-align: left;">.
</span><span style="text-align: left;">Le vide, en première
approximation, c'est en effet le rien, le néant, l'abîme, ce qui
suscite une peur p</span><span style="text-align: left;">anique,
</span><span style="text-align: left;">viscérale, </span><span style="text-align: left;">irraisonnée
</span><span style="text-align: left;">de tomber, ce que les psycho-thérapeutes nomment "acrophobie", littéralement "peur de tomber de haut"</span><span style="text-align: left;">.
</span><span style="text-align: left;">Ce qui est</span><span style="text-align: left;">
</span><span style="text-align: left;">paradoxal, c'est que la
métaphysique occidentale, pourtant peu </span><span style="text-align: left;">réputée
pour</span><span style="text-align: left;"> s'intéresser aux
problèmes </span><span style="text-align: left;">liés à
l'irrationnel</span><span style="text-align: left;">, notamment ceux qu'engendre le psychisme </span><span style="text-align: left;">humain, s'est très tôt appropriée l'horreur du vide. </span><span style="text-align: left;">À
moins que, et ce serait là une première confirmation apportée à
l'affirmation de Léonard de Vinci, </span><span style="text-align: left;">ce
soit précisément sur cette sainte horreur du vide que la
métaphysique et, à sa suite, la philosophie occidentale toute
entière, se soit construite.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tout
d'abord, la situation politique </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans l'Athènes antique,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">berceau
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
la métaphysique, qui est, d'une part celle d'une démocratie directe
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">qui
exige un débat contradictoire permanent </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">en
place publique (</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">l'Agora)
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">sur
ce qu'il convient de faire ou de ne pas faire, d'autre part celle d'une guerre
incessante d'Athènes et de ses alliés contre Sparte et ses alliés
(guerre du Péloponnèse, guerre de Corinthe), puis contre la
Macédoine, guerre qui aboutira, après la bataille de Chéronée
(338 </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">a.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">e.c.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">) à l'absorption progressive de la Grèce dans l'empire de
Philippe II </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de
Macédoine, enfin celle d'un régime foncièrement instable, pouvant déboucher sur n'importe quel autre, notamment sur la tyrannie (de nombreux tyrans se sont succédé pendant la période de la démocratie athénienne dont certains, comme Pisistrate, ont perdu puis reconquis plusieurs fois le pouvoir)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">.
Pour toutes ces raisons, l'invention de ce qu'il est convenu
d'appeler la "philosophie" puis, à partir d'Aristote, la
"métaphysique" à Athènes à la fin du V° siècle et au
début du IV° a.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">e.c.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a>, se
veut être une réaction nostalgique contre une période de vacuité politique et </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">éthique </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">censée
tourner le dos à "</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">l'âge
d'or d'Athènes</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">",
l'Athènes de Périclès de la </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">première
moitié du V° siècle a.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">e.c., vacuité</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> que la lamentable affaire dite "des Arginuses"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">va</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">
illustrer jusqu'à la caricature.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Autant
d'événements dont la concentration sur un laps de temps
relativement court (un siècle et demi à peu près) vont progressivement contribuer à identifier </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">la </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">démocratie au vide non seulement politique et éthique mais aussi sémantique et esthétique.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;">Et
en effet, ce qu'illustre </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">merveilleusement
les comédies d'Aristophane, c'est le </span><span style="text-align: left;">goût
immodéré de la démocratie pour les controverses stériles qui
peuvent donner l'impression qu'on peut impunément dire tout et son
contraire pour peu qu'on soit doué d'un certain talent rhétorique.
Par exemple, lorsqu'Héraclite affirme que </span><span style="text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>le
rien existe aussi bien que le quelque chose</i></span><span style="text-align: left;">"</span><span style="text-align: left;">(Héraclite,
</span><span style="text-align: left;"><u>Fragments</u></span><span style="text-align: left;">,
142) </span><span style="text-align: left;">ou
que Gorgias assure qu'</span><span style="text-align: left;">"</span><i style="text-align: left;">il
n'y a rien ; s'il y a quelque chose, ce quelque chose est
inconnaissable ; même si ce quelque chose était connaissable,
il ne pourrait être divulgué</i><span style="text-align: left;">"(Gorgias,
</span><span style="text-align: left;"><u>sur le Non-être ou
sur la Nature</u></span><span style="text-align: left;">),
</span><span style="text-align: left;">Parménide
leur ré</span><span style="text-align: left;">torque</span><span style="text-align: left;">
que </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>les
seules et concevables voies s'offrant à la recherche </i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>[sont],
l</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>a
première, à savoir qu</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>e
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>l'être
est et qu'il ne peut non être </i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>[...]
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>;
la seconde, à savoir qu</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>e
l'être</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>
n'est pas et qu'il est nécessaire au surplus qu'existe le non-être
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>[…] :
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>en
effet le non-être (lui qui ne mène à rien) demeure inconnaissable
et reste inexprimable</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"(Parménide,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><u>Fragments</u></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">,
B2) </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">et
Épicure que </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>rien
ne naît du non-</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>être</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">(Épicure, </span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Ep</u></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>istol</u></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>æ</u></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><i>,</i></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> I,
38). </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">En
ce sens, l</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">a
rhétorique d</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">es
joutes oratoires que l'Athènes démocratique a élevé au rang
d'institutions </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">incontournables</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">
est la plus parfaite expression d</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">'une certaine sorte de </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">vacuité
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">que
l'on pourrait qualifier de </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">logique
ou </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">sémantique. Et ce sont bien entendu les logomachies absurdes qui sont le ressort principal des comédies d'Aristophane et qui suscitent l'hilarité du public athénien.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">À ce vide sémantique,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> s'ajoute le vide esthétique constitué par </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'engouement
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
la culture grecque </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pour la tragédie. D'abord parce que le spectacle théâtral est, par nature, le règne de l'apparence et de l'illusion, donc du non-être. Ensuite parce que le genre tragique évoque implicitement la vacuité de la destinée humaine puisque, d'une manière ou d'une autre, il y est toujours question de l'enchaînement fatal du hasard, du châtiment et de la mort, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc
du passage </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">instantané</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
pour l'être humain de l'existence à l'inexistence</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Vacuité d'autant plus condamnable qu'elle dégrade l'image des héros mythiques ou épiques qui structurent l'inconscient collectif grec (Œdipe, Héraklès, Ajax, etc.) en suggérant que </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la déchéance succède </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">toujours
brutalement</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
à la gloire, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
châtiment aux honneurs et la souffrance au plaisir</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Si,
c</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">omme</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
le dit Clément Rosset, </span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
tragédie est </span></i></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
révélation du caractère insurmontable de l'échec qui s'est
soudain imposé à nous : nous nous révélons […] incapables
de trouver une solution, de vaincre l'obstacle qui s'est dressé
devant nous [...]. En second lieu, nous prenons conscience du
caractère irrémédiable de cet échec […]. Voici que nous
découvrons tout à coup qu'il n'y a pas d'autre voie
possible</span></i></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Rosset,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Philosophie Tragique</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
I, ii), </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
tragédie est en effet la meilleure expression artistique de
l'amalgame que l'on fait spontanément entre la mort et le néant</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Comme le précise Aristote, un tel amalgame ne peut que susciter doublement l'horreur,</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> horreur pour soi (terreur), horreur pour autrui (pitié) : </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
tragédie a </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pour
objet [...] des événements qui suscitent t</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">erreur</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
et pitié</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">καὶ
περιπέτεια ἢ ἔλεον ἕξει ἢ φόβον</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Il
faut qu’indépendamment du spectacle l’histoire soit ainsi
constituée qu’en apprenant les faits qui se produisent on
frissonne et soit pris de pitié </span></i></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[…]
</span></i></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
écoutant l’histoire d’Œdipe</span></i></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Poétique</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
14</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">52</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a-</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">b</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Et
encore, "</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
tragédie est-elle la représentation d'une action de caractère
noble et complète, et dans un langage relevé […] tandis que la
comédie est une imitation d'hommes sans grande vertu</span></i></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Poétique</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
1450a). Autrement dit, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le spectacle tragique est réputé moralement vide en ce qu'il suggère que même les héros les plus vertueux sont susceptibles de
faillir et de tomber dans l'ignominie est tout de même moins condamnable que la complaisance
coupable pour le spectacle comique qui se repaît de </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'inconsistance
sinon de la perversité du vulgaire</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Bref, poésie et théâtre </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
général </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sont
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dénoncés
comme</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'illustration </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
goût morbide</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d'une civilisation pour la vacuité éthique et esthétique.</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Un peu comme si, pour justifier l'amour de la lumière, il fallait commencer par exprimer une détestation des ténèbres, un puissant courant intellectuel de réaction va se faire jour contre la vacuité diffuse qui, de son point de vue, caractérise ce contexte. Ce courant ne surgit pas, c'est le cas de le dire, </span><i>ex nihilo</i>, mais va fleurir sur le terreau <span style="font-style: normal;">des préceptes de l'école éléatique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> qui, niant la réalité du mouvement et du changement, fait </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> promotion </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la plénitude d'un </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Être immuable et éternel. Cette conception apparaît alors </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme le seul remède </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dégoût profond qu'inspire le contexte historique chaotique que l'on vient d'évoquer et qui évoque irrésistiblement le</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> non-être, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le vide, le</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> néant. Ce qu'on </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne va pas tarder à appeler "philosophie" puis "métaphysique" vient de naître dont </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">horror
vacui</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, l'horreur du vide est le berceau et dont les lettres de noblesse vont </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">être fournies par Platon puis par </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Aristote.</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Cependant, entre Platon et Aristote, entre la simple philosophie et la métaphysique proprement dite, on va passer subrepticement de la condamnation morale du vide</span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> à son exclusion logique.</span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Car c'est à Aristote qu'il revient </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">d'avoir </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">multiplié </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">les arguments </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"logiques" (en fait, rhétoriques et parfaitement absurdes) contre la réalité du vide. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En voici un </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">parmi
de nombreux autres</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> :
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
vide </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou
non-être </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
définition,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
privé de toute substance, donc on ne peut rien y mettre, sinon il ne
serait p</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s
vide </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
le sens où </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
ne poss</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">é</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">derait
p</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s
l'Être<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a>
du vide. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mais
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s'il
y a un Être du vide, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">alors
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">celui-ci
ne </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">peut
plus être </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">assimil</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">é</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
au non-être. D'où, contradiction. Le vide/</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">néant</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
n'a donc aucune sorte de réalité<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De
là, une jurisprudence à peu près constante de toute la tradition
métaphysique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
faveur </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'un
souverain</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
mépris intellectuel à l'égard du</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
vide</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Ainsi, Leibniz </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(23
siècles après Aristote !)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
dans ses </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Principes
de la Nature et de la Grâce</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
commence-t-il par constater qu'il y a quelque chose et non pas rien, puis
se demande pourquoi il y a quelque chose plutôt que rien. À la
suite de quoi, appliquant son "principe de raison suffisante"
selon lequel l'existence de toute entité doit pouvoir être expliquée par une raison suffisante, il pose que, puisqu'il y a manifestement quelque chose plutôt que rien, le quelque chose peut évidemment s'expliquer par la perfection de Dieu, mais <i>quid </i>du rien ? Si donc il y
a quelque chose, et il y a bien quelque chose, le rien n'existe pas. Bref,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> seul demeure l'Être (Dieu) et </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">admettre
l'existence du vide/néant serait nier la divinité de Dieu,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est-à-dire
de l'Être par excellence, celui qui possède toutes les perfections<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
: </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vouloir
du vide dans la nature, c'est attribuer à Dieu une production très
imparfaite ; c'est violer le grand principe de la nécessité
d'une raison suffisante […]. Or, figurons-nous un espace
entièrement vide : Dieu y pouvait mettre quelque matière sans
déroger en rien à toutes les autres choses, donc il l'y a mise,
donc il n'y a point d'espace entièrement vi</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e,
donc tout est plein. Le même raisonnement prouve qu</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
[…] l</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
moindre corpuscule est actuellement subdivisé à l'infini et
contient un monde de nouvelles créatures, ce dont l'univers
manquerait si ce corpuscule était un atome</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a>"(Leibniz,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Apostille à
la lettre à la princesse de Galles du 12 mai 1716</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">On
voit cependant que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'horreur du vide </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dont
il est question dans la métaphysique classique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">reste</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
une "horreur" hautement intellectualisée, comme un haussement d'épaule
condescendant à l'égard d'une absurdité manifeste. Pour la métaphysique classique, l'horreur du néant est donc plutôt le rejet pur et simple de ce qui ne peut pas être, en l'occurrence l'être du non-être.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cette double direction, tout à la fois éthique et logique, de l'"horreur du vide" trouvera </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">plus tard sa synthèse dans une
branche </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dissidente </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
la métaphysique, celle dont le point de départ est l'existence humaine et non l'onto-théologie,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
qui, en définitive, va rendre à cette détestation du vide </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">son
caractère </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">primitivement
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">irrationnel
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vertigineux en considérant, au rebours de la métaphysique classique, le néant comme existant, en l'occurrence, au cœur de l'existence consciente humaine.</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Cela commence avec Augustin qui assimile l'horreur du néant </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à l'horreur suscitée par l'</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">A</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ntéchrist</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> :
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Toi,
tu étais ; et le reste, c’était le néant, d’où tu as
fait le ciel et la terre, deux créatures, dont l’une est proche de
toi, l’autre proche du néant ; l’une qui n’a que toi
au-dessus d’elle, l’autre qui n’a que le néant au-dessous
d’elle</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Augustin,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Confessions</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Assimilation donc entre l'Être et l'élévation lumineuse vers le ciel d'une part, le néant et l'enfouissement dans les abysses de la terre d'autre part. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Le
cas de </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pascal
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
très intéressant puisqu'il va commencer par déclarer que "</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
silence éternel de ces espaces infinis [l]'effraie</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Pascal,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pensées</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
B</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">206</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">assimilant
ainsi le silence et l'infini au néant ontologique dans la plus pure
tradition métaphysique. Puis il va se démarquer de cette tradition
en se servant d'une analogie entre le</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> vide </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ontologique
(qu'il finira d'ailleurs par nier, comme on le verra plus loin)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> et le </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide psychologique. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;">C'est à Pascal, en effet, qu'il appartient d'avoir, le premier, remarqué que l'idée de néant absolu et le sentiment d'horreur qui va avec ne sont qu'une projection inconsciente et sublimée </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">dans la réalité physique extérieure</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> du vide existentiel de notre conscience. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pascal va donc </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">intérioriser,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
quelque sorte,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'horreur du vide en l'assimilant à l'ennui comme haine (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>inodiare</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">, "ennuyer"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i> </i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">dérive</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"> de </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>in odio</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">, "en haine"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">de
soi</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
éprouvée</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
à l'égard d'un sentiment de vacuité </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">intérieure
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">:
"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">rien
n'est si insupportable à l'homme que d'être dans un plein repos,
sans passions, sans affaire, sans divertissement, sans application.
Il sent alors son néant, son abandon, son insuffisance, sa
dépendance, son impuissance, son vide. Incontinent il sortira du
fond de son âme l'ennui, la noirceur, la tristesse, le chagrin, le
dépit, le désespoir</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Pascal,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pensées</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
B131). </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dans
la même veine, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sartre
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">va
envisager </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'horreur
du vide </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">angoisse
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
saisit</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'être humain </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">prenant</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
conscience de son indétermination, de sa liberté (le "vertige de la liberté" cher à Kierkegaard), c'est-à-dire de son non-être</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> :
"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
liberté c’est précisément le néant qui est au cœur de l’homme
et qui contraint la réalité humaine à se faire au lieu
d’être</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sartre,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’Être
et le Néant</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
IV, i, 1). Liberté ou non-être qui s'éprouve comme un abandon, un
délaissement, une déréliction : </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’homme
est condamné à être libre […]</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>Nous choisissons nous-mêmes notre être, le délaissement va avec l’angoisse</i>"(Sartre, <u>l’Existentialisme est un Humanisme</u>). Pour autant, une telle horreur existentielle du néant, pour pénible qu'elle soit, n'est pas nécessairement nihiliste (du latin nihil, "rien") comme elle va l'être la fascination proprement romantique pour la mort. Par exemple, chez Victor Hugo dont le romantisme nihiliste</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup>10</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> a conduit à </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">multiplier les réflexions</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">relatives
à l'horreur </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">viscérale </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
lui inspire le vide </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
même temps que sa fascination</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pour
le vide assimilé au néant de la mort. Ainsi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> écrit-il qu'"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
n’y a pas de néant. Zéro n’existe pas. Tout est quelque chose.
Rien n’est rien</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
Misérables</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
II) mais, par ailleurs, : "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Depuis
quatre mille ans il tombait dans l'abîme. //Il n'avait pas encor pu
saisir une cime //Ni lever une fois son front démesuré. //Il
s'enfonçait dans l'ombre et la brume, effaré, //Seul, et derrière
lui, dans les nuits éternelles, //Tombaient plus lentement les
plumes de ses ailes. //Il tombait foudroyé, morne, silencieux,
//Triste, la bouche ouverte et les pieds vers les cieux, //L'horreur
du gouffre empreinte à sa face livide</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
Nox facta est</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">in
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Fin de Satan</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
I).</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> De la même manière, Baudelaire, héritier du romantisme et poète de la (chute dans la) décadence, parle de lui comme d'un "<i>cœur tendre qui hait le néant vaste et noir</i>"(<u>Harmonie du Soir</u>, <i>in </i><u>les Fleurs du Mal</u>)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i> </i>Cependant, chez les existentialistes, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'idée du néant de l'existence suscite non seulement l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">effroi </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais aussi un mouvement de fuite </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme tentative un peu désespérée pour lui donner un sens</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Fuite
vers</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
le péché pour Augustin : </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c’est
par une inclination sans mesure vers ces biens d’ici-bas que l’on
commet le péché lorsqu</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on
abandonne des biens meilleurs et de l’ordre supérieur : toi,
Seigneur notre Dieu, et ta Vérité, et ta Loi</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Augustin,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Confessions</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) ;
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fuite
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vers
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
divertissement pour Pascal</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> : "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sans
examiner toutes les occupations particulières, il suffit de les
comprendre sous le divertissement</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Pascal,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pensées</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
B13</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">7</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) ;
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fuite
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vers
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
mauvaise foi pour Sartre : "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous
fuyons l’angoisse dans la mauvaise foi</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sartre,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’Être
et le Néant</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">IV,
i, 3). Tandis que cette vaine tentative est absente de la complaisance romantique pour l'abandon à l'issue fatale parfois dépeinte comme une véritable apothéose. Ainsi, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Victor Hugo écrit-il, dans le long poème où il
rend hommage à son gendre impuissant à sauver Léopoldine de la
noyade, "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'ayant
pu la sauver, il a voulu mourir</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Hugo,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
Charles Vacquerie</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">in
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
Contemplations</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
II). Ou Baudelaire qui constate avec délices</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> que "<i>le Temps m'engloutit minute par minute, // Comme la neige immense un corps pris de roideur ; // Je contemple d'en haut le globe en sa rondeur // Et je n'y cherche plus l'abri d'une cahute. // Avalanche, veux-tu m'emporter dans ta chute ?</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">(</span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le Goût du Néant</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">in </i><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">les Fleurs du Mal</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;">En tout cas, comme Bergson l'a remarqué, "</span><i style="text-align: left;">l'idée de néant
</i><i style="text-align: left;">[…] </i><i style="text-align: left;">est souvent le ressort caché, l'invisible moteur
de la pensée philosophique</i><span style="text-align: left;">"(Bergson, </span><u style="text-align: left;">l'Évolution
Créatrice</u><span style="text-align: left;">, iv) dans le sens où elle fonctionne comme un
prétexte commode à la vénération exaltée de la plénitude d'un Être fantasmé. Tout se passe donc comme si la norme de plénitude,
tant qualitative que quantitative, dont la métaphysique n'a eu de
cesse de s'enorgueillir était, au nom de l'</span><i style="text-align: left;">ad</i><span style="text-align: left;"><i>æ</i></span><i style="text-align: left;">quatio
rei et intellectus</i><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc" style="text-align: left;"><sup>11</sup></a><span style="text-align: left;">, hypostasiée en Être absolu, que ce soit celui de la
théologie, celui de l'ontologie ou celui de la conscience, de telle sorte que l'Être ne saurait décidément
cohabiter avec son antithèse : le néant absolu. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Or Pascal, encore lui, va montrer qu'à condition de concevoir le vide non plus comme un absolu métaphysique paradoxal, mais scientifiquement et de manière relative, alors le vide comme néant effrayant va laisser place à l'idée beaucoup plus cohérente et familière d'un vide comme absence en attente d'un comblement possible.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><u style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">II
– LE VIDE MATÉRIEL : L'ABSENCE (NE PAS/NE PLUS AVOIR).</span></span></u></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">H</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">istoriquement, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'attitude</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de la </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">science</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> à l'égard de la notion de vide </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se confond avec </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le point de vue</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> métaphysique jusqu'au milieu du XVII° siècle. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Puis ce sont</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> les coups de boutoir successifs de Galilée, de Torricelli et de Pascal </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui vont le débarrasser de cette emprise</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Notamment lorsque, frappé par le fait que les jets d'eau des fontaines de Venise alimentées par des bassins naturels ne dépassent jamais la hauteur de 10 m environ, Pascal y voit d'abord la preuve évidente que la nature n'exclut pas le vide puisque, de deux choses l'une : ou bien il n'y a pas de vide au-dessus des fontaines et on se demande bien comment l'eau peut y surgir, ou bien il y en a et on se demande pourquoi elle ne monte pas plus haut. Pascal, qui a sa petite idée, va alors imaginer une expérience avec un corps liquide plus maniable que l'eau car 13,5 fois plus dense qu'elle : le mercure. En 1648, après avoir donc rempli de mercure un tube et l'avoir renversé sur une cuve pleine du même métal, Pascal, constata</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nt </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que la hauteur du mercure se stabilisait invariablement à environ 0,76 m (au niveau de la mer), </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en conclut que la partie du tube qui dépassait cette hauteur était "vide". Et il forgea l'hypothèse que ce qui fait</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"> monter le mercure dans le tube, c'est une certaine pression de l'air exercée sur le fluide. Raison pour laquelle le mercure ne remplit pas le tube jusqu'au bout comme ce serait le cas si la nature avait </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">réellement </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">"horreur du vide", </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">mais </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">jusqu'à </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">une </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">hauteur critique qui est celle </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">à partir de laquelle la pression exercée par l'air vers le haut est compensée par celle de la gravitation vers le bas</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">. Refaisant alors moultes fois l'expérience en des lieux et à des moments divers pour montrer que cette hauteur critique du mercure dans le tube n'est pas constante mais </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">variable dans le temps et dans l'espace, mais avec des tubes de longueur et de diamètres différents pour montrer que le résultat ne dépend justement pas de ces paramètres, il en conclut que </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la nature n’a aucune répugnance pour le vide, [...] tous les effets qu’on a attribués à cette horreur procèdent de la pesanteur</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Pascal, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><u>Préface à un Traité du Vide</u></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">), c'est-à-dire, en fait, de la pression atmosphérique</span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote23sym" name="sdfootnote23anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>12</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. Une conséquence importante de cette série d'expériences est que le "vide" (celui qui demeure en haut de ce tube à essai qu'on appellera plus tard le "baromètre") n'est pas un absolu </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">(LE vide, LE néant, par opposition à L'Être) </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">mais est un phénomène relatif au temps et à l'espace. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Désormais, donc, le vide</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> devient pensable comme</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> UN vide DE quelque chose (par exemple, vide DE mercure dans le tube). </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Cela dit, l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">'horreur</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> métaphysique </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">du vide absolu </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">aura</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> la vie dure et </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">la plupart des physiciens vont </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">vite </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">se tourner à nouveau vers Aristote pour lui emprunter la notion d'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>éther</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote24sym" name="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>13</sup></a>, c'est-à-dire d'un corps particulièrement subtil qui, supposait-on, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">était</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> censé remplir tous les interstices prétendument "vides". </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">De fait, l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">a notion d'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>éther</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">va </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">perdur</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">er</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">au moins </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">jusqu'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">à la fin du XIX° siècle</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> avec les expériences de Michelson et Morley </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">en 1887</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, et, surtout, avec la théorie de la relativité restreinte d'Einstein en 1905 qui </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">établissent</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, dans les deux cas, que la vitesse de la lumière étant rigoureusement la même dans toutes les directions, l'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>éther</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> n'existe pas</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">car si cela n'avait pas été le cas, sa vitesse eût </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">tant soit peu été </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">modifiée par le milieu "éthéré" comme elle l'est lorsqu'elle traverse l'atmosphère terrestre</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">À partir de là, on va dire que la lumière se propage dans le "vide" et on va s'autoriser à parler scientifiquement de "l'espace inter-sidéral" comme synonyme de "vide inter-sidéral". </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Sauf que ce "vide inter-sidéral" désigne, en fait, un </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">espace dans lequel il n'y a … </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">presque </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">rien</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Presque rien</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">dans le sens où </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">il n'y a, théoriquement</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote26sym" name="sdfootnote26anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>14</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> et en moyenne, qu'un atome de matière pour ... 3,5 m</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR">3</span></sup></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> d'univers</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote25sym" name="sdfootnote25anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>15</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, chaque atome étant lui-même vide à plus de 99,99 %</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Toujours est-il que le vide se comprend désormais comme "vide d'un certain contenu matériel". Et comme toute matière est précédée et conditionnée par une forme qui lui donne sa réalité, accepter le vide matériel, c'est accepter </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">qu'il existe une </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">forme </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">qui soit </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">vide</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote15sym" name="sdfootnote15anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>16</sup></a><span style="text-align: left;">.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> Concrètement, cela correspondra à ce que nous appelons, dans le langage ordinaire, l'absence DE quelque chose ou DE quelqu'un. </span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">À
cet égard, o</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n
peut considérer toute </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Recherche du Temps Perdu</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
comme une vaste réflexion sur les </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">rapports
de la présence</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
l'absence</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">non
une absence </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">absolue mais une absence comme </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">présence
d'une forme vide</span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote16sym" name="sdfootnote16anc" style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><sup>17</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Comme
le dit Proust,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous
pouvons causer pendant toute une vie sans rien faire que répéter
indéfiniment le vide d’une minute</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Proust,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
l'Ombre des Jeunes Filles en Fleur</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
III, ). </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"Répéter
indéfiniment le vide d'une minute" : </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">une
minute vide de quoi au juste ? Voilà une </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">expression
remarquable de précision et de concision qui conjoint les deux
aspects principaux de la vacuité </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">matérielle</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
comme présence d'une forme vide </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
contenu </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">: d'une part la vacuité du temps vécu comme vide de sens, c'est-à-dire de rencontres significatives</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, d'autre part</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> la vacuité sémantique du langage de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">signification vide<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote17sym" name="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>18</sup></a> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(une
minute pendant laquelle on bavarde </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
répétant indéfiniment le même motif </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sans
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">jamais
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">rien
dire)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Vacuité du temps, d'abord. Le "temps perdu" à la recherche duquel se jette éperdument le Narrateur n'est autre, en effet, que le temps de l'absence en quête de comblement par une rencontre pertinente. Rencontre qui a d'autant plus de chance de combler le vide du temps présent qu'elle a plus d'analogie avec un événement passé. Du coup, l'absence de ce temps passé, enfui, "perdu" est vécue sur le mode, non pas d'un néant insondable et effrayant, mais sur celui de l'omniprésence stimulante d'un temps présent vécu comme une attente exaltante. Exaltation de la surprise d'abord lorsque le vide présent vient, par hasard, à être comblé par un événement fortuit. Soit qu'on s'aperçoive tout de suite ce que comble cet événement. L'événement présent fait alors, sans ambiguïté, signe vers un contenu matériel : c'est le cas, par exemple, de la petite madeleine trempée dans le thé qui rappelle à Marcel la douceur attentionnée de sa mère, ou des pavés disjoints contre lesquels il butte et qui lui évoquent les pavés de la Place Saint-Marc de Venise, ou encore des couverts qui s'entrechoquent et qui lui remémorent le bruit qu'a fait une fois un mécanicien frappant sur les roues de sa locomotive. Soit que l'événement subit pointe bien vers quelque chose de disparu mais sans qu'on sache exactement quoi, au juste : c'est le cas pour les trois clochers de Martinville qui font éprouver au narrateur une étrange impression de "déjà-vu" ou encore de "<i>ce lac qui est devant moi […], image d'une vie longtemps vécue et dont la beauté et le charme retentissent trop vivement dans mon cœur pour que j'aie à chercher en quoi elle consiste. C'est, par delà le spectacle indifférent de la vie présente, de trouver tout d'un coup dans le souvenir ressuscité du passé</i>"(Proust, <u>Jean Santeuil</u>, 462). Parfois, cependant, la surprise du comblement s'accompagne de douleur. Douleur du jeune Marcel regrettant amèrement l'absence de sa mère qu'il n'a pourtant quittée que quelques minutes auparavant, ou, plus tard, au Grand Hôtel de Balbec, de sa grand-mère récemment décédée ou, plus tard encore, lorsqu'il apprendra la mort d'Albertine dans un accident d'équitation. Mais douloureux ou plaisant, ce comblement fortuit de la forme vide du temps est toujours quelque chose d'exaltant. L'exaltation vient de ce que "<i>l'absence d'une chose, ce n'est pas que cela, ce n'est pas un simple manque partiel, c'est un bouleversement de tout le reste. [Ainsi] toujours la pensée de l'absen[c]e [est] indissolublement mêlée aux actes les plus simples de la vie</i>"(Proust, <u>du Côté de chez Swann</u>, I, i, 44). Plaisir ou douleur, donc, d'une attente enfin comblée qu'on ne cherche pas à fuir mais dans laquelle, tout au contraire, on se complaît au motif que c'est elle qui donne sens à la vie.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">Vivre, au fond, c'est toujours, partir à la recherche de ce qui est </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>caché [...] en quelque objet matériel (en la sensation que nous donnerait cet objet matériel), que nous ne soupçonnons pas. Cet objet, il dépend du hasard que nous le rencontrions avant de mourir, ou que nous ne le rencontrions pas</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">"(Proust, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du Côté de chez Swann</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">, I, i, 44). </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">C'est par hasard que nous tombons sur une perception </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">présente </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">qui, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">pren</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">ant</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"> la place de la forme </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">laissée v</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">acante</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"> nous rappelle, parfois dans la douleur, parfois </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">dans la joie, toujours </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">dans l'étonnement, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">que notre vie n'est que recherche de ce qui est absent</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">. Mais le hasard du</span> comblement de cette forme vide qu'est la vie par une matière adéquate peut être aidé, hâté, par le recours à l'imagination : "</span></span></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia;">ce sont là les belles heures [que celles] où le hasard met sur son chemin une sensation qui enferme un passé et qui permette à l'imagination de faire connaissance avec le passé qu'elle n'avait pas connu</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">"(Proust, </span><u style="font-family: georgia;">Jean Santeuil</u><span style="font-family: georgia;">, 465). D'où le recours, fréquent chez Proust, à la rêverie, au fantasme, et, plus souvent encore, au bavardage, intérieur ou partagé. Le bavardage, en effet, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est cette manière très particulière de remplir l'instant </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">présent provisoirement </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide
de sens par l'emploi </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'un</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
langage qui, paradoxalement, se signale par son vide sémantique</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. Or, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Wittgenstein</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">distingue deux catégories de vides sémantiques </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> : celle des expressions </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">proprement </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">dépourvues</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">signification</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">sinnlos</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">) et celle des expressions qui ont </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">un</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">e signification</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> vide (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">unsinnig</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">). Dans le premier cas, le vide est irrémédiable : on n'a pas de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">signification</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> du tout parce que, comme dans la conception métaphysique du néant </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">("l'être du non-être")</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, il y a contradiction </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">dans les termes</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">ce</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">qui rend l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">'expression </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">carrément incompréhensible, absurde</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. Tandis que dans le second cas, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">on a tout de même l'intuition qu'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">il y a </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">peut-être quelque chose à comprendre, même si on ne sait pas au juste quoi</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. Car </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de telles expressions </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">montrent qu'il y a une tension </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">dans l'énoncé des propriétés </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de la soi-disant "chose" signifiée. Du coup, elles ne sont pas à proprement parler dépourvues de signification, absurdes (<i>sinnlos</i>, <i>senseless</i>) mais plutôt des expressions de signification vide</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">unsinnige</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">meaningless</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, imagées, métaphoriques, poétiques, pourrait-on dire. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">C'est ce qui se passe chaque fois que l'on dit, dans le langage ordinaire, "telle chose est impossible<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>19</sup></a> !", ou que l'on fait de l'humour, de l'ironie ou un oxymore</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote13sym" name="sdfootnote13anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>20</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. On manifeste par là </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">une des propriétés importantes du langage humain qui est, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">précisément, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">la possibilité de "parler pour ne rien dire", </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">autrement dit pour sécréter du </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">vide sémantique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote14sym" name="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>21</sup></a>, non pas, certes, comme le fait la </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">métaphysique (<i>Sinnlossheit</i>) qui </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fétichise le langage en le considérant comme une succession de noms tous censés référer en quelque manière à de l'Être<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote18sym" name="sdfootnote18anc"><sup>22</sup></a>, mais plutôt comme on le fait spontanément lorsqu'on formule une </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">expression qui est </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">une
forme vide </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">prête cependant à recevoir une matière, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
l'occurrence, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
signification</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">possible
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui,
en fait, se dérobe.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Telle est la différence fondamentale entre l'absence de signification et la signification de l'absence. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dans le cas de Proust, cette dernière </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se présente précisément sous deux aspects, apparemment très éloignés l'un de l'autre et pourtant consubstantiels : le bavardage et la littérature. Comme les détracteurs de Proust l'ont beaucoup fait remarquer, o</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n
bavarde beaucoup, dans </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Recherche</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on y parle beaucoup pour "ne rien dire"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ce qui peut paraître paradoxal, c'est qu'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> s'y évertue à combler une forme vide (la vacuité existentielle du temps présent) par </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
contenu qui est, en fait,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
une </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">autre
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">forme
vide : la vacuité sémantique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> d'un</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> langage de sens vide. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De là, les interminables bavardages des participant(e)s dans les salons bourgeois (celui des Verdurin) ou aristocratiques (celui des
Guermantes). Mais, encore une fois, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il n'y a là nul effroyable néant à fuir. C'est la vie, au contraire</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, qui se déploie, la vie </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">peinte
comme </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
puzzle avec de nombreuses pièces manquantes et, tout particulièrement, la vie de ce </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ζῷον λόγον ἔχων, de ce vivant doué de langage qu'est l'être humain. D'une manière générale,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> tous les personnages proustiens s'accordent </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à considérer que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vivre n'est rien d'autre que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">remplir la forme vide du temps au hasard des occasions de rencontre. D'où l'idée que la littérature a pour fonction de concentrer dans l'espace et dans le temps ces occasions que le bavardage exploite au gré des rencontres. Voilà pourquoi, en définitive,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> "</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la vraie vie, la vie enfin découverte et éclaircie, la seule vie par conséquent réellement vécue, c'est la littérature. Cette vie qui en un sens, habite à chaque instant chez tous les hommes aussi bien que chez l'artiste [...]. L'ouvrage de l'écrivain n'est qu'une espèce d'instrument optique qu'il offre au lecteur afin de lui permettre de discerner ce que, sans ce livre, il n'eût peut-être pas vu en soi-même</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"(</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Proust, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le Temps Retrouvé</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, 2285-2296). </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Tel est donc le talent de l'écrivain </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">(et </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de l'artiste en général</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">), </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">en effet,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">qu</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">e d'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">offr</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">ir</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> au lecteur (ou au spectateur) l'opportunité de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">donner,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">au moyen de</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> quelques formes de signification vide mais en attente de remplissage</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">un sens au temps, autrement dit</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">au </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>puzzle</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">("énigme" en anglais) </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de sa propre vie </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">et de celle de son lecteur</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">. </span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Au-delà du domaine de la littérature et de l'art en général, l'expression à la fois la plus abstraite et la plus familière </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de la forme vide de contenu matériel, c'est le zéro mathématique dont l'histoire est
particulièrement significative. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Curieusement</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
la civilisation grecque, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
a pourtant portée aux nues la rigueur du raisonnement mathématique,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
n'a pas la notion du zéro. Ce qui se comprend parfaitement lorsque
l'on considère, encore une fois, l</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
poids</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de la métaphysique </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
de</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
son assimilation du vide au néant. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Corrélativement,
les grands mathématiciens grecs (Thalès, Pythagore, Euclide,
Ptolémée) sont avant tout des géomètres, non des arithméticiens
ou de </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">purs</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
logiciens.
Du coup, ils conçoivent les nombres comme des rapports entre des
grandeurs physiques : 4, par exemple, c'est le rapport de 64 à
16, de 140 à 35, etc. ; 1/3, c'est le rapport de 9 à 27, de 14
à 42, etc. En termes modernes, nous dirions que les seuls nombres
qu'ils conçoivent, ce sont ceux qui appartiennent à l'ensemble Q
des rationnels (du latin </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ratio</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
"rapport"). </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Certes,
ils ont la notion nombre cardinal puisqu'ils sont évidemment capable
de dénombrer des quantités, mais ils ne l'arithmétisent pas, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ils
n'étudient pas les nombres pour leurs propriétés intrinsèques. Du
coup,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
pour eux, un nombre cardinal est et ne peut être qu'un nombre
rationnel. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">D'où,
d'une part, leur perplexité devant l'irrationalité de certain</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s
rapports</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
canoniques</span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote19sym" name="sdfootnote19anc" style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; text-align: left;"><sup>23</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> et,
d'autre part, l'inconcevabilité du 0 puisque, en tout état de
cause, le rapport de deux grandeurs n'est jamais "égal à rien"
(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">/</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">b</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
n'est jamais égal à 0, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sauf
si</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
=</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
0 x </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">b</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc
sauf </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">si
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
= 0, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais
alors, quel que soit </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">b</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
le "rapport" </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a/b</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
est</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">toujours
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
même, ce qui est absurde puisque </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
est constant</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Du
coup, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">seule
une civilisation </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne
conçoit aucune </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">horreur
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
vide</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a pu avoir </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">quelques
chances de </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">concevoir
la notion du 0. Et cette civilisation, c'est</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'hindouisme<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote20sym" name="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>24</sup></a> qui invente un</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
manière</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de dénombrer des quantités </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cardinales
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
moyen d'une numération de position </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
base dix. Concrètement le premier chiffre est celui des unités, le
second des dizaines d'unités, le troisième des dizaines de dizaines
d'unités</span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote21sym" name="sdfootnote21anc" style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; text-align: left;"><sup>25</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, etc. D</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ès
lors, on conçoit sans difficulté </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu'un
regroupement </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">puisse
être</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
vide : par exemple, </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de dizaines, ou bien </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de centaines, etc. Cette possibilité s'exprime alors par un </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">signe
original</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> :
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">0
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
image du regroupement vide</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">B</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">eaucoup
plus tard Gottlob Frege </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">précisera
que</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
"il n'y a pas de </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">x</span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"
ou "il n'existe pas de </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">x</span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sont
des phrases signifiant </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">x
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
une forme vide de contenu, </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
l'occurrence, le cardinal d'un ensemble vide</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> :
"</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
cet égard, l’existence a quelque analogie avec le nombre et
affirmer l’existence, ce n’est rien d’autre que nier le nombre
zéro</span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Frege,
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
Fondements de l’Arithmétique</span></u></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§53). Bref, dire "il y a 0 </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">x</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">",
ou, plus simplement, "il n'y a pas de <i>x</i>", ou encore, "<i>x</i> n'existe pas", c'est nier que </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
concept</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">x
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ait
un</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
extension (un </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">contenu</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">). Dire "il n'y a pas de Dieu"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, c'est dire qu'aucun objet ne correspond aux critères définitionnels du concept "Dieu", donc que "Dieu" est un concept (une forme) vide, ou encore que "Dieu" est une expression, non pas vide de signification (<i>sinnlos</i>) mais de signification vide (<i>unsinnig</i>). E</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">xactement
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
lorsque l'on affirme </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
le frigo est vide, voulant signifier par là, non pas que le frigo est une entité </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">habitée par le néant</span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote22sym" name="sdfootnote22anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>26</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
mais qu'elle se trouve </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">simplement être </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dépourvue de ce qu'elle est censée contenir</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bref, 0 est un nombre naturel ordinaire (élément de l'ensemble N des entiers) dénombrant une quantité, comme
n'importe quel autre nombre, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sauf
que ce qu'il dénombre est, précisément une quantité absente, une absence laquelle ne se comprend que relativement à une présence possible</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">N</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">éanmoins,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
y a</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
b</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ien
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">eu,
dans l'histoire de l'univers, une </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(très
brève) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">période
de vide matériel absolu </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pendant
la période comprise </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entre
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">10</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-35
</span></span></sup></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">10</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-3</span></span></sup></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></sup></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">secondes
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">après
le Big Bang. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pendant
cette période, que les astro-physiciens appellent </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">justement
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
"vide quantique",
l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'univers</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
était </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
tout rayonnement et de toute matière, </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[à
l'exception d']</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
un champ d'énergie résiduel […]. C'est grâce à ce dernier que
[…] le monde est tel qu'il est</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Trinh
Xuan Thuan, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Plénitude du Vide</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
v). </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ce
"champ d'énergie résiduel" est donc, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">manifestement</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
matrice </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">quelque
chose, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">matrice
virtuelle cependant en ce qu'il s'agit d'une fantastique
concentration </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">particules
virtuelles qui, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
suite,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
deviendront "réelles" en se cristallisant </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">progressivement
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
rayonnement </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'une
part,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
en matière </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
anti-matière d'autre part, puis en rayonnement </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">plus</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
matière après disparition de l'anti-matière<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote27sym" name="sdfootnote27anc"><sup>27</sup></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Trinh Xuan Thuan</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> s'autorise de ce "vide quantique" pour en inférer que "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
matière p</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ouvant</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
surgir du vide si une assez grande quantité d'énergie y est
injectée</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote28sym" name="sdfootnote28anc"><sup>28</sup></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
[…] l'idée de naissance </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ex
nihilo, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
néant, qui hier encore n'appartenait qu'à la religion, semble
trouver aujourd'hui un support scientifique dans la cosmologie</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Trinh
Xuan Thuan, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mélodie
Secrèt</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
v) ? Or, ce "vide quantique" doit-il être considéré, derechef, et à l'instar du néant de la métaphysique, comme un un vide</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> absolu, c'est-à-dire, non seulement un vide matériel mais aussi un vide formel, c'est-à-dire </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">une
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">absence
absolue </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
toute </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">contrainte</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
pré-conditionnant </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
priori </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le contenu matériel du réel</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">?</span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/12/la-fecondite-du-vide-suite-et-fin.html">(à suivre ...)</a></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym" style="text-align: left;">1</a><span style="text-align: left;">
Et sans l'érudition et l'humour d'un Philippe Muray, par exemple.</span></span></p>
<div id="sdfootnote2">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cf. </span></span></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/4205631674593131367/7251307742250658376#"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Socrate,
la Démocratie, la Rhétorique et la Philosophie</span></u></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span>
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote3">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
-406, une bataille navale mettant aux prises, au large des îles
Arginuses, Athènes et Sparte voit la défaite de celle-ci mais, au
retour, les </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">stratèges </span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">athéniens,
au lieu d'être acclamés par l'</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ekklèsia</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
sont au contraire condamnés à mort pour n'avoir pas pris soin des
marins tombés au combat. Ce qui n'empêche pas l'assemblée
populaire, sans doute prise de remords, de réhabiliter
officiellement lesdits stratèges peu de temps après leur
exécution ! Si l'on en croit Xénophon (</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Mémorables</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
un certain Socrate, qui se trouve exercer les fonctions de </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">prytane</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
ce</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">moment,
aurait été fortement impressionné par cette affaire.</span></span></span>
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote4">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">École fondée à la fin du VI° siècle a.e.c. par Xénophane de Colophon et dont les principaux représentants sont Parménide (cf. le dialogue éponyme de Platon) et Zénon (cf. la Physique d'Aristote), tous deux natifs de la Cité d'Élée. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote5">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" name="sdfootnote5sym">5</a> Condamnation morale car toujours guidée par ce que Platon appellera, au</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> livre VI de </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la République</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, la lumière répandue par le Bien sur ce qui Est. Cela dit, cette condamnation "morale" s'étend effectivement sur les quatre aspects, politiques, éthiques, sémantiques et esthétiques de la société athénienne tels que nous les avons brièvement évoqués.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote6">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a>
Pour la métaphysique classique (de Platon à Hegel), le verbe "être" est
systématiquement considéré comme un attributeur de propriété. "Être <i>x</i><span style="font-style: normal;">", c'est</span><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">posséder la propriété
d'</span><i>x</i><span style="font-style: normal;">-éité (par exemple, "être rond", c'est posséder la rotondité, etc.). Mais si "être vide", c'est posséder la vacuité, alors "être vide", c'est posséder quelque chose, donc ne pas être vide, d'où le problème.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote7">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a>
Autre dogme de la métaphysique classique :
la portée ontologique du principe de (non-)contradiction : si
on peut à la fois affirmer p(<i>x</i><span style="font-style: normal;">)
et non-p(</span><i>x</i><span style="font-style: normal;">), </span><span style="font-style: normal;">c'est
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">la preuve </span><span style="font-style: normal;">que</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><i>x </i><span style="font-style: normal;">n'a pas de réalité, donc n'existe pas.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote8">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a>
Déjà, dans sa
<u>Métaphysique</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
Aristote évoque </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">un
</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">Être
absolu </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">comme
cause absolument première de toute chose, qu'il nomme
"</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'Être-en-tant-qu'Être</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">
(</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">τὸ
ὂν ᾗ ὂν</span></span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">au
</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">livre
</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">Г,
</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">puis,
au livre Λ, "le Premier-Moteur-non-mû" (</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ὃ
οὐ κινούμενον κινεῖ</span></span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;">).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote9">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a>
Au sens des atomistes grecs pour
qui le réel est constitué d'entités élémentaires (<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ἄτομο</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ι,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"insécables") qui, étant élémentaires, sont nécessairement séparées par rien, autrement dit par du néant.</span></span></span>
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote10">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a> Sans entrer dans une discussion serrée sur ce sujet, il nous semble indéniable que le romantisme hugolien s'apparente à cette forme de nihilisme que Nietzsche qualifiera de "nihilisme des faibles" (la vacuité intérieure débouche sur le mépris de la vie, ce qui, pour Nietzsche, est la caractéristique essentielle du romantisme) par opposition au "nihilisme des forts" (la vacuité intérieure entraîne la destruction des idoles et la transmutation des valeurs). Cf. aussi la notion de "nihilisme politique" chez Emmanuel Todd lorsqu'il parle (notamment dans son dernier ouvrage <u>la Défaite de l'Occident</u>) d'une fascination, hélas grandissante, des Occidentaux pour l'héroïsme attaché à la fuite en avant, à l'action destructrice sans espoir (destruction des ressources, des services publics, des institutions, des valeurs et, bien entendu, de la vie)<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote11">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a>
Autre dogme (énoncé par Thomas d'Aquin mais présent <i>ab ovo</i>) de la métaphysique
classique : l'adéquation de la pensée (philosophique) avec
l'objet pensé, autrement dit l'idée que l'esprit (philosophique) est le miroir de l'Être.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote12">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Quand Pascal parle de "pesanteur", il veut dire "la pesanteur de l'air", ce qu'on appelle aujourd'hui "pression atmosphérique" et que l'on mesure en hectopascals (</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">en moyenne et au niveau de la mer, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">1 000 hPa, soit </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">1 kg/cm</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> ou encore </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">10 t/m</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2 </span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">!)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">C'est bien entendu l'antagonisme de la gravitation et de la pression atmosphérique qui explique la hauteur du mercure (</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">0,76 m) et de la colonne d'eau (13,5 fois plus haut, soit un peu plus de 10 m).</span></span></p><div id="sdfootnote24"><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote24anc" name="sdfootnote24sym">13</a> De la divinité grecque <span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>Αἰθήρ </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>(d'où dérive</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span><span>ἀήρ, puis "air")</span></span></span></span> censée occuper la partie supérieure du Ciel.</span></p></div><div id="sdfootnote25"><p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote25anc" name="sdfootnote25sym">14</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Théoriquement parce que cette valeur dépend de celle de la "constante de Hubble" qui mesure la vitesse d'expansion de l'univers (donc, <i>in fine</i>, le volume de l'univers) et qui est fort sujette à débats. Dans tous les cas, la conception du vide matériel qui est implicitement convoquée est celle des atomistes antiques (grecs ou latins mais aussi hindouistes, jaïnistes ou bouddhistes), tous vigoureusement combattus par les métaphysiciens : le vide, c'est ce qu'il y a entre les éléments ("atomes") </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">de matière</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">.</span></span></p></div><p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"></span></span></p><div id="sdfootnote26"><p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote26anc" name="sdfootnote26sym">15</a> La densité moyenne actuelle de l'univers est estimée à environ 2.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">10</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR">-31 </span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">gr/cm</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR">3</span></sup></span></span> (5 </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">gr/cm</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR">3</span></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> pour la terre, 1,4 pour le soleil).</span></span></p></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote13">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote13anc" name="sdfootnote13sym">16</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;">Ce que la métaphysique, notamment aristotélicienne, interdit au motif que toute forme est nécessairement forme d</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;">'une matière déterminée</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"> (variante existentialiste : toute conscience est nécessairement conscience de quelque chose).</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Par "forme" (en grec </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>εἶδος </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>qui a donné "idée")</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">, nous entendrons désormais la condition de possibilité d'un phénomène, ce qui pré-détermine </span><i>a priori </i><span style="font-family: georgia;">son</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> contenu </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">matériel </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">au sens où Kant dit, par exemple, que l'espace et le temps sont les formes </span><i>a priori</i><span style="font-family: georgia;"> de notre sensibilité, voulant dire par là qu'on ne peut pas percevoir un phénomène qui ne soit pas spatialisé et temporalisé. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Sauf qu'à la différence de Kant, nous prendrons le parti "réaliste" selon lequel la formalité est celle des choses mêmes et pas seulement celle de l'esprit humain ("idéalisme")</span>.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote14">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote14anc" name="sdfootnote14sym">17</a> Nous aurions pu prendre d'autres exemples dans la littérature (Modiano, Baudelaire, etc.) mais aussi dans la musique, la danse et, bien entendu, la peinture (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2021/10/paysage-contemple-paysage-senti-paysage.html">Paysage contemplé, Paysage senti, Paysage vécu</a>).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote15">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote15anc" name="sdfootnote15sym">18</a> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Nous prendrons "sens" et "signification" dans leurs usages ordinaires : on dit "le sens de la vie", "un métier qui a du sens", etc. mais on parle de la signification d'un mot, d'une expression, d'une phrase, voire d'un tableau, etc</span>.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote16">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote16anc" name="sdfootnote16sym">19</a> Non pas, certes pour dire que cette "chose" possèderait l'Être de l'impossibilité, ce qui, précisément, dans la nomenclature wittgensteinienne, relèverait de la <i>Sinnlossheit</i>, donc de l'absence (définitive) de signification (c<span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">f. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2011/11/le-mysticisme-de-wittgenstein.html">dire et montrer : le "Mysticisme" de Wittgenstein</a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">), mais tout simplement pour suggérer que le mode d'existence de cette "chose" paraît très problématique</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</span></p>
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<div id="sdfootnote17">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote17anc" name="sdfootnote17sym">20</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Comparons : dire qu'une entité (p.ex. le néant) existe (pour pouvoir en parler) tout en n'existant pas (définition du néant), pour Aristote, c'est affirmer implicitement qu'une telle chose n'existe pas car elle viole le principe de (non-)contradiction. Tandis que, pour Wittgenstein, dans la mesure où c'est le principe de non-contradiction comme régissant la possibilité d'affirmer quoi que ce soit qui est violé, justement, rien ne peut affirmé par là. Si l'on s'en tient là, ce que fait précisément la métaphysique, alors l'expression est effectivement vide de signification (<i>sinnlos</i>). Mais si elle est juste destinée à attirer l'attention sur un problème, à le "montrer", comme lorsqu'on parle de "clair-obscur" ou de "monarque républicain", alors elle possède bien une signification mais une signification vide (<i>unsinnig</i>) provisoirement incertaine.</span></p>
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<div id="sdfootnote18">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote18anc" name="sdfootnote18sym">21</a> <span style="text-decoration: none;">Distinct en cela du vide ontologique des métaphysiciens : faire un oxymore (clair-obscur, aigre-doux, monarque républicain, réalité virtuelle, etc.), faire de l'humour (s'exclamer "quel beau temps !" alors que le temps est exécrable) c'est insister méta-linguistiquement sur un flottement quant aux règles d'usage des termes que nous employons et sur le plaisant effet de vacuité sémantique qui en résulte, mais sans aucun engagement ontologique relatif à ce qui est censé Être.</span></span></p>
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<div id="sdfootnote19">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote19anc" name="sdfootnote19sym">22</a> <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Il est significatif que, dans le </span><u style="text-align: justify;">Cratyle</u><span style="text-align: justify;"> de Platon, les protagonistes discutent d</span><span style="text-align: justify;">e la signification</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> des mots en parlant de celui des noms (</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"><span><span><span>ὀνόματα</span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: justify;">)</span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<div id="sdfootnote20">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote20anc" name="sdfootnote20sym">23</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">L'historien Diogène Laërce (III° siècle) raconte que lorsque les pythagoriciens (V° siècle a.e.c.) ont découvert l'irrationnalité du rapport de la circonférence d'un cercle à son diamètre (π) ou de celui de la diagonale d'un carré à son côté (√2), il a été convenu entre eux de garder cette découverte secrète afin de ne pas perturber l'ordre du monde ! Notons en outre que nous établissons aujourd'hui une différence entre √2 qui, tout en étant un nombre irrationnel, est néanmoins la solution d'une équation polynomiale à coefficients entiers (en l'occurrence, <span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">x</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></sup></span> – 2 = 0) et π qui ne satisfait pas à ce et qui, pour cette raison, est dit "transcendant" (irrationnel pur). </span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a href="#sdfootnote21anc">24</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Il faut souligner aussi que l'"horreur du vide" n'est pas inhérente à toutes les théologies monothéistes. Ainsi, dans l'islam, Dieu n'est pas l'entité qui répand dans sa Création sa surabondance d'Être mais plutôt sa pure Présence (<i>al Mawjûd</i>). Quant à la mystique juive de la Kabbale, elle va jusqu'à considérer la Création comme conséquence du retrait (<i>Tsimtsoum</i>) de Dieu et de sa lumière !</span></p></div>
<div id="sdfootnote22">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote22anc" name="sdfootnote22sym">25</a> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ce qu'on appelle improprement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">numération</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> arabe du fait que c'est le mathématicien arabe al Khuwarizmi </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(dont le nom a servi à former le terme "algorithme") </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui a, le premier, rapporté ce procédé en Occident </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au IX° siècle de notre ère</span></span></span></span></span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote23">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote23anc" name="sdfootnote23sym">26</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">On trouve une célèbre variante épistémique de l'horreur du néant dans l'<u>Euthydème</u> (283e-284c) de Platon : si dire ce qui est, c'est dire le vrai, alors dire le faux c'est dire ce qui n'est pas ; or ce qui est faux doit bien être d’une certaine manière sinon on ne pourrait rien en dire ; donc dire le faux, c’est, d'une certaine manière dire ce qui est, donc dire le vrai. Russell (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2011/10/la-theorie-russellienne-des.html">la Théorie Russellienne des Descriptions</a>) analyse l'aporie de la manière suivante. Nos langues vernaculaires sont, en général, structurées par le schéma grammatical implicite sujet/prédicat (ou concept) : affirmer quelque chose, c'est, apparemment, attribuer une qualité ou une relation (prédicat) à une chose (sujet) qui "se tient au-dessous" (<i>sub jectum</i>). Aristote introduit d'ailleurs la dualité substance (en latin <i>sub stans</i>, "ce qui se tient dessous", en grec οὐσία)/accident (en latin <i>accidens</i>, "ce qui arrive", en grec συμβεβηκός). Auquel cas, attribuer la fausseté à un état de fait, ou bien attribuer l'inexistence à Dieu, c'est, de toute évidence, attribuer une propriété à un non-être, donc à ce qui, par définition, ne peut pas avoir de propriété. D'où la contradiction dans laquelle tous les métaphysiciens se sont empêtrés et que Russell (comme aussi Frege, Wittgenstein et quelques autres) résout en disant que la structure grammaticale sujet/prédicat n'est, en l'occurrence, qu'apparente et qu'en réalité, dire "Dieu n'existe pas" ou "cette phrase est fausse" c'est attribuer une propriété (l'inexistence, la fausseté) à un concept (celui de divinité ou d'état de fait), autrement dit, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">construire une phrase de type prédicat/prédicat dans laquelle, derechef, le premier prédicat joue le rôle de forme vide en attente de comblement éventuel</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. Notons pour finir que la langue chinoise, qui ignore la dualité sujet/prédicat, est naturellement immunisée contre ce genre de logomachie.</span></span></p>
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<div id="sdfootnote24">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote27anc" name="sdfootnote27sym" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">27</span></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Matière et anti-matière s'étant annihilées en rayonnement, seule la matière excédentaire (soit un excédent d'une particule pour un milliard !) subsistant alors avec le rayonnement.</span></p></div>
<div id="sdfootnote28">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote28anc" name="sdfootnote28sym">28</a>
Ce que les "accélérateurs de particules" réalisent
expérimentalement.</span></p>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-66908448549813247262023-12-05T08:19:00.167+01:002024-03-19T09:54:17.243+01:00VIDE, NÉANT, ABSENCE, CHAOS, DISPONIBILITÉ (suite et fin).<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/12/la-fecondite-du-vide.html#more">(suite de ...)</a><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <u><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">III
– LE VIDE </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">FORM</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">EL
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">:
L</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">E
CHAOS</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
(NE PAS ÊTRE/AVOIR ENCORE).</span></span></span></span></span></span></u></span><p></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Qu'aurait-on
e</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n
cas de ce que Trinh Xuan Thuan appelle "naissance <i>ex nihilo</i>" c'est-à-dire en cas d</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">inexist</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ence
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">totale</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de toute forme préalable ordonn</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">an</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">t
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
priori</span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
le contenu matériel du réel ? </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">O</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n
aurait, typiquement, ce qu'</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Hésiode
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nomme
le "chaos"</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> :
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="grc-GR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Χάος,</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'est
autre, </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
effet,</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
que c</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
tourbillon originel </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">indifférencié</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d'où a surgi l</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'univers
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordonné,
le </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">κόσμος,
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cosmos </span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">:
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">avant
tout, fut Chaos ; puis Terre aux larges flancs, assise sûre à
jamais offerte à tous les vivants […], et Amour, le plus beau
parmi les dieux immortels, celui qui rompt les membres et qui, dans
la poitrine de tout dieu comme de tout homme, dompte le cœur et le
sage vouloir. </span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>D</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>e
Chaos</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>
naquirent Érèbe </i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>[divinité
des ténèbres] </i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>et
la noire Nuit</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"(Hésiode,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><u>Théogonie</u></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">v.
116 et 123-132).</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Ce
que confirmera Ovide qui définit le chaos comme </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>une
masse informe et confuse qui n'était encore rien que poids inerte,
amas en un même tout de germes disparates des éléments des choses,
sans lien entre eux</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"(Ovide,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><u>Métamorphoses</u></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">,
I, 7). </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Bref,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">le
chaos </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">est
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">bien
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
paradigme intemporel du</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
vide formel absolu, c'est-à-dire </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">celui
d'une </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">indétermination
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">absolue
quant aux conditions initiales d'un phénomène</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou,
si l'on préfère, </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'une
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">absence
totale de limitation </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
priori </span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">conditions
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de réalisation</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> du réel </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">encore
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
limite vers laquelle tend l'absence de pré-condition à un
phénomène quelconque<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>.</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Or</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
cette idée de chaos originel peut-elle appartenir à un autre
domaine qu'à celui de la poésie d'Hésiode ou d'Ovide ?</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
découverte de l'expansion de l'univers en 1929 </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
Hubble </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et,
corrélativement, l'invention </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(très
métaphysicienne, sur le modèle du premier principe </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ristotélicien,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ἡ</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ἀρχή</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
la notion d'"atome primitif" (Big Bang) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vont
conduire, de proche en proche au constat suivant : nos
connaissances en astrophysique, sur la base de la relativité
généralisée d'Einstein, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
modèle</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
physique de loin l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
plus compl</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
description du passé et de l'avenir de l'univers,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
ne nous permettent pas de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">connaître
les conditions initiales qui ont présidé à la naissance </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'univers en deçà de l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"ère
de Planck"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Or,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'inconnaissabilité
de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s
conditions initiales </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'est
autre que celle </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
leur forme </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
priori</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
c'est-à-dire des pré-conditions </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nécessaires
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
la formation ultérieure de l'univers</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En deçà de l'ère de Planck</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on
est donc obligé de laisser tomber la relativité généralisé</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
pour </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">passer
le relais</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
la physique quantique et, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">plus
précisément, aux relations</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d'indétermination de Heisenberg. Celles-ci nous disent q</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'il
est impossible de définir</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">à la fois</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> la trajectoire d'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">une
particule élémentaire et </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sa quantité de mouvement (ou impulsion), </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou
encore de connaître à la fois la quantité d'énergie dépensée par une
particule et la durée de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cette</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
dépense </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'énergie</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Quoi
qu'il en soit</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
l'action de la particule (le produit </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de sa trajectoire par son impulsion ou de son énergie par sa durée) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
indéterminé</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au point qu'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on
ne peut être certain que d'une chose</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">:
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est
que son </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">action
ne sera jamais </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">inférieure à un certain <i>quantum</i>, à une certaine valeur</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>. Ce qui implique, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">pour tout phénomène quantique (sub-atomique), </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'une part l'impossibilité d'une action nulle, autrement dit du "repos" absolu, d'autre part l'absence </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
détermination mécanique causale </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
sens où il existerait une </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">raison
suffisante"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
la détermination de ce phénomène</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bref,
les relations d'indétermin</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ation
de Heisenberg sont bien, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">apparemment,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'équation d'un chaos ou vide formel dans </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cette sorte de soupe</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">indifférenciée que nous avons nommée</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide
quantique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. N'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">y a-t-il</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> donc effectivement aucune</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> pré-condition formelle </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
l'orientation des</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
conditions initiales </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'univers </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
fortiori</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
l'orientation </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ultérieure
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
conséquences de ces conditions initiales ? </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cette conjecture, chaotique par définition, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se heurte, classiquement, à trois types
d'objections</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Le
premier type d'objections est le plus facile à balayer. Il consiste
à dire que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
probabilité </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
priori </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'apparition </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
la complexité, et en particulier</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
du vivant, étant infime, il a bien fallu qu'u</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne
intervention providentielle </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lui
donnât un coup de pouce<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Or,
un tel argument, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tiré
de l'insignifiante probabilité </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
priori</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de l'existence d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'un
phénomène quelconque au</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
vu des conditions initiales de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">son
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">émergence,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">procède
d'un sophisme relatif au mésusage du raisonnement probabiliste</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autre
type d'objection :</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
les conditions </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">micro-physiques
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">initiales, fussent-elles chaotiques,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'émergence de l'univers n</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'étant
plus </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">celles
de son existence actuelle, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
portée de la notion de chaos au sens de défaut</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
pré-condition </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans le "vide quantique" </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">originel </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne
concerne pas les objets macroscopiques actuels, lesquels ne semblent pas du tout "chaotiques" mais, au contraire, paraissent être "durs", "solides", "résistants". </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Or</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> c'est précisément le </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">principe d'indétermination de Heisenberg</span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>7</sup></a><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">selon lequel </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">aucune
particule sub-atomique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">constitutive
du réel </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'est
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">individuellement
identifiable </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ni</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">localisable</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui explique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la "</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">robustesse"</span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>8</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de la matière </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">atomique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bien
que celle-ci soit </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">matériellement "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide" </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
plus de 99,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">99</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> %</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. On peut donc dire que c'est l'indétermination formelle (le vide formel) qui compense le vide matériel relatif constitutif du réel en lui donnant sa "robustesse". Loin d'être, comme le pensait notamment Leibniz, un argument contre le chaos</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> (la vacuité formelle) des conditions initiales, la robustesse du réel en est donc au contraire la meilleure confirmation. Est-ce à dire alors qu'il n'y a pas de limites au</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> chaos absolu des conditions initiales ?</span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Non parce que ce chaos initial va trouver une limite dans l'examen d'un</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">derni</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">er</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">type
d'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">objection : </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">constat
du </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">caractère non seulement robuste mais </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">manifestement</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
organisé de toute réalité, organisation qui rend possible sa stabilité. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cette objection est l'argument favori </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
ceux qui considèrent, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">notamment,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'apparition
de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
vie </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne
peut résulter d'un vide formel</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">originel absolu </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
motif que,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
le phénomène vital va se perfectionnant depuis l'apparition des
unicellulaires jusqu'à celle d'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">homo
sapiens sapiens</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Or, ajoutent-ils, l'organisation est, par définition, le contraire du chaos. Donc le chaos, s'il existe, n'a qu'une influence limitée sur l'existence du réel. En fait, nous allons voir que cette conclusion est juste bien que le raisonnement qui l'amène soit faux. Pour comprendre cela, abandonnons un instant la physique quantique (micoscopique) pour la physique statistique (macroscopique), plus précisément, pour</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le second principe de la thermodynamique énoncé par</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Boltzmann dès 1877</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Celle-ci</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
dit</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tout</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
système physique </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">isolé
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">voit
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">inéluctablement
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s'accroître
son entropie, c'est-à-dire son déficit d'énergie "utile"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>9</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> et donc son désordre</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> interne l'entraînant inéluctablement vers sa disparition, ce qui, apparemment, va à l'encontre du principe que nous avons appelé "robustesse du réel". Sauf que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la loi de Boltzmann prend, au niveau macroscopique du devenir de l'univers, le relais du </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">principe d'indétermination de Heisenberg au niveau microscopique de l'origine de l'univers. En effet, Boltzmann et Gibbs </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ont montré que l'accroissement de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'entropie
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'un
système </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
fonction de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
complexité organisationnelle </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">suit</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
une progression logarithmique qui </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pré-contraint</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'entropie </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">minimisant
la différence entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'énergie
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
compensation de l'entropie (l'entropie "négative" ou "néguentropie") </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
l'énergie </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">supplémentaire
dépensée pour parachever l'organis</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. L'organisation n'est donc que le processus macroscopique qui confirme en le complétant l'état microscopique de robustesse. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">D</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
là, un autre "principe" bien connu des physiciens : le principe de moindre action</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'après
lequel toute </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
physique tend, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
priori</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
donc formellement, à économiser</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> l'action consistant à s'auto-organiser</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>11</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">La loi de Boltzmann est donc bien</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">nolens volens</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> la confirmation du chaos comme vide formel, sauf que celui-ci n'est pas absolu mais comporte une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">contrainte </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> détermine le réel à</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> s'organiser, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
ré-organiser, se sur-organiser</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> sans cesse en dépensant toujours plus d'énergie quoiqu'en minimisant toujours plus s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on
entropie marginale, c'est-à-dire l'entropie du tout dernier effort
d'organisation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">omme l'a montré Henri Atlan, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">toute
organisation<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a>
est, en fait, auto-organisation sur fond de désorganisation
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">chaotique
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">préalable
: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on
peut concevoir l'évolution des systèmes organisés, ou le phénomène
d'auto-organisation, comme un processus d'augmentation de complexité
à la fois structurale et fonctionnelle résultant d'une succession
de désorganisations rattrapées</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Atlan,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entre
le Cristal et la Fumée</span></span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
I, 3). L'(auto-)organisation n'est donc rien d'autre que le chaos
formel des conditions initiales d'un phénomène en tant qu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
ce chaos est limité </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
principe immanent de moindre action qui minimise</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
priori</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entropie
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">marginale
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
tend</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">asymptotiquement
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vers
l'équilibre</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">autrement dit un état où l'entropie marginale serait, théoriquement</span></span></span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote13sym" name="sdfootnote13anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>13</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, égale à 0</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En
d'autres termes</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
plus le réel perd de l'énergie et plus il s'organise pour en perdre localement le moins possible </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
plus il en perd globalement</span></span></span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote14sym" name="sdfootnote14anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>14</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, alimentant ainsi indéfiniment le processus de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> chaos relatif dont nous esquissons les contours </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous
définissons un processus d'organisation non-programmée par une
variation de [néguentropie] dans le temps sous l'effet de facteurs
aléatoires de l'environnement</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Atlan,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entre
le Cristal et la Fumée</span></span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
I, 3).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d'un système est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">paradoxalement,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> le corrélat de sa </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tendance
au désordre croissant en raison de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">diminution
de l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'énergie
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
assure sa cohésion interne</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
désordre qui est toujours, peu ou prou, "rattrapé" en aval par
une ré-organisation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">interne
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
moins en </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">moins
gourmande en énergie, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
qui tend </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc
asymptotiquement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vers
l'équilibre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
vertu du principe de moindre action</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Voilà
qui, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tout
à la fois,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
s'accorde avec l'histoire de l'univers depuis l'ère de Planck</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> jusqu'à nos jours</span></span></span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote15sym" name="sdfootnote15anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>15</sup></a><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">établit
la fécondité effective d'un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
vide </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">formel, donc </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'un
chaos </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisationnel auto-limitant selon </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
principe de moindre action</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, qui engendre de manière imprédictible</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
conditions d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">existence</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de tout le réel, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">particules
sub-atomiques </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">jusqu'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">aux
galaxies </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
passant par les êtres dits "vivants"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Car,
même dans le cas particulier </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
vivant, q</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ue
ce soit au niveau génétique moléculaire (celui de la constitutions </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; text-align: left;">des 4 nucléotides de base, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des 20 acides aminés, des gènes, des chromosomes et de l'ADN), au niveau
épigénétique (celui de la constitution des cellules, des tissus,
des organes et des individus biologiques), au niveau éthologique
(celui des comportements individuels), au niveau sociologique (celui
des interactions sociales), </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous sommes parfaitement fondés à voir dans l'organisation du vivant l'expression la plus aboutie du chaos auto-organisant. En effet, du vivant comme de l'inerte, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
n'y a </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'organisation qu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">a posteriori</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, en ce sens, non-prédictible (chaotique) mais statistiquement constatable néanmoins</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Pour le vivant, on appelle ce processus d'organisation</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> "la sélection" ou "l'évolution", </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">laquelle, rappelons-le,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">opère
sur les produits du hasard </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
ne peut s'alimenter ailleurs</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Monod,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Hasard et la Nécessité</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">v</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ii).
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mais, parler de "sélection" ou d'"évolution" dans le cas du vivant,
n</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'est-ce
pas</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">là ajouter</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> subrepticement un</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
nouvelle</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pré-condition
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">formelle au </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">principe de moindre action ? </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pourtant, à y regarder de plus près</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, on se rend compte que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
que Monod et, dans son sillage, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
plupart d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es
biologistes appellent "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sélection</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(ou
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"évolution</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">naturelle
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
vivant </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'est
qu'un aspect particulier </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
principe de moindre action </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">consistant
à </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">minimise</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">r</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
la dépense marginale d'énergie nécessaire pour contrecarrer l'entropie donc,
s'agissant d'un être vivant, pour </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
complexifier </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mainten</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ant</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
invariante</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sa
propre organisation, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'est-à-dire
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">auto-(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">re-</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">produi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sant cette organisation</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote16sym" name="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Si
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">alors </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
organisations </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vivantes
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
révèlent</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"inadaptées"
et sont </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">éliminé</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par la "sélection naturelle"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">justement
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">parce
que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">leur bilan énergétique est différentiellement plus </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">négatif, donc plus difficile à rattraper </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">par une organisation </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">pertinente </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que celui des organisations réputées "adaptées"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. On qualifiera donc d'"adaptées à leur milieu" ou de "sélectionnées par l'évolution" les </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">organisations qui, étant marginalement les </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">plus économes</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote17sym" name="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a> en énergie,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> deviennent <i>de facto </i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">majoritaires</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">voire</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">hégémoniques </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">sous l'effet d</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">u</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> différentiel d'efficacité </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">que leur procure un meilleur ajustement </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">eur </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(auto-)organisation<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote18sym" name="sdfootnote18anc"><sup>18</sup></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> au principe de moindre action. Et, corrélativement, d'"inadaptées" celles qui, c</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">omme le </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">château de sable </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s'écroule
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">parce
que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">architecture</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
trop ambitieuse réclame une énergie qui fera défaut
dès que les </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mains
qui l'ont façonné </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
seront retirées</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, se révèlent </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les plus gourmand</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s
en énergie donc aussi les moins viables. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Certes,
l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(auto-)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisation</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
néguentropi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
château de sable </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
s'écroule et finit </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
stabiliser </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sa
matière </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
un </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">petit
tas </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">grossièrement
conique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
accidentelle, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tandis
que celle </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
vivant qui </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">maintient</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
son métabolisme en se procurant de la nourriture est
intentionnelle</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote19sym" name="sdfootnote19anc"><sup>19</sup></a>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Et
c'est même en cette auto-(re-)construction intentionnelle permamente</span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote20sym" name="sdfootnote20anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>20</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> que consiste la spécificité du vivant.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Il
reste que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'adaptation
et </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sélection
naturelle</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sont</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> le résultat</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de l'(auto-)organisation</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> immanente </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de structures qui </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">coopèrent
pour minimiser leur entropie locale en vertu du principe de moindre action</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De là, l'illusion consciente </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> "nécessité" </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a priori </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des conséquence</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> de l'évolution </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">alors </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a priori</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, il n'y a que du chaos </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisationnel</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, illusion qui provient de ce que la conscience humaine ignore o</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> oublie qu'il y a eu d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es scénarios alternatifs </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui se sont auto-détruits<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote21sym" name="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a>. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">On peut donc dire que, si c'est le principe de moindre action comme réaction au chaos qui explique la robustesse du réel en général, c'est l'intentionnalité comme anticipation du chaos qui explique celle du vivant. </span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C'est
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc bien </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
ce chaos organisationnel</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> que consiste l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide
formel</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
nous cherchions </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">défaut
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
direction privilégiée qui serait,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>a
priori</i>, imprimée à</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tout phénomène</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Toutefois, ce c</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">haos n'est pas absolu mais relatif, c</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ar l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide
formel </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne peut engendrer de la réalité physique, biologique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
humaine </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">moyennant la tendance de toute réalité à résister à sa déréalisation <i>via </i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le respect différentiel du
principe de moindre action d'après lequel les </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisations réelles sont d'autant moins robustes qu'elles s'y conforment moins</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">La
sélection, qu'elle soit</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> physique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
biologique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> ou sociale</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
n'est donc pas du tout un concours qui choisit </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">positivement
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
candidats </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
plus aptes </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
résultat de l'effa</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cement</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
spontané d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es
candidats les </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">moins
doués </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
déjouer les effets délétères du chaos</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">La
sélection</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
n'opère pas par addition du meilleur </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(ce
soi-disant </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>struggle
for life</i><i style="font-style: normal;"> </i>qui déboucherait sur <i>the survival of the fittest</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote22sym" name="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a>)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais
par soustraction tendancielle du pire<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote23sym" name="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En
particulier, chez les êtres vivants, t</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">oute organisation et, par conséquent, toute information et toute
connaissance<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote24sym" name="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a>
procède</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nt</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
toujours </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">selon
un schéma</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
essai </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">aléatoire-</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">erreur-</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">correction
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">aléatoire</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">intentionnel, certes, mais</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> tributaire du seul hasard des rencontres
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
un environnement chaotique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui, tout à la fois, tend à désorganiser l'organisation préalable et la pousse à se sur-organiser en accumulant de l'information
de viabilité destinée à "instruire" les structures qui, en amont comme en aval de toute organisation particulière, œuvrent à l'invariance générale du </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">grand</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">continuum </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de la Vie<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote26sym" name="sdfootnote26anc"><sup>25</sup></a>.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Sauf que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>toutes les religions, toutes les philosophies, une partie même de la science, témoignent de l'inlassable, héroïque effort de l'humanité niant désespérément sa propre contingence</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;">"(Monod, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le Hasard et la Nécessité</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;">, ii), </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;">confirmant ainsi, et à leur corps défendant, la phobie métaphysique du vide assimilée ici au hasard et à la mort et son corrélat, celui de l'idéal métaphysique d'une identité soi-disant éternelle et immuable, idéal qui n'est, au fond, que l'expression consciente d'une intentionnalité naturellement orientée vers la maîtrise du chaos, à la limite, vers son déni</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;">. Or ce déni conscient se traduit, à peu près dans toutes les civilisations, par une intentionnalité d'autant plus pesante qu'elle est plus consciente d'elle-même et donc, comme y a insisté Marx, qu'elle tend à faire illusoirement disparaître le chaos par une organisation toujours plus complexe destinée à adapter la nature à l'humain plutôt que le contraire. De là, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le vieux mythe de Prométhée, autrement dit le mythe, typiquement occidental, d'un "progrès technique"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote25sym" name="sdfootnote25anc"><sup>26</sup></a> qui, comme l'a montré Heidegger, trahissent une intentionnalité obsédée par une maîtrise du chaos naturel (Heidegger parle d'"arraisonnement", <i>Gestell</i>, de la nature)<i>. </i></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Tout en restant tout à fait naturels, car plus une organisation est complexe, plus elle est sujette à l'entropie et plus elle requiert d'énergie pour s'organiser à lutter contre l'entropie, ce déni de chaos entropique, cette obsession de l'ordre néguentropique, n'en demeurent pas moins problématiques car, potentiellement auto-destructeurs. En ce sens, on pourrait dire que le caractère soi-disant prométhéen de l'humanité n'est qu'un déni de son caractère fondamentalement œdipien dans la mesure où elle ne fait que hâter la survenance de son destin en prétendant le maîtriser pour lui échapper. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cette tendance est si manifeste </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que même certains penseurs occidentaux</span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote27sym" name="sdfootnote27anc" style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup>27</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> ont repris à leur compte les mises en garde intuitives que les sagesses ancestrales ont, de tout temps, formulé contre les dangers engendrés par cette dérive de l'intentionnalité humaine</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Bref</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, ne se pourrait-il pas
que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'"esprit", qui n'est autre que le nom de l'espace intentionnel spécifiquement humain</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, ait tout à gagner </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à limiter son excès tendanciel à accumuler de l'ordre par la réintroduction intentionnelle d'une sorte de vide formel salutaire ?</span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><u style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">IV
– LE VIDE INTENTIONNEL : LE VIDE COMME DISPONIBILITÉ (NE PAS
ÊTRE /AVOIR TROP).</span></span></span></span></span></span></u></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tout
le monde connaît </span></span></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuuEe-qBdGQ" style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; text-align: left;">cette
réplique, répétée trois fois par Anna Karina</a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
dans le film de Godard </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pierrot
le Fou </span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">:
"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu'est-ce
que j'peux faire ? J'sais pas quoi faire</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">".
Or, q</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
veut-on dire lorsque </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous
disons </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
nous n'avons </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'a
rien à faire</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> ?
Ce cas est très différent des précédents : le vide dont il s'agit à présent n'est </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ni </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
néant effrayant</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
ni </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">une
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">attente
de quelque chose, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ni
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un processus chaotique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">où
(presque) tout est possible, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais un </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">état
qui peut être </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">intentionnellement
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
complaisamment</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
sinon créé, du moins entretenu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. D'abord parce que, contrairement à ce que pense Pascal, l'ennui comme haine de soi peut tout aussi bien surgir d'un trop-plein que d'une absence de "divertissement"</span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote28sym" name="sdfootnote28anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>28</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Ensuite parce que dire, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
exemple,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
"mon </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">agenda</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
latin </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">agenda
res</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
choses qui doivent </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">être
fait</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">")
est vide </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">aujourd'hui</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">",
c</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'est
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">généralement</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
dire avec satisfaction "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">jourd'hui,
je suis </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dispon</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ible".
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">La
disponibilité, c'est penser "je </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pourrais,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">certes,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
faire ceci ou cela mais</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> je peux tout aussi bien ne pas </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">faire"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">U</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n
bon exemple </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
genre de disponibilité</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous
est fourni par </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'Homme
sans Qualités</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
Robert Musil. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Le
problème de son (anti-)héros, Ulrich, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est,
en un sens, l'inverse de celui du Narrateur de Proust : il ne s'agit
plus de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">combler,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
hasard des rencontres,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
les </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">innombrables
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">formes
vides </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dont
est constitué le temps de l'existence consciente</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
commencer par la forme du moi, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais,
tout au contraire, de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s'en
prémunir </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
complaisant dans </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
vacuité</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
dans un océan </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
possibilités. D'où le refus par </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">U</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lrich</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
toute </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">identité
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">personnelle, de toute </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nécessité </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">morale
ou </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sociale</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">être
pré</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dict</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ible
pour soi-même et pour autrui </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
suivant un chemin tracé d'avance</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Pour l'essayiste qu'est aussi Robert Musil, la littérature<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote29sym" name="sdfootnote29anc"><sup>29</sup></a>
pèche justement en ce qu'elle ne s'intéresse qu'à
l'homme pré</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dict</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ible,
ce qu'il appelle "l'homme réel" et qu'elle
néglige </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'homme
potentiel". Pour lui, l'homme prévisible, "l'homme réel",
qu'il soit historique ou fictif, c'est l'homme </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">médiocre
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mediocris</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
"de qualité ou de quantité moyenne"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> : "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’histoire
du monde n’est une histoire du génie et de ses œuvres que dans
ses extrémités, pour ne pas dire dans ses excroissances ; pour
l’essentiel, c’est une histoire de l’homme
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">médiocre</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Musil, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'Homme
sans Qualités</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
II, 44), </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">voulant
dire par là que l'histoire du monde est celle</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u
conformisme intentionnel</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
des hommes plutôt que de leur </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">conscience
critique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
celle de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
qu'ils font </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">plutôt
que de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
qu'ils ne font pas, bref, celle du réel plutôt que du possible</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Aussi,
Musil fait-il faire à son lecteur l'expérience littéraire
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">déroutante
d'une sorte de non-</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">personnage,
un homme sans </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">propriétés</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
identifiables. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De
fait, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ulrich
se sentait capable de toutes les vertus et de toutes les
bassesses</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Musil, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'Homme
sans Qualités</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
I, 62), </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
être capable de</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>découvrir
sans cesse de nouvelles solutions, de nouvelles constellations, de
nouvelles variables, établir des prototypes de déroulements
d'événements, des images séduisantes des possibilités d'être un
homme, inventer l'homme intérieur</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"(Musil, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><u>Essais</u></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">).
En d'autres termes, l'Homme sans qualités de Musil<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote30sym" name="sdfootnote30anc"><sup>30</sup></a></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">manifeste
une </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">disponibilité
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">qui
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">démocratise,
en quelque sorte, cette </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>virtù
principesca </i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">dont Machiavel
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">a
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">fait
l'éloge : "</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>l</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>a</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>
</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">fortuna</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>
de ces grands hommes naquit donc des occasions. [...]</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>Sans
cette occasion, leur </i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">virtù </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>serait
demeurée inutile ; mais aussi, sans cette </i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">virtù</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>,
l'occasion se serait vainement présentée</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">"(Machiavel, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><u>le
Prince</u></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">,
vi). L'occasion (<i>fortuna</i>) est donc toujours occasion de faire valoir une disponibilité (<i>virtù</i>) à l'égard de l'occasion et la disponibilité, ouverture au surgissement aléatoire de l'occasion d'être disponible. L</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">a
vacuité intentionnelle </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">peut
donc être envisagée </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">en
première approximation </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">comme
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">une
prise de distance intentionnelle et consciente<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote31sym" name="sdfootnote31anc"><sup>31</sup></a>
à l'égard </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de
la routine, de la prévisibilité, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">de
l'affairement qui tendent à diminuer, voire à étouffer, la disponibilité à l'aléa de l'occasion</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
<p style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-align: justify; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Il
saute aux yeux que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
ce qui, dans la littérature occidentale, apparaît comme une
bizarrerie, une étrangeté éthique, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">voire
une perversion </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">psychique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">disponibilité
= faiblesse, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">paresse,
opportunisme, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">etc.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">devient,
dans d'autres traditions culturelles, l'expression de la suprême
sagesse. De tout temps, la sagesse part du constat que l'intentionnalité humaine a une fâcheuse tendance à se retourner contre sa nature auto-limitante d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;">'impulsion à agir dans un monde relativement chaotique</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;">. Car, à trop vouloir, consciemment et rationnellement, limiter l'entropie, donc à ordonner le chaos, l'organisation humaine finit par se fermer à l'aléa, donc à se priver de la <i>virtù </i>machiavélienne, et donc, <i>in fine</i>, à augmenter les besoins néguentropiques dans des proportions déraisonnables. I</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l se pourrait donc bien que trop d'intentions d'économie d'énergie engendrent, <i>de facto</i>, du gaspillage d'énergie. C'est typiquement le cas au niveau des organisations sociales occidentales qui, à travers des formes d'organisation qui, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">accumulant indéfiniment des normes (morales, légales, esthétiques, sanitaires, etc.) qui entravent </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">a priori </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l'action spontanée de ceux que Hannah Arendt appelle les "nouveaux venus" (c'est-à-dire les étrangers, les jeunes, les artistes, les artisans, etc.) et qui, du coup, y empêchent le renouvellement de l'énergie vitale,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> sont plus (auto-)</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">régulation (du latin <i>regula</i>, "baguette") qu'(auto-)</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">organisation (du grec</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> ὄργανον, "ouvrage")</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ainsi, l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
où le savant/puissant occidental se voit </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">assigner </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
tâche infinie d'agir toujours plus pour, sait-on depuis Aristote, combler le vide effrayant de la Nature</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
le </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sage</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">taoïste</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
au contraire, constatant q</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: left;">ue "<i>c'est le vide central des </i></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">trente rayons autour du moyeu </i><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: left;"><i>qui fait l'utilité du chariot</i>"(</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">, §11), </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>s'évertue</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> plutôt à préserver la productivité du vide, en l'occurrence, à </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">agir
à </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">non-agir
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pour
que </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tout
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">soi</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">t
en ordre</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote32sym" name="sdfootnote32anc"><sup>32</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§2). Conforme au</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>principe de moindre action de Boltzmann ou à celui d'action </span>minimale de Heisenberg</span></span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote33sym" name="sdfootnote33anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>33</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, cette formule</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> n'incite d'ailleurs pas à </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s'abstenir d'agir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais, tout au contraire, à </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">agir, en l'occurrence, à agir à ne pas </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">trop
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">agir,
c'est-à-dire à s'efforcer de dépenser </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le moins possible d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'énergie
pour </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">favoriser</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
la régénération vitale de l'énergie </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
être ainsi</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
en accord avec</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'ordre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
santé</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
de la Nature tout entière</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L'impulsion spontanée à agir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est alors subordonnée à une impulsion à ne pas trop agir contrôlée par la conscience</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pour
le</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
Sage, en particulier taoïste</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'ordre
naturel ou la santé consiste dans l'intuition que l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
vie</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> spécifiquement humain</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">repose,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
tout autre phénomène naturel,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sur
la possibilité d'une récupération spontanée de l'énergie
dissipée par l'entropie</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ette
énergie, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
taoïstes l'appellent</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
l'on traduit en général par "souffle-énergie",
d'abord par ce que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
cette double signification en chinois et ensuite pour insister sur
l'analogie entre la circulation de l'énergie en général et l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
processus spontané de</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
respiration (en chinois </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="zh-CN" style="text-align: left;">呼吸</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><i>hū xī</i>, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">littéralement "expir-inspir"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) des organismes aérobies.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Plus précisément,
pour le Tao, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">circule
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pôle
de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
détermination stable</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
et </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pôle
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'indétermination chaotique : </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
Yin, un Yang, voilà le Tao</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote34sym" name="sdfootnote34anc"><sup>34</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Grand
Commentaire du Yi-Jing</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Car, dit-on</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"<i>le Tao </i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i> </i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">dào</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i> engendre </i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Un, Un</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">engendre</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
Deux </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
Deux </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">engendre</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
Trois </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
Trois </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">engendre</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
toute chose</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote35sym" name="sdfootnote35anc"><sup>35</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">4</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">T</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">oute
chose, vivante ou non, possède </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
ordre, une santé naturel</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">conjoignant
en permanence </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisation et chaos, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yīn </i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">et </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>, </i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yáng</i>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pour
peu</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
que la circulation </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>qì</i>,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
souffle-énergie </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">infuse
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">harmonie</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">usement</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote36sym" name="sdfootnote36anc"><sup>36</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">4</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne
soit pas entravée</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. De quoi il résulte, s'agissant en particulier des vivants humains, que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">toute
obstruction produit étranglement, arrêt des fonctions, lésion de
la vie. Pour leurs actes vitaux, les êtres dépendent du souffle-énergie [</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>qì]</i></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Si ce souffle-</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">énergie
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n’est pas abondant dans un homme, la faute n’en est pas au ciel,
qui jour et nuit l’en pénètre ; elle est en lui, qui obstrue
ses voies, par des obstacles c</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">orporels</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
ou spirituels</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhu</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ā</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ng
Z</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§26). </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mais</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
en quoi, précisément, consistent ces obstacles que le Sage
dénonce ?</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-align: justify; widows: 0;"><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Même si nous avons préféré privilégier le point de vue taoïste en raison de sa convergence avec la physique moderne, nous savons à quel point le taoïsme, le bouddhisme et le brahmanisme se sont mutuellement influencés. Or, la nature de notre problème est limpide à la lumière des trois </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">premières </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
quatre</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
Noble</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
Vérité</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">catv</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">â</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ri
</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">â</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ryasaty</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">â</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ni</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
bouddhisme : </span></span></span></span></em><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">duhkha,</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">trishnâ </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">et <i>nirvâna</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. On y part en effet du constat de l'omniprésence de l</span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">'entropie</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> (</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>duhkha</i>, littéralement "souffrance", "mal-être"</span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">) et on l'explique par</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> l'intentionnalité</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> débridée (</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>trishnâ</i>, littéralement, "soif", "avidité"</span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'un</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> organisme humain trop impatient pour accepter </span><span style="font-style: normal;">l'impermanence (</span><span>samsâra</span><span style="font-style: normal;">) de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'ordre de son écosystème (</span><i>dharma</i><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;">. Résoudre le problème </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">passe alors nécessairement par la disparition (</span><span><i>nirvâna</i>, littéralement "extinction") de sa cause </span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>trishnâ</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>) dont la toute première condition est</span><span> de calmer l'agitation de l'organisme</span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Voilà pourquoi, dans toutes les civilisations, le Sage préconise toujours de commencer par s'asseoir.</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Car s</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>'asseoir est, y compris d'ailleurs chez bien des espèces animales, la première étape d'un apaisement à la suite d'une agitation forcenée (qu'on songe à la valeur conviviale de l'invite à s'asseoir faite à un hôte). S'asseoir est donc le tout premier acte intentionnel de rupture avec le </span><i>karma</i>,<span> l'enchaînement effréné des intentions. Aussi </span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'assise </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx">âsana</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">) </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">est-elle </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">toujours </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">posture préférée du Sage. Grâce à elle, </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">dépouillant mon corps, oblitérant mon intelligence, quittant toute forme, chassant toute science, je m’unis à ce qui pénètre tout. Voilà ce que j’entends par m’asseoir et oublier </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">[</em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">坐忘</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span><span>zuò wàng</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">]. C’est là la transformation, dans laquelle l’</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ego</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> [</em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">自我, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">zì wǒ</i><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">] </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">se perd</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhu</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ā</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ng Z</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǐ</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, §6). </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C'est pourquoi cette posture</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> intentionnelle </span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">est celle de la "méditation</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote37sym" name="sdfootnote37anc" style="font-family: georgia;"><sup>37</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia;">" (</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="zxx">dhyâna</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en chinois </span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN">禅</span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><i>chán</i>, <i>zen </i>en japonais</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">), exercice consistant à faire intentionnellement le vide (</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">sunyatâ, </i><span style="font-family: georgia;">en chinois </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">虚</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><i>xū</i>) dans un espace des intentions dont </span><span>l'<i>ego </i>(<i>âtman</i>, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">自我, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">zì wǒ</i><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">) est l</span></span><em><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-style: normal; text-align: left;">a </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">forme limite que prend, </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">chez l'homme, l'</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">engorgement intentionnel </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">faisant obstacle à la libre circulation du souffle-énergie. Cependant </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il s'agit là d'</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un effort incertain car chaotique de réhabilitation dans les intentions humaines </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du principe de moindre action. De sorte que l'esprit a beau </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">viser le vide </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">parfait</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote38sym" name="sdfootnote38anc"><sup>38</sup></a>"</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, §</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">16),</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ce </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vide
à usage inépuisable</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote39sym" name="sdfootnote39anc"><sup>39</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">5) </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'est jamais pour autant un état absolu et définitif mais </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
effort relatif et permanent pour </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">limiter</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> autant que possible </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'espace
des </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">intentions à</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> un niveau compatible avec la circulation harmonieuse de </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Voilà
pourquoi </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
méditation </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
Sage</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote40sym" name="sdfootnote40anc"><sup>40</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, parfaitement calme, est comme un miroir, qui reflète le ciel,
la terre </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
tous les êtres</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhu</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ā</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ng
Z</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǐ</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">13</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">). Or, dire que la méditation est un miroir du Tao, c'est dire qu'elle n'en est jamais une image stable, un portrait</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote41sym" name="sdfootnote41anc"><sup>41</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. De sorte que c</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">alme,
paix, équanimité, silence, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">indifférence sont </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">autant
de termes synonymes de "disponibilité" lorsque celle-ci est vécue moins </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme un état de vacuité statique que comme un processus dynamique d'évacuation, de </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">purgation</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
intentionnelle<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote42sym" name="sdfootnote42anc"><sup>42</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">., autrement dit de desserrement de l'étau d'une intentionnalité hypertrophiée. Un tel processus ne peut donc </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">être qu'</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
ascèse </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">infini</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">réactualisation
de ce </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">principe vital </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
moindre action</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> dont la spontanéité est suffisante pour t</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ous </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
êtres vivants autres que l</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e vivant humain. Car, en effet,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> s</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">eul
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">homo
sapiens</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote43sym" name="sdfootnote43anc"><sup>43</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> est doté d'une intentionnalité si problématique qu'il prend périodiquement conscience de </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">devoir intentionnellement</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s'appliquer</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> à la </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">limiter. Intentionnalité dont </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la surabondance </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">finit par figer ses structures </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ego
</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">stéréotypé et obsédé par son identité</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>, que cet <i>ego</i> soit individuel ou collectif (qu'on pense aux ravages que l'</span><i>ego </i>nationaliste a causé et continue de causer)<span>, </span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est-à-dire
dans </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
actes </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">figés</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
entrav</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ent
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">libre
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">communication
entre les structures de l'organisme</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vivant
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
donc, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">in
</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fine</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lutte </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
celui-ci </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">contre
l'entropie.</span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">T</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">outes
les sagesses de l'humanité s'accordent </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sur
ce point</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Mais</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">là
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">où
elles</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
diverge</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nt notablement</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est
que c</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ertaines,
essentiellement en Occident, vont </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">assimiler </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ego </span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
corps </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'une
part, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sagesse
et esprit</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'autre
part</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
vont, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
conséquent, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">circonscrire</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
la sagesse dans les strictes limites </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'une intentionnalité </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">prétendument
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">incorporelle,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">voire
anti-corporelle</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote44sym" name="sdfootnote44anc"><sup>44</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sagesse
qui va, pour cette raison, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
réduire à </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'exercice
solitaire de la médi</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">t</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ation</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dont
une condition nécessaire est non seulement </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'immobilité
du corps, mais aussi, le plus souvent, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sa
mortification</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote45sym" name="sdfootnote45anc"><sup>45</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> D'autres
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sagesse</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, orientales
pour la plupart, vont au contraire</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">considérant l'immobilité comme une illusion, voient au contraire la matière corporelle </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
le</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
"champ de l'alchimie" </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></em>丹田, <em><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dān</span></i></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tián</span></i></span></span></em></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">,
le </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hara </span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
Japonais</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">), c'est-à-dire le théâtre de
toutes nos trans</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ac</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tions énergétiques dont nous avons vu plus haut qu'elles ne peuvent se propager que dans le vide et moyennant, littéralement, des inter-actions, c'est-à-dire des mouvements de flux et de reflux entre pôles opposés.
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Raison
pour laquelle, se rappelant que le </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>"</span><i>vide est inépuisable mais d'autant plus productif qu'il est plus souvent mis en mouvement</i></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote46sym" name="sdfootnote46anc"><sup>46</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, §5</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">), la méditation assise (</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">坐禅</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">zuò
chán</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">za-zen</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
en japonais)</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> n'est pas le dernier mot de la sagesse taoïste qui, au contraire, trouve son prolongement naturel dans un enchaînement </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de mouvements intentionnels destinés à</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nourrir
le principe vital</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhu</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ā</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ng
Z</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǐ</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">3</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>). </span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Parce que c'est bien de</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> rétablir la circulation harmonieuse des flux
énergétiques dans un corps préalablement purgé de son trop-plein
d'intentions sclérosantes par la méditation assise qu'il s'agit</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De
là, des séries lentes </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">torsions,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'étirements,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
flexions</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, mouvements toujours synchronisés avec les mouvements respiratoires (</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气功</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>, </span><span><i>qì gōng</i></span><span>, en chinois, tout comme </span><span><i>prânâyâma </i>en sanskrit, signifient "maîtrise du souffle") et qui "donnent du jeu" à des structures</span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">entravées par une sur-accumulation néfaste d'intentions</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De
là aussi,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'insistance du Sage sur la perception réflexive du bien-être procuré par l</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
réactivation progressive de </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ces
parties du corps trop longtemps ou trop souvent négligées. </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Voilà
pourquoi c</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es
pratiques spirituelles-corporelles qui ont nom, notamment, </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气功</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span>qì gōng<span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">太极 拳</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tài
jí quán </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yoga</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s'inspirent volontiers de quelques</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisations </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vivantes
qui ressemblent à la nôtre sans pour autant être aussi lourdement intentionnées qu'elle<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote47sym" name="sdfootnote47anc"><sup>47</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Il
est particulièrement significatif </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
le terme par lequel les taoïstes désignent le vide spirituel,
</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">虚</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">xū<span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">soi</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">t
composé de </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">虍</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hǔ<span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
tigre</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
et de </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">业</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span>yè<span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
vertu</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">" : la "vertu du tigre", c'est l'alliance féline de la puissance (</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>, </i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yáng</i></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et de la patience (</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yīn</i></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).</span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Voilà qui nous rappelle que la fluidité, la souplesse, la polyvalence</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> dans le mouvement sont les principaux caractères macroscopiques </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de l'intentionnalité vivante </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en général </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et donc de sa disponibilité naturelle à la libre circulation des énergies</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote48sym" name="sdfootnote48anc"><sup>48</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></em>Tout
le monde connaît l</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'importance de </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
souplesse </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
les cultures</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
asiatique</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote49sym" name="sdfootnote49anc"><sup>49</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En
chinois, le caractère</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">柔</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">róu<span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"souple,
souplesse", est formé de </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">矛</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">máo<span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
lance du guerrier, et de</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">木</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mù<span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'arbre,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">illustrant
encore et toujours cette complémentarité </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
la force</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
et de la souplesse, </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ce
qui n'est pas sans </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">évoqu</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">er </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">le vivant qui est sans doute le plus proche de l'homme </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">civilisé</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, à savoir l'enfant</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">D'ailleurs, le même terme</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">虚</span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>xū</span><span style="font-style: normal;">, "vide spirituel", </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">désigne aussi, </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en chinois,</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> la fragilité, la légèreté, l'insouciance. </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Car
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tel</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
est, en effet, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vitalité,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souplesse
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">insouciance
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">enfantines
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
le grand bain du chaos tout à la fois dévoreur et pourvoyeur d'énergie </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(cf. </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">a</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> figure</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">idéalisée par Victor Hugo,</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> de </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Gavroche, cet enfant </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tombe </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et se</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> relève inlassablement </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sous la mitraille en </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n'ayant de cesse de </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">chant</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">er</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> et </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> dans</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">er)</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Aussi
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Sage </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>prendra-t-il, </span><i>in fine</i>,<span> modèle sur </span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'enfant </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">: "</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">connaître
la créat</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ivité
</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">chaotique</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
conserver la réceptivité</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordonnée, voilà le flux universel. Devenu</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> le flux universel, tu n'abandonnes jamais</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> la vertu, celle du retour à l'enfance</span></i></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote50sym" name="sdfootnote50anc"><sup>50</sup></a>"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">28</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Voilà
bien</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
fond,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
le </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">véritable
"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">paradigme
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">perdu"
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dont
parle Edgar Morin</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> :</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'enfance avec toute sa fragilité, sa souplesse, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sa
légèreté, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sa
robustesse, bref, sa disponibilité<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote51sym" name="sdfootnote51anc"><sup>51</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Disponibilité enfantine </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
sert aussi de modèle au prophète </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zarathoustra,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
"</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><i>Zarathoustra
le danseur, Zarathoustra le léger, celui qui agite ses ailes, prêt
au vol, faisant signe à tous les oiseaux, prêt et agile, divinement
léger. Zarathoustra le devin, Zarathoustra le rieur, ni
impatient, ni intolérant, quelqu’un qui aime les sauts et les
écarts</i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Nietzsche, </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>ainsi
parlait Zarathoustra</u></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
IV). </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Car </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
longue vie </span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">长生</span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span><span>cháng shēng</span><span style="font-style: normal;">, n'est rien d'autre, au fond, que la vie </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">disponible,
c'est-à-dire</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> la vie allégée du fardeau d</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">'un
trop-plein</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">d'</span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">intentions. Aussi, "</span><span><i>la règle du Sage est-elle de vider son esprit mais de remplir son ventre, d'affaiblir sa volonté mais de fortifier ses os [...]. En ne faisant rien de trop, tout sera en ordre</i>"</span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, §3</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote51sym" name="sdfootnote51anc"><sup>52</sup></a></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Nous avons donc vu que le souci métaphysique d'une plénitude de l'Être récuse naturellement comme absurde toute conceptualisation du vide ou du non-être immédiatement assimilé au néant, que ce soit sous son aspect ontologique, théologique, existentiel ou romantique. La conception métaphysique du vide ne nous est donc d'aucune utilité si l'on veut tenter d'appréhender la nature du vide. En revanche, en nous tournant vers la physique, la littérature ou les mathématiques nous comprenons qu'il existe un vide matériel qui n'est pas un néant mais simplement une absence. De même, en convoquant la physique quantique, la physique statistique et la biologie, nous pouvons envisager le chaos comme réalité d'un vide formel relatif, c'est-à-dire d'un chaos limité seulement par le principe général de moindre action, c'est-à-dire, pour les êtres vivants, par l'intentionnalité. Enfin, en donnant la parole aux sagesses, notamment orientales, se fait jour la possibilité d'un processus spirituel d'évacuation intentionnelle entendu comme rétablissement d'une disponibilité spécifiquement humaine à l'égard d'un échange énergétique vital compromis par la civilisation.</span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></em></p>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>
Conformément à la <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_de_Laplace">définition
standard du déterminisme par Laplace</a>, nous qualifierons
désormais d'"<span style="font-style: normal;">aléatoire</span>"
un phénomène dont on ne peut prédire la survenance du fait de
l'ignorance de tout ou partie de ses conditions de détermination.
Selon que cette ignorance est plutôt faible et marginale (par
exemple au jeu de dé) ou, à l'opposé, forte et fondamentale (par
exemple en météorologie), nous parlerons alors de probabilité
(éventuellement quantifiable <i>a priori </i><span style="font-style: normal;">lorsque
le champ des possibles est connu </span><span style="font-style: normal;">à
peu près </span><span style="font-style: normal;">exhaustivement</span>)
ou bien de chaos. Nous dirons donc qu'un phénomène est chaotique
dès lors, soit parce que la moindre modification dans ses conditions
initiales entraîne une croissance exponentielle des conséquences possibles ("effet papillon", "mouvement
brownien"), soit parce qu'il n'y a pas de conditions initiales ("flou
quantique"). Dans tous les cas, les conditions initiales du phénomène chaotique étant inconnaissables, ce phénomène est essentiellement est imprédictible <i>a priori </i>(mais il reste néanmoins prévisible par induction sur la base de constatations statistiques <i>a posteriori</i>, c'est typiquement le cas pour les phénomènes météorologiques).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote2">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>
Soit <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">-43</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
sec </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">après
le Big Bang, instant où l'univers mesure 10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">-33</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
cm de diamètre avec une densité de 10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">93
</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">gr/cm</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">3</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
et une température de 10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">32
</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">°K
!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote3">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>
L’inégalité de
Heisenberg est : Δe
× Δt
⩾ k (où Δe
est l'incertitude
statistique -on
dit aussi "variance"- sur
l'énergie
d'une particule, Δt
l'incertitude
sur sa durée,
k = h/2π et
h "la constante de Planck"
qui
représente le <i>quantum
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">minimal
d'action </span>c'est-à-dire
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6,626 070 15 × 10</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><sup>−</sup></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">34</span></span></sup></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span>J.s).
Or, l'action
d'un corps ayant
la dimension ML<sup>2</sup>T<sup>-1</sup>,
soit,
indistinctement,
le produit d'une
énergie
(ML<sup>2</sup>T<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup>)
par une durée (T)
ou bien le produit d'une distance (L) par une impulsion
(MLT<sup>-1</sup>),
une autre
formulation de l'inégalité de Heisenberg est : Δx × Δp ⩾
k (avec
Δx
l'incertitude
sur la
position
d'une particule, et
Δp
l'incertitude
sur son impulsion).
Sous ces deux
versions, l'absence
d'incertitude, soit la
précision absolue sur
l'un des deux
facteurs conjugués impliquerait
un Δ =
0 pour ce facteur et donc une valeur nulle (une action nulle) pour le produit des deux facteurs.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote4">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a> De là, le "flou quantique" : "</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><em style="text-align: justify;">le « principe d'incertitude » de Heisenberg [...] est inhérent[...] au monde des atomes. Quoi que nous fassions pour accroître la sophistication de notre instrument de mesure, nous buterons toujours contre cette barrière élevée face à la connaissance. Le flou quantique envahit le monde subatomique, chassant le déterminisme si bien chanté par Laplace. La Nature nous demande d'être tolérant et de renoncer au vieux rêve humain du savoir absolu</em><span style="text-align: justify;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">(Trinh Xuan Thuan, <u>le Chaos et l'Harmonie</u>, v). Le problème qui est posé là est, typiquement, ce que Bachelard appelle un "obstacle épistémologique" : tout raisonnement déterministe (mécaniste/ causaliste) présuppose des "choses" qui, en s'"entrechoquant", se communiquent mutuellement de l'énergie, de telle sorte que, connaissant l'énergie cinétique de chaque "chose", on pourrait en prédire, de proche en proche, tout un schéma d'actions et de réactions (le vieux rêve de Laplace). Or, il est facile de comprendre qu'avec le principe dit "de complémentarité" de Bohr selon lequel toute particule matérielle est en même temps une onde qui remplit tout l'espace, donc n'est nullement localisable, cet "obstacle épistémologique" tombe et entraîne dans sa chute le raisonnement mécaniste et ses soi-disants certitudes prédictives (le "savoir absolu"). </span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a href="#sdfootnote5anc">5</a> </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">On qualifie généralement une telle position de "principe anthropique fort" : l'ordre de l'univers est ce qu'il est POUR QUE nous autres humains en bénéficiions. C'est la position standard des théologiens monothéistes, des partisans actuels de l'intelligent design (dont certains astro-physiciens comme Trinh Xuan Thuan), mais aussi des partisans d'une soi-disant volonté humaine à l'image de celle de Dieu (cf. Descartes vs Spinoza). Cette position se distingue de celle du "principe anthropique faible" selon lequel l'ordre de l'univers est ce qu'il est PARCE QUE nous autres humains sommes là pour l'ordonner (cf. note 19).</span></div><p></p></div>
<div id="sdfootnote7"><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a> <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Soit
un jeu de 52 cartes : je peux dire que l'apparition d'un
arrangement particulier </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(appelons-le
A) </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">de
ces cartes n'a, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">a
priori</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
qu'une chance sur </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">factorielle
52, soit </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">à
peu près une chance sur </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">8,0658175
× 10</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">67</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
de surgir lorsque ces cartes sont </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dûment
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">mélangées.
Or, premièrement je peux dire cela parce que je connais
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">correctement</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
les conditions initiales d'apparition de tel ou tel arrangement
(nombre </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">total
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">de
cartes, équiprobabilité, sincérité du mélange, etc.). </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Rien
de tel à propos d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">es
conditions initiales de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">la
naissance de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l'univers
et, partant, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">de
l'apparition </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">du
vivant </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et
de l'homme</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">conditions
qui </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">sont,
pour les raisons déjà évoquées, non seulement inconnues mais
inconnaissables. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Ce
qui</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
rend absurde l'idée de "probabilité </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">a
priori</span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"
(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">raison
pour laquelle </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">les
probabilités quantiques ne sont pas </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">a
priori</span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
mais statistiques, donc</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
a posteriori</span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">).
Deuxièmement, à supposer que ce soit ma combinaison préférée
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(A)
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">qui
sorte après avoir battu les cartes </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dans
des conditions normales</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
j'aurai beau crier au miracle, ledit "miracle" ne sera
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">jamais
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">que
l'autre nom du hasard. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">T</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">roisièmement,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">a
priori </span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ou
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">a
posteriori</span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
la probabilité d'un événement quelconque croît au fur et à
mesure que les conditions de sa réalisation se ... réalisent :
ainsi, la probabilité </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">conditionnelle
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">de
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l'arrangement
A </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">est,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">certes,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
infiniment proche de 0 </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">8,0658175
×</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">10</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">-</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">67</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">)
avant que j'aie commencé à aligner les cartes</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">mais,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">à
supposer que les 51 premières cartes soient déjà sorties dans
l'ordre que nous appelons A, la probabilité qu'il en soit ainsi
aussi pour la 52° est égale </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">à
1 ! </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Enfin,
quatrièmement, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dire
qu'il est très peu probable que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l'arrangement
A se produise </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">sans
intervention providentielle n'est pas comme dire qu'il est très peu
probable que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">les
statues de l'île de Pâques </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">aient
été</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
érigées </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">sans
intervention humaine :</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">car
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ans
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ce
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dernier</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
cas, la relation causale mécanique entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">existence
de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">artisanat
humain </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et
la sculpture comme résultante de cet artisanat </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">est
déjà établie</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">andis
que, dans le premier cas, une relation de même type </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">entre
Dieu et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">un
phénomène extraordinaire quelconque </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">n'est
que postulée </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">la
"preuve" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dite
"physico-théologique" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">de
l'existence d'une providence divine n'est qu'une pétition de
principe</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">Conjugué, il est vrai, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">avec le principe d'exclusion de Pauli selon lequel </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">deux</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"> ondes/particules de matière </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;">ne peuvent se trouver au même endroit au même moment.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote8">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a>
Ce que nous appelons "robustesse" (et que Spinoza nomme "<i>conatus</i>" et Leibniz "antitypie") n'est synonyme ni d'impénétrabilité, laquelle ne concerne que les fermions ou particules de matière (cf. note ci-dessus) et non les bosons (deux ondes sont, par définitions, inter-pénétrables), ni d'inertie qui ne concerne que les entités dotées de masse (un photon n'a pas de masse). C'est plutôt, comme l'explique Spinoza, une tension de toute entité vers la conservation de son existence.</span></p>
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<div id="sdfootnote9">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a> Est dite "utile" toute catégorie d'énergie convertible en "travail", c'est-à-dire en énergie organisatrice, et "inutile" l'énergie thermique dispersée en pure perte (loi de Carnot énoncée en 1827 et qui a fourni à Clausius la base de la première théorisation de l'entropie en 1865. De là, <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">flèche
du temps</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
qui fait que le processus entropique et ses conséquences sont
irréversibles (le temps, contrairement à l'espace, ne se parcourt
que dans un seul sens). Notons que si l'irréversibilité du temps nous paraît macroscopiquement évidente, elle est cependant niée par la physique déterministe (notamment par la relativité qui fait du temps la quatrième dimension de l'espace).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote10">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a>
Cette équation est : <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">S
= k </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ln</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> Ω
, avec k = 1,380 649.10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">-23</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
Ω représentant le nombre de configurations possibles </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(la
complexité, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">c'est-à-dire
le niveau d'organisation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">d'un
phénomène, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ln
</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">étant
la fonction "logarithme népérien", </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et
S la mesure de l'entropie </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span>(</span>ML<sup>2</sup>T<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Q</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR">-1</span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du système en joule par degré kelvin
(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">J.K</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-1</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/04/vivre-regulation-et-circulation-des.html">Vivre : Régulation et Circulation des Energies</a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, en particulier, note 36.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<div id="sdfootnote11">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a>
L'action étant le produit d'une énergie par une durée, sa minimisation suppose,
soit la minimisation de la dépense d'énergie à durée constante,
soit la minimisation de la durée à dépense d'énergie constante,
soit, évidemment, la minimisation des deux à la fois,
étant entendu que l'action minimisée ne peut être inférieure à <i>h</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
la "constante de </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Planck" (6,626 070 15 × </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">10</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR">-34</span></sup></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"> J.s). Cf. note 3.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote12">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a>
<em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Nous
entendrons désormais par "organisation" le fait que deux
ou plusieurs structures physiques, en droit indépendantes l'une de
l'autre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(deux
atomes, deux molécules, deux tissus, deux organes, deux organismes,
deux "morceaux de matière" quelconques)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
se trouvent, en fait, corrélées par des pré-conditions communes
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">qui
les contraint à s'unir pour limiter leur entropie </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">marginale</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">L'organisation
est donc une propriété </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">émergente dynamique </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">u
processus</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">'union
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">effective
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">des
parties, non de chacune d'entre elles en particulier </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ni
même de leur simple réunion </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">comme
état</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote13">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote13anc" name="sdfootnote13sym">13</a>
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Le
désordre </span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">[l'entropie]
</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">maximal</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">[e]</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">étant
atteint</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">[e]</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
lorsque le système atteint son état d'équilibre [c'est-à-dir</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">]
</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">tel
qu'aucun flux de matière ni d'énergie ne peut s'écouler d'une
partie à l'autre du système</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"(Atlan,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">entre
le Cristal et la Fumée</span></span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
I, 2) </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">soit,
à la limite, à la température de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
0°K (le "zéro absolu") à laquelle il n'y a, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">par
définition</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
plus aucun flux de matière ni de rayonnement. Limite qui n'est que la valeur théorique, inatteignable en pratique, à laquelle, donc, l'entropie d'un système physique serait nulle (troisième principe de la thermodynamique énoncé par Planck en 1912) et le système en question serait parfaitement cristallisé. D'où le paradoxe selon lequel l'entropie nulle de l'ordre absolu (cristallin) ne peut être atteinte que <i>via </i>l'entropie maximale du désordre absolu ! Autre paradoxe : aux températures proches du "zéro absolu", le système macroscopique adopte le comportement quantique des systèmes microscopiques.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote14">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote14anc" name="sdfootnote14sym">14</a> L'exemple le plus simple, pour comprendre à la fois cette dialectique local/global et le paradoxe du désordre tendant vers l'ordre, c'est celui du réfrigérateur. D'une part, en refroidissant</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">localement l'aliment</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"> (c'est-à-dire en réduisant sa vitesse moléculaire moyenne), donc </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; text-align: left;">en accélérant son entropie, le système réfrigérant </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; text-align: left;">le contraint à s'"organiser" (en abaissant sa température, il va d'ailleurs tendre à se cristalliser). Mais, d'autre part, en réchauffant globalement l'atmosphère ambiante </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; text-align: left;">(donc en augmentant sa vitesse moléculaire moyenne)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; text-align: left;">, la désorganise néanmoins en lui fournissant un surcroît d'énergie thermique "inutile" (inconvertible en travail). Sans compter qu'il aura déjà fallu, en amont de ce processus, puiser de l'énergie dans le système global pour concevoir, construire, transporter et, bien entendu, faire fonctionner ledit réfrigérateur</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote15">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote15anc" name="sdfootnote15sym">15</a> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">On pourrait montrer que la courbe de refroidissement de l'univers depuis les </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">10</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span>32</span><span> </span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">°K à ses débuts jusqu'aux 3°K de température moyenne actuelle ou celle de dilution de sa densité des </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">10</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR">93 </span></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">gr/cm</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR">3</span></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> initiaux jusqu'à </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">10</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR">-31 </span></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">gr/cm</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><sup><span lang="fr-FR">3</span></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> aujourd'hui sont, <i>grosso modo</i>, superposables à la courbe logarithmique d'augmentation de l'entropie tracée par Boltzmann et Gibbs (cf. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/04/vivre-regulation-et-circulation-des.html" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Vivre : Régulation et Circulation des Énergies</a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">note 36)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"><a href="#sdfootnote16anc">16</a> La spécificité du vivant </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">dans
le monde physique se trouve en effet dans le fait que <span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>"</span></span></span><i><span>son
comportement est tel que toutes les transformations et tous les
changements qu'il peut subir sont subordonnés à la conservation de
son invariance</span></i><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>"(Varela, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><u><span>la
Clôture Opérationnelle</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>,
iv, </span></span></span><i><span>in</span></i><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><u><span>Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>),
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>son
"invariance" et non son "identité",
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>l'invariance
étant précisément la conservation de l'organisation locale malgré des modifications, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>parfois
profondes,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span>
dans les structures qui la constituent. À cet égard, Monod (l'inventeur de la notion de "code génétique") a tort d'ajouter qu'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>une fois inscrit dans la structure de l'ADN, l'accident singulier et, comme tel, essentiellement imprévisible, va être mécaniquement et fidèlement répliqué</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">(Monod, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le Hasard et la Nécessité</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">v</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">). Car la "réplication" génétique n'est ni "mécanique", ni "fidèle" puisqu'elle reste très largement tributaire du hasard, ce que prouve le phénomène dit de la </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">"pléiotropie génétique" (de πλείων, "multiple", et τροπή, "orientation") notoirement responsable des mutations génétiques aléatoires. C'est évidemment cet immense réservoir de mutations aléatoires qui explique l'efficacité de la sélection naturelle. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"><span>Pour toutes ces raisons, </span><span>plutôt que de "réplication" ou de "reproduction",</span><span> </span><span>nous préférons parler de "pro-poïèse" (πρός ποίησις, "production vers l'avant" ; cf. </span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/08/portee-et-limites-du-paradigme-varelien_31.html#more">Portée et Limites du Paradigme Varélien d'Auto-poïèse</a><span>).</span></span></p></div>
<div id="sdfootnote17">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote17anc" name="sdfootnote17sym">17</a>
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Prenons
un exemple : chacun de nous autres humains avons en moyenne
4.10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">13</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
cellules</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">;
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">or
chaque cellule a, statistiquement, une probabilité de 10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">-11
</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">de
voir son ADN muter </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">par
hasard</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
Probabilité très faible car les organismes dotés d'une
probabilité sensiblement plus élevée ont été éliminés en
raison de leur trop forte complexité et donc de leur trop forte
entropie. Cela dit, l'espérance mathématique de mutations
génétiques lors de la vie d'un organisme particulier est tout de
même de 4.10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">13
</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">x
10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">-11</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
soit environ 400. Ce qui, multiplié par </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">8.10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">9
</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">d'êtres
humains, représente un potentiel colossal de 3,2.10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">12</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
mutations possibles par génération. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">La
plupart de ces mutations génétiques, soit ne codent aucune
manifestation épigénétique, soit en codent une qui est neutre (inutile) à
l'égard de l'adaptation de l'organisme, soit encore en codent une
qui désadapte l'organisme et tend donc à l'éliminer. Mais
s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">upposons
que, parmi tous ces possibles surgis au hasard des mutations
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">génétiques</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
il existe, dans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l'ADN
de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">certains
organismes humains, un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e
mutation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">code
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">multipli</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">cation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
par 10 </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">du</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
taux d'hématocrite (taux de globules rouges sanguins). Dans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
biotope </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">humain
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">moyen
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">actuel,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">une
telle mutation serait pathologique et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">de
tels </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">organismes
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">s'auto-élimineraient</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(leur
sang serait beaucoup trop visqueux)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
Mais dans un environnement devenu très pauvre en oxygène </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">moyennant
la possibilité </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(par
exemple à la faveur d'une autre mutation génétique) </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">d'une
dilution sanguine suffisante, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ils
seraient </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">peut-être</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
les seuls à </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">pouvoir
assurer l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">eur
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">invariance
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">organisationnelle</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
donc à assurer leur descendance, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et, partant, à "imposer" sélectivement leur</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> mutation génétique aléatoire qui deviendra alors nécessité</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">quoique nécessité </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">a
posteriori.</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote18">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote18anc" name="sdfootnote18sym">18</a>
En d'autres termes, de la sur-natalité et/ou de la sous-mortalité qui en résulte.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote19">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote19anc" name="sdfootnote19sym">19</a> <em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"Intentionnel"
s'oppose à "accidentel" : est accidentelle
l'organisation qui maximise au coup par coup la néguentropie de chacune des
structures concernées en vertu du principe de moindre action sans se préoccuper d'invariance locale à quelque niveau que ce soit ;
est intentionnelle, au contraire, l'organisation concertée qui, tout à la fois, anticipe la perturbation entropique (par des effets de cognition, de mémoire) et tend à maximiser localement la néguentropie d'une</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> collectivité</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> de structures </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">intégrées</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
fût-ce en augmentant l'entropie d'une ou plusieurs d'entre elles (allant jusqu'à </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">en supprimer certaines) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et,
par conséquent, qui est tendue (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">in
tensio</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">)
vers l'invariance commune du tout collectif</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(cf.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/08/portee-et-limites-du-paradigme-varelien_31.html">Portée
et Limites du Paradigme Varélien de l'Autopoïèse</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Physiquement,
une intention s'analyse comme une impulsion (MLT</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">-1</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">)
qui, une fois déployée dans l'espace (MLT</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">-1</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
x L), devient une action (ML</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">2</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">-1</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-style: normal;">). Mais, dans la mesure où elle est concertée, donc intentionnelle, c'est cette sorte d'action déployée par le vivant qui crée de l'ordre, lequel n'est rien d'autre qu'un arrangement de l'écosystème (</span><i>Umwelt</i>) conformément aux besoins néguentropiques de l'organisation vivante</span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. En ce sens, l'ordre est toujours particulier (intra-spécifique), tandis que l'organisation est un processus universel (inter-spécifique). Il va de soi enfin que l'intention ne se réduit pas à la volonté qui est une sorte proprement humaine d'intention tout à la fois consciente et rationnelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"> (la βούλησις aristotélicienne).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote20">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote20anc" name="sdfootnote20sym">20</a>
Ce que Varela nomme "auto-poïèse" et Monod "téléonomie". Notons que de tels processus d'auto-organisation intentionnelle sont très gourmands en énergie, tout particulièrement chez les animaux dits "homéothermes".</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote21">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote21anc" name="sdfootnote21sym">21</a> Illusion que Bergson appelle fort justement "illusion rétrospective" et qui est à la base de la pensée tragique
grecque. En grec ancien, <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ἡ</span></span></span>
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ἀνάγκη c'est,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>tout
à la fois, la nécessité impérieuse et le hasard malheureux. Nécessité lorsqu'on imagine, <i style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;">a posteriori</i>, qu'étant donné l'enchaînement causal des circonstances</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"> (les jours du bouillant Achille, avec soixante-douze meurtres à son actif, étaient comptés ...)<span style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span>, l'issue était fatale (... aussi, est-il finalement </span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">victime de son ὕϐρις</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span>). Hasard lorsqu'on considère contrefactuellement qu'une variation minime dans cet enchaînement</span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">(si la flèche de Pâris le justicier n'eût pas été guidée par Appolon ...)</span><span style="text-align: left;"> eût entraîné une tout autre issue (... Achille n'eût pas été atteint au talon et ne serait pas mort). D'où, premièrement, l'idée que, comme l'exprime joliment Clément Rosset, "le réel est idiot", c'est-à-dire, étymologiquement, n'a pas de double, pas d'alternative. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Et, deuxièmement, le "principe anthropique fort" (cf. note 5) sous toutes ses déclinaisons. Comme le dit encore Henri Atlan, "<i>les processus d'auto-organisation qui apparaissent </i>a posteriori<i> comme la réalisation d'un projet, sont en réalité les effets de facteurs aléatoires de l'environnement que n'importe quel système peut utiliser de cette façon à partir d'un certain degré de complexité structurale et fonctionnelle</i>"(Atlan, <u>l'Organisation Biologique et la Théorie de l'Information</u>).</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a href="#sdfootnote22anc">22</a> </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Ces expressions ne sont d'ailleurs pas de Charles Darwin mais du révérend Thomas Spencer. L'idée que c'est toujours le plus fort qui triomphe n'est rien d'autre que la projection sur l'entièreté de la nature de l'illusion typiquement occidentale qu'on ne peut vaincre un adversaire qu'en accumulant plus de forces que lui. Ce principe a été érigé en dogme absolu par nombre de stratèges militaires (cf. Clausewitz). </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Pour Sūn Zi (VI° siècle a.e.c.), au contraire, "知天知地,勝乃可全, <i>zhī tiān zhī dì, shèng nǎi kě quán</i> [<i>connais le ciel, connais la terre et ta victoire sera complète</i>]"(<u>l'Art de la Guerre</u>), ce qui n'est pas du tout une profession de foi mystique mais une exhortation à agir conformément aux principes fondamentaux de toute réalité, notamment conformément au principe de moindre action qui favorise toujours l'organisation la plus économe en énergie. Pour Sūn Zi, le meilleur stratège est donc celui qui vainc sans avoir à combattre du fait qu'il a placé son adversaire dans des conditions telles qu'il ne peut que s'effondrer.</span></p><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f4cccc; font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a href="#sdfootnote23anc">23</a></span> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Pour contredire Leibniz, disons que le monde réel n'est pas le meilleur possible mais un parmi une multitude de mondes possibles dans la mesure où les mondes "impossibles", c'est-à-dire non-viables, se sont effacés d'eux-mêmes. De là le "principe anthropique faible" : le monde réel n'est que l'un des mondes possibles dans lesquels nous autres humains existons (cf. note 6) et, par conséquent, organisons notre <i>Umwelt</i> selon notre complexion</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></div></div></div>
<div id="sdfootnote24">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote24anc" name="sdfootnote24sym">24</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Cf. </span></span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2011/11/information-conatus-et-entropie.html">Entropie,
Information, Communication, Langage et Vérité</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></span></p><div id="sdfootnote27" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></div><p></p><div id="sdfootnote26" style="orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2;"><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote26anc" name="sdfootnote26sym">25</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">À cet égard, nous inclinons à penser que le sujet de la vie (qu'est-ce qui est vivant ?) c'est la Vie elle-même dont toutes les structures sont initialement identiques (les 20 acides aminés et les 4 bases nucléotides) et organisationnellement clôturées, exactement au sens où Spinoza parle de la Nature comme Tout auto-organisateur (<i>causa sui</i>) et invariant. Sauf que la Nature de Spinoza, c'est le grand Tout de l'univers (= Dieu) que Spinoza supposait, avec les connaissances de son époque, invariant. Mais si nous n'accordons l'invariance intentionnelle et non-accidentelle qu'aux seules organisations vivantes, alors le Dieu de Spinoza n'est pas l'autre nom de la Nature mais celui de la Vie (cette idée m'a été suggérée par la lecture d'Henri Atlan).</span></p></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote25">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote25anc" name="sdfootnote25sym">26</a> <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Rappelons que Prométhée (dont le nom, en grec, signifie "prévoyant") est le Titan qui dérobe le feu aux dieux de l'Olympe pour en faire don à l'homme afin que celui-ci puisse se rendre, selon la célèbre formule de Descartes, "<i>comme maître et possesseur de la nature</i>". Il n'est certes plus nécessaire aujourd'hui de rappeler à quel point ce mythe s'est révélé catastrophique, mais évoquons-en juste un critère. On appelle <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jour_du_dépassement">"jour du dépassement"</a> le jour de l'année à partir duquel l'organisation humaine dépense plus d'énergie que la quantité d'énergie qu'elle a produite, donc, à partir duquel elle ne peut plus</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">compenser son entropie sans contrarier la néguentropie des autres organisations, vivantes ou non. Or, ce "jour du dépassement" qui tombait fin décembre dans les années 70, se situe désormais fin juillet ! Et encore, n'est-ce là qu'une moyenne, car si l'on considère les 38 pays les plus riches (OCDE), soit 1/7 de l'humanité totale, le "dépassement" a désormais lieu au mois de mars (ce qui veut dire que cette frange de l'humanité consomme quatre fois plus d'énergie qu'elle n'en produit) ! Dans tous les cas de figure, la courbe de l'entropie marginale a beau être logarithmique (cf. par exemple<a href="https://unctad.org/fr/news/lindice-de-croissance-inclusive-de-la-cnuced-fait-ressortir-le-besoin-daller-au-dela-du-pib"> la courbe de la "gestion" des déchets sur le site de la CNUCED</a> qui montre que les pays les plus polluants sont aussi ceux qui recyclent le mieux leurs déchets !), elle n'en tend pas moins vers l'infini</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote26">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote27anc" name="sdfootnote27sym">27</a>
<span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span><span>P</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">ar exemple, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Rousseau pour qui </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>c’est donc dans la disproportion de nos désirs et de nos facultés que consiste notre misère […] ; la sagesse humaine ou la route du vrai bonheur [...] est de diminuer l’excès de désirs sur les facultés, et à mettre en égalité parfaite la puissance et la volonté</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">"(</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Rousseau, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Émile ou de l’Éducation</span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">, ii). Rousseau est sans doute le premier penseur occidental du "nihilisme des faibles" (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/12/la-fecondite-du-vide.html">première partie</a>, note 10).</span></span></p></div>
<div id="sdfootnote28">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote28anc" name="sdfootnote28sym">28</a> C'est ce que Thomas Mann fait
dire à son personnage Hans Castorp : "<span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
contenu riche et intéressant est sans doute capable d’abréger
une heure, ou même une journée, mais, compté en grand, il prête
au cours du temps de l’ampleur, du poids et de la solidité, de
telle sorte que des années riches en événements passent beaucoup
plus lentement que ces années pauvres, vides et légères que le
vent balaye et qui s’envolent. Ce qu’on appelle l’ennui est
donc, en réalité, un semblant maladif de la brièveté du temps
pour cause de monotonie ininterrompue</span></i></span>"(Mann,
<u>la Montagne Magique</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
iv).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote29">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote29anc" name="sdfootnote29sym">29</a>
Mais on pourrait en dire autant de la musique tonale ou de la
peinture figurative.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote30">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote30anc" name="sdfootnote30sym">30</a>
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
pense aussi </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
Zadig de Voltaire ou </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
des figures de l'indécision</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
tels que le</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Bartleby de Melville,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'Oblomov de Gontcharov</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
personnages flottants de James Joyce ou de Virginia Woolf, <i>a fortiori</i> des personnages vides du théâtre de Beckett ou d'Ionesco ou à ceux des romans de Modiano. Tous ces "personnages" manifestent peu ou prou ce que nous avons appelé "l'éthique de la sérendipité" (cf. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2014/03/lire-vii-lenjeu-ethique-de-la.html">l'Enjeu Éthique de la Littérature</a>)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote31">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote31anc" name="sdfootnote31sym">31</a>
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Par
"conscience", nous entendrons la perception réflexive </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
l'humain </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">propres
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">intentions,
ou, si l'on préfère, le retour réflexif de l'intentionnalité sur elle-même
au moyen d'une méta-intention, que celle-ci soit privée (dans le cas de la
conscience individuelle) ou publique (dans le cas de la conscience
collective). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
réflexivité (on parle aussi de récursivité, de fractalité ou de circularité) étant à entendre là au sens mathématique où la
relation R est réflexive si et seulement si, pour tout </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">x</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">x</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">R</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">x</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
un</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sens grammatical, lorsque le sujet se prend pour objet. Cette capacité réflexive inhérente au langage est rendue possible par la configuration </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">spécifiquement humaine</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> des structures du néo-cortex cérébral</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote32">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote32anc" name="sdfootnote32sym">32</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">三十幅共一毂,当其无,有车之用, <i>sān shí fú gòng yī gǔ, dāng qí wú, yǒu chē zhī yòng</i>. 为无为, 则无不治, <i>wéi wú wéi, zé wú bù zhì</i> (en chinois, 治, <i>zhì</i> a le double sens d'ordonner et de rétablir la santé, tout comme les termes "prescription" ou "ordonnance" en français). Notons que si la métaphysique a été un effort pour mettre de l'ordre dans un contexte grec relativement chaotique (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/12/la-fecondite-du-vide.html">le premier chapitre de notre exposé</a>), à l'inverse le taoïsme est né dans le contexte de l'organisation administrative très tatillonne de la dynastie impériale des Hans (fin du III° siècle a.e.c.).</span></p>
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<div id="sdfootnote33">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote33anc" name="sdfootnote33sym">33</a> Nombreux ont d'ailleurs été les scientifiques occidentaux (notamment Schrödinger, Bohr, Jung ou Capra) qui, au XX° siècle, ont été frappés par la convergence du taoïsme avec les découvertes les plus révolutionnaires de la physique moderne</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote34">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote34anc" name="sdfootnote34sym">34</a>
<span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">一阴一阳之谓道</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span>yī
yīn yī yáng zhī wèi dào</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. </span></span></i></span></span></span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En ce sens,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>le </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>comme processus</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>unique et unitaire </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>d</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>e</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> flux </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>et de reflux </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>perpétuel</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>s </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>du </span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souffle/énergie (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>et </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>yáng </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-style: normal;">se trouve être</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> "</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>有物混成先天地生 </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>[</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>ǒ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>u</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i> wù hún chéng xiān tiān dì shēng]</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>Lǎo </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>Z</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>ǐ, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><u>Dào dé jīng</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, §</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>5</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>quelque chose d</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>'inaccompli</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> qui </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>accomplit</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> le ciel et la terre. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>La co-réalité de </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>混</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i> hún </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>(inaccompli, virtuel, continu) et de </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>成</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>chéng</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>(accompli, actuel, discontinu) </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>dans un processus perpétuel de </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>formation/</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>dé-formation/trans-formation </span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">易</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yì</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>doit </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>donc </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>s'entendre non pas tant comme succession dans le temps (d'abord </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>有, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>ǒ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>u,</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i> </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>"il y a", </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>ensuite</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>无</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>wú, </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>"il n'y a pas" </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>et inversement</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>), </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>mais plutôt</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> comme simultanéité chaotique de </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>有</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>ǒ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>u</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i> </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>("il y a") </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>et </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>de</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>无</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>wú </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>("il n'y a pas"), </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>de </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>成</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i>chéng</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>(accompli, actuel, discontinu) </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>et de</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>混</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><i> hún </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>(inaccompli, virtuel, continu), </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>de</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>yīn </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-style: normal;">(ordre, </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>néguentropie</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>) et de </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>yáng </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-style: normal;">(désordre, </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>entropie</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify;">C'est en ce sens qu'il faut comprendre ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler "conciliation des contraires" et qu'illustre le très célèbre </span><span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijitu"><span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span>太极图</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>, </span></span></a><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijitu">tài jí tú</a> </i></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>("image du grand retournement"). Cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2022/12/vie-energie-chaos-et-douceur.html">Vie, Energie, Chaos et Douceur</a>.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote35">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote35anc" name="sdfootnote35sym">35</a>
<span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道
生一</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">一生二</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">二生三</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">三生万物</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dào
shēng yī, yī shēng èr, èr shēng sān, sān shēng wàn wù<span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote36">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote36anc" name="sdfootnote36sym">36</a>
<span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">冲气以为和</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">hōng
qì yǐ wéi hé<span style="font-style: normal;">. La trilogie taoïste </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em>yīn</em>, <em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em>yáng</em>, <em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em>qì</em>, fait évidemment penser aux trois <i>guna</i> (<i>tamas</i>, <i>rajas</i>, <i>sattva</i>) de l'hindouisme.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote37">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote37anc" name="sdfootnote37sym">37</a>
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">La méditation n'est cependant que l'une des huit voies de l'Octuple Sentier qui constitue la quatrième des Nobles Vérités des bouddhistes et que nous ne développerons pas plus avant</span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote38">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote38anc" name="sdfootnote38sym">38</a>
<span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">致虚极</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">zhì
xū jí<span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote39">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote39anc" name="sdfootnote39sym">39</a>
<span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">虚而不屈</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">xū
ér bù qū<span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote40">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote40anc" name="sdfootnote40sym">40</a> Le problème se pose de savoir si la méditation en ce sens est compatible avec la pratique de ce que l'Occident appelle "philosophie". Même si Descartes ou Husserl ont chacun intitulé "méditations" un de leurs ouvrages, cependant leur obsession de la complétude du "vrai" s'inscrit dans la droite ligne des fondements grecs de la métaphysique (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/12/la-fecondite-du-vide.html">partie I de notre exposé sur la conception métaphysique du vide</a>) ? Par ailleurs, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">si les pré-socratiques, les épicuriens, les stoïciens, les pyrrhoniens et, plus près de nous, Spinoza ou Wittgenstein, visent bien à alléger pratiquement l'existence humaine d'un trop-plein d'intentions, on ne peut que constater la pauvreté d'un <i>modus operandi</i> incapable de s'affranchir du support du langage ordinaire (au même titre, d'ailleurs, que les soi-disants "mysticismes" chrétiens ou juifs). Ce qui contraste avec la richesse des techniques méditatives léguées par les traditions indiennes (<i>ekagrat, mandala, mantra, mudrâ, yantra</i>, <i>yoga</i>, etc.), chinoises (poésie, peinture, musique, arts martiaux, etc.) ou arabes (calligraphie, danse, poésie, musique, etc.). </span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote41">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote41anc" name="sdfootnote41sym">41</a> Rappelons-nous ce qui se passe lorsque le portrait de Dorian Gray devient le miroir de son âme<em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em>
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote42">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote42anc" name="sdfootnote42sym">42</a>
En
grec, <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ἡ</span></span></span>
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">κάθαρσις.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aristote,
dans </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Poétique</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
assigne exactement cette fonction à la tragédie ! Ce qui inclinerait à penser que, dans la civilisation occidentale, c'est l'art en général qui accomplit le mieux la fonction méditative dévolue à la sagesse dans d'autres civilisations.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote43">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote43anc" name="sdfootnote43sym">43</a>
<i>Homo sapiens-demens</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;">écrit</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
Edgar Morin dan</span><span style="font-style: normal;">s </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>le
Paradigme Perdu : la Nature Humaine</u>. Par ailleurs, nul mieux que Franz Kafka n'a décrit la "démence" de l'</span><span><i>homo occidentalis </i>englué dans ses normes et perdu dans le maquis de ses institutions</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote44">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote44anc" name="sdfootnote44sym">44</a> Réaffirmant encore et toujours cette funeste "horreur du vide" que la métaphysique a assise, nous l'avons vu (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/12/la-fecondite-du-vide.html">le premier chapitre de notre première partie</a>), sur le rejet de la soi-disant perversité du trio vacuité/mouvement/non-Être au profit de la soi-disant vertu du trio plénitude/stabilité/Être<span>. </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote45">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote45anc" name="sdfootnote45sym">45</a> L'idée de mortification s'est d'ailleurs sécularisée. Dans son dernier roman <u>la Danseuse</u>, Patrick Modiano parle de mortification lorsqu'il évoque les efforts ascétiques d'une modeste danseuse pour discipliner son corps afin de tenter de le soustraire à la pesanteur. On pourrait certainement étendre ce constat, symbolique, à de nombreuses activités, sportives, professionnelles, etc., consistant à célébrer les vertus d'un effort pénible se surajoutant </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">aux contraintes d'une vie déjà pénible</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote46">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote46anc" name="sdfootnote46sym">46</a> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">养生焉, <i>yǎng shēng yān </i>; 虚而不屈, 动而愈出, <i>xū ér bù qū, dòng ér yù chū</i>.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote47">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote47anc" name="sdfootnote47sym">47</a>
<em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Par
exemple l'enchaînement de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">qì gōng
</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">connu
sous le nom de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">五禽戏</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span>wǔ
qín xì<span style="font-style: normal;">, "jeu des cinq animaux" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">tigre,
cerf, ours, singe, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">gru</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">De
même</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">certaines
postures d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">yoga </span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">sauterelle,
chat, crocodile, serpent, chameau, cobra, grue, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote48">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote48anc" name="sdfootnote48sym">48</a>
<em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Ce
qui explique </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l'abondance
des références</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">métaphoriques
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">à
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l'eau
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">水</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span>shuǐ </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ou
a</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">u
vent </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">凤</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span>fēng<span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans les textes taoïstes</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote49">
<p class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote49anc" name="sdfootnote49sym">49</a>
<em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Le
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">judo</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
par exemple, c'est la "voie de la souplesse", en chinois
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">柔</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">róu
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dào<span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote50">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote50anc" name="sdfootnote50sym">50</a>
<span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">知其雄,守其雌,为天下谿</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">为天下谿,常德不离,復归於婴</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">儿</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">zhī
qí xióng, shǒu qí cí, wéi tiān xià xī, wéi tiān xià
xī, cháng dé bù lí, fù guī yú yīng'ér.<span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;">L</em><em style="text-align: left;">e Temps</em><em style="text-align: left;"> est un enfant jouant à un jeu de hasard</em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">" dit aussi </span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Héraclite (</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Fragments</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">52</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote51">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote51anc" name="sdfootnote51sym">51</a>
Chez Nietzsche, la dualité d'Apollon et de Dionysos recoupe
celle de <span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">yīn</span></span></span></span></span></span></em>
et de <span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">yáng</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Ainsi,
dans la parabole </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">des
"trois animaux" : </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">’</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">esprit
robuste charge sur lui tous ces fardeaux pesants : tel le chameau
qui sitôt chargé se hâte vers le désert, ainsi lui se hâte vers
son désert. Mais au fond du désert le plus solitaire s’accomplit
la seconde métamorphose : ici l’esprit devient lion, il veut
conquérir la liberté et être maître de son propre désert […].
Mais, dites-moi, mes frères, que peut faire l’enfant que le lion
ne pouvait faire ? Pourquoi faut-il que le lion ravisseur devienne
enfant ? L’enfant est innocence et oubli, un renouveau et un jeu,
une roue qui roule sur elle-même, un premier mouvement, une sainte
affirmation</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"(Nietzsche, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ainsi
parlait Zarathoustra</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
I).</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote50anc" name="sdfootnote50sym">52</a> </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">是以圣人之治, 虚其心, 实其腹, 弱其志, 强其骨 […] 为无为, 则无不治, <i>shì yǐ shèng rén zhī zhì, xū qí xīn, shí qí fù, ruò qí zhì, qiáng qí gǔ […] wéi wú wéi, zé wú bù zhì</i>.</span></p>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-71736017893431415122023-12-02T14:37:00.005+01:002023-12-21T07:01:55.421+01:00LE SIONISME, PARADIGME DU CAPITALISME MONDIALISÉ.<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">En
réponse à la question d'un journaliste lui demandant pourquoi il
considérait que l'État d'Israël était l'agresseur bien que ce fût
l'Égypte qui, militairement, déclencha la Guerre des Six Jours, le
Général de Gaulle exprima une position restée célèbre :
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'établissement
entre les deux guerres mondiales, car il faut remonter jusque là,
l'établissement d'un foyer sioniste en Palestine, et puis après la
deuxième guerre mondiale, l'établissement d'un État d'Israël
soulevait à l'époque un certain nombre d'appréhensions. On pouvait
se demander, en effet, et on se demandait, même chez beaucoup de
Juifs, si l'implantation de cette communauté sur des terres qui
avaient été acquises dans des conditions plus ou moins justifiables
et au milieu des peuples arabes qui lui sont foncièrement hostiles,
n'allaient pas entraîner d'incessants, d'interminables frictions et
conflits. Et certains même redoutai</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">en</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">t
que les Juifs, jusqu'alors dispersés, et qui étaient restés ce
qu'ils avaient été de tout temps, c'est-à-dire un peuple d'élite,
sûr de lui-même et dominateur, n'en viennent une fois qu'ils
seraient rassemblés dans les sites de son ancienne grandeur, n'en
viennent à changer en ambition ardente et conquérante les souhaits
très émouvants qu'ils formaient depuis 19 siècles</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(de
Gaulle, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Conférence
de Presse</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
27/11/67)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Peut-être le général pressentait-il déjà que la Résolution 242
du Conseil de Sécurité de l'O.N.U., adoptée </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">à
l'unanimité </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">cinq
jours auparavant et exigeant </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">notamment
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">le
"</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">r</span></i><i>etrait
des forces armées israéliennes des territoires occupés au cours du
récent conflit</i><i> [et la] f</i><i>in de toute revendication ou
de tout état de belligérance, </i><i>[le] </i><i>respect et </i><i>[la]
</i><i>reconnaissance de la souveraineté, de l'intégrité
territoriale et de l'indépendance politique de chaque État de la
région et de son droit de vivre en paix à l'intérieur de
frontières sûres et reconnues, à l'abri de menaces ou d'actes de
violence</i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
resterait lettre morte.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
De fait, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">les
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">violences
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">exercées</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
par les forces sionistes contre les voisins arabes depuis la
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Déclaration
Balfour</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
de 1917<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>
et </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">devenues
des actes de guerre officiels</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">après</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
la création de l'État d'Israël le 14 mai 1948</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
n'ont fait que croître et, si l'on ose dire, embellir, confirmant
hélas les craintes du général</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">J'essaierai,
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">pour
ma part</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
de montrer </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
justesse de </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">cette</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
vision du </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sionisme
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">lequel,
effectivement, a bien fini par </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">changer
en ambition ardente et conquérante les souhaits très émouvants
qu'ils</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"> [les Juifs]</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
formaient depuis 19 siècles</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
À la lumière de quoi je tâcherai de </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">montrer
que l</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">es
réactions indignées auxquelles cette position a donné lieu à
l'époque et, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">plus
encore</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
fascination qu'exerce aujourd'hui sur les </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">media
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">occidentaux
dominants </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">l</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">a
nature ambiguë, tout à la fois post-romantique et </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">agressive</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
du sionisme</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
tiennent à ce que le sionisme, loin de n'être qu'une banale
idéologie, est le paradigme du capitalisme mondialisé.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">L'indice
le plus immédiat de l'importance de la question </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">à
débattre </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">est
sans doute ce climat </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
terrorisme intellectuel qui couve et qui est systématiquement
réactivé chaque fois qu'il s'agit de jeter une lumière critique
sur la nature du sionisme</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Rien de bien </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">étonnant</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
cependant. </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">D'abord,
c</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">omme
l'avait déjà souligné Platon, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d'une
manière générale, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">dès
qu'un quidam s'avise d'abor</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">er
un</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
sujet dérangeant</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
pour l'ordre social établi, il est manifeste que </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">les
plus ardents discourent et s’agitent, les autres, près de la
tribune bourdonnent et ferment la bouche au contradicteur, de sorte
que, dans un tel gouvernement, les affaires sont réglées par
eux</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Platon,
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>République</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
VIII, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">564e)</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">De
plus</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
ainsi que le remarquent Dray et Sieffert, "</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">ici
plus qu'ailleurs, la conquête de l'opinion publique est un enjeu. La
raison en est évidente : le conflit israélo-palestinien est
faussement régional</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>la
Guerre Israélienne de l'Information</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
En effet, la conquête rhétorique de l'opinion publique a, en
l'occurrence, pour enjeu, non pas seulement un avantage en terme
d'image </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">local</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">isée
et momentanée </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(profit
symbolique), ni même en terme</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
de comportement </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">local</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">isé
et momentané</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(profit
matériel, par exemple électoral ou économique), mais </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">le
conflit israélo-palestinien </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">a
une dimension, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">si
j'ose dire "métaphysique"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a>
en terme </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d'essence</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">éternelle
et immuable </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d'une
certaine communauté humaine</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">C'est
à croire que le conflit israélo-palestinien opère comme </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">un
véritable transcendantal, au sens kantien de ce terme, c'est-à-dire
un paradigme originel qui, rendant possible et structurant </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">a
priori</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
notre conception du monde extérieur, prétend à la nécessité et à
l'universalité</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Tout</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
le récit</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">que</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
la communauté juive, c'est-à-dire de la communauté humaine </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">fédérée
par la croyance au caractère sacré de la </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Torah,
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">se
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">plaît
à faire</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
d'elle-même </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">peut</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
en effet,</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
se </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">lire
comme le récit</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
des persécutions incessantes dont cette communauté a</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">été
victime dans sa quête du mythe<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a> de la Terre Promise, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">en
l'occurrence </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">promise
par</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Dieu à Abraham : "</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">c’est
à ta descendance que je donne ce pays, du fleuve d’</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">É</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">gypte
au grand fleuve, le fleuve Euphrate</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Genèse</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
15-18). </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Et
comme </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">proche
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">descendance
d'Abraham consistant en </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">un</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
fils légitime (Isaac), </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">deux</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
petit</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">s</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">-fils
(Jacob dit aussi Israël </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
Ésaü</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
et douze </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">arrière
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">petits-fils
(chacun </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">prenant
la tête </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d'une
tribu</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
distincte</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">),
ladite Terre Promise a pris le nom de Terre d'Israël (</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">Eretz
Israel</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
et est censée correspondre, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">grosso
modo</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
à l'actuelle Palestine</span></span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><sup>7</sup></a><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>P</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>our
la communauté juive, l'amoncellement de ces obstacles à l'accession
à la Terre Promise est d'autant plus scandaleuse qu</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>'elle
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>va
contre</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>
la volonté de Dieu de considérer cette communauté comme</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><i><span>la
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>communauté
choisie par Dieu </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>entre
toutes les communautés humaines </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>pour
L'honorer et Le glorifier </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>:
"</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><i><span>désormais,
si vous êtes dociles à Ma voix, si vous gardez Mon alliance, vous
serez Mon trésor entre tous les peuples ! Car toute la terre est à
Moi, mais vous, vous serez pour Moi une dynastie de pontifes et une
nation sainte</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>"(</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><u>Exode</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>,
19 ; 5-6). "Dynastie de pontifes", "nation sainte",
"Mon trésor entre tous les peuples", même associées à
un conditionne</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>l</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>
("si vous êtes dociles ...") </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>sont
des expressions qui </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>dé</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>notent
bien sans ambiguïté </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>"</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><i><span>un
peuple d'élite, sûr de lui-même et dominateur</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>"</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>.
Bref, élection et </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>persécution</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>,
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>persécution</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>
malgré l'élection, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>élection
en raison de la persécution, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>sont
bien, me semble-t-il les deux grands invariants de l'</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>identité
narrative<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a>
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>de
la communauté juive</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span><span>
ou, si l'on préfère, de l'essence du judaïsme.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Le
problème </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">numéro
un </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">est
que </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">le
judaïsme </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">est
une religion et </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">reste
une religion. </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Ni
plus, ni moins. Et</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
"</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">[une
religion] n’est tout simplement pas une théorie. Ou encore, si
c’est une vérité, alors ce n’est pas celle qui semble, au
premier abord, être exprimée par là. Plutôt qu’une théorie,
c’est un soupir ou un cri</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Remarques
Mêlées</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
30). Marx ira jusqu'à réduire soupir et cri à soupir de détresse
et cri de douleur : "</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
misère religieuse est à la fois l’expression de la misère réelle
et, d’autre part, la protestation contre cette misère. La
religion est le soupir de la créature accablée, le cœur d’un
homme sans cœur, comme elle est l’esprit des temps privés
d’esprit. Elle est l’opium du peuple</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Marx,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Critique
de la Philosophie de Hegel</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Mais l'important reste qu'une religion </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">n'est
pas une théorie</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Une religion </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">ne
décrit pas la réalité</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Tandis qu'un</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">e
description</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
(qu'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">elle</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
soit, d'ailleurs, théorique ou, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">a
fortiori</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
technique) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
la </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">réalité
extérieure à notre psychisme doit pouvoir se justifier, se
confirmer, se vérifier par comparaisons et ajustements successifs </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">à</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
celle-ci, "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">le
fidèle possède une croyance inébranlable qui ne repose pas sur des
justifications"(</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Leçons
sur la Croyance Religieuse</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
i)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
une </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">essence</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
ce qu'est une chose, une </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">identité
narrative</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
ce qu'on dit d'une chose, tout cela relève du </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">postulat</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
D'où le caractère mythique, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">comme
nous le soulignions plus haut, des croyances religieuses : </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">une
croyance religieuse ne repose pas sur des preuves historiques, car
rien de ce qu’on appelle normalement ’’preuves’’ ne serait
de nature à l’influencer le moins du monde"(</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Leçons
sur la Croyance Religieuse</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
i). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Ce
qui </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">n'implique
pas pour autant </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">qu'une
croyance religieuse ou qu'un système de croyances religieuses soient
dépourvus de valeur</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">B</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ien
au contraire</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
p</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">uisque,
en effet, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">l’on
distingue une croyance religieuse à ce que tout dans la vie d’un
individu obéit à la règle que fournit cette
croyance</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Leçons
sur la Croyance Religieuse</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
i)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Mais
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
valeur d'une religion</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
dans la mesure, justement où elle contribue à </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">postuler</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
ce qui compte pour et dans la vie du fidèle,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
est </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">éthique</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
non</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
pas </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">théorique</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Les croyances religieuses n'ont rien à voir avec les croyances
épistémiques, celles qui sont susceptibles d'être vraies ou
fausses</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
après expérimentation</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
B</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ien
plutôt, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">nous
dit Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">il
me semble qu'une foi religieuse pourrait n'être qu'une sorte de
décision passionnée en faveur d'un système de référence. Que,
par conséquent, bien que ce soit une </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">foi</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
c'est cependant une manière de vivre</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Remarques
Mêlées</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
64)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Une
religion est un guide pour la vie, un "système de référence"
donc auquel on adhère (ou on n'adhère pas) par "décision
passionnée"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
non parce qu'elle est </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">vraie
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ou
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">juste</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
mais parce que l'on </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">croit</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
d'une croyance inébranlable, qu'une </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">vie
bonne</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(ou,
en tout cas, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">meilleure</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">en
dépend. Réduire une religion à une série de prescriptions morales
(vestimentaires, sexuelles, alimentaires, hygiéniques, etc.), c'est
déjà la dénaturer</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
c'est l'éloigner de sa destination éthique</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a>.
Mais que dire alors de son instrumenta</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">lisa</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">tion
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">idéologico-politique
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">?</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Que penser de l'interférence des évangiles chrétiens avec les
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">questions
législatives</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
à propos du mariage des personnes de même sexe ou de la fin de vie
? Que penser des soi-disants diktats de la </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">charia'</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
musulmane en matière de tenue vestimentaire ou en matière de mixité
dans les lieux publics ? Dans les deux cas, il est manifeste que
l'intrusion de l'argumentation religieuse </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">dans</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">es
questions </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"sociétales",
comme on dit,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">nous
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">apparaît,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">à
nous occidentaux et </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">aujourd'hui</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote13sym" name="sdfootnote13anc"><sup>13</sup></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
comme de nature à polluer les </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">débats,
à brouiller les pistes. Pourquoi n'en va-t-il pas de même lorsque
Theodor Herzl écrit en 1896</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
: "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">que
nous le voulions ou non, nous sommes et nous restons un groupe
historique reconnaissable à ses caractéristiques homogènes. Nous
sommes un peuple, et c’est l’ennemi qui nous y contraint malgré
nous […]. Quelle que soit la coloration qu’elle prenne, je
considère la question juive comme n’étant ni religieuse ni
sociale, mais bien nationale. Pour la résoudre, il nous faut avant
tout la poser en termes politiques, à l’échelle mondiale</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Herzl,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>l'État
des Juifs</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
? Pourquoi cela semble-t-il, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">aujourd'hui</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
être une évidence</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
?</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Pourquoi une </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">évidence
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">aussi
ce glissement sémantique subreptice de "l'État des Juifs</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote14sym" name="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>14</sup></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"
(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">der
Judenstaat</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
en allemand) vers "l'État </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">j</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">uif"
(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">der
jüdische Staat</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
chez le même auteur en moins d'une année lorsque celui-ci </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">déclare,
à l'issue du premier Congrès Sioniste réuni à Bâle du 29 au 31
août 1897,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
:</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">si
je devais résumer le Congrès de Bâle en un mot, ce serait celui-ci
: à Bâle j'ai fondé l'État </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">j</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">uif
[...]. Peut-être dans cinq ans et certainement dans cinquante ans,
chacun le saura</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">in
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Gresh,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Israël,
Palestine : Vérité sur le Conflit</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
?</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">En
prétendant en tirer des conséquences idéologico-politiques, l</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">e
sionisme </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">commence
donc clairement</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">par
instrumentaliser la religion juive, c'est-à-dire par la détourner
de sa fonction éthique pour n'en retenir que l'aspect mythique constitutif de son identité narrative. Comme l'explique l'historien Shlomo Sand dans un article du <a href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2008/08/SAND/16205"><u>Monde Diplomatique</u> d'août 2008</a>, celle-ci </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"<i>est l’œuvre, depuis la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, de
talentueux reconstructeurs du passé, dont l’imagination fertile a
inventé, sur la base de morceaux de mémoire religieuse, juive et
chrétienne, un enchaînement généalogique continu pour le peuple Juif</i>"(<i>loc. cit.</i><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote15sym" name="sdfootnote15anc" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><sup>15</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Toutefois,
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">le
fond de l'imposture </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sionis</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">t</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">e
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ne
consiste pas à poser l'axiome "les juifs-Juifs sont les élus",
ou l'axiome "les juifs-Juifs ont toujours été persécutés". Ils ne sont évidemment pas la seule ni même la première
communauté dans l'histoire de
l'humanité à se constituer mythiquement en "peuple". L'imposture </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">est
ailleurs : elle consiste, dans un premier temps, à transformer ces
axiomes en faits pour, dans un second temps, en tirer des
conséquences politiques. De sorte que l'on joue sur deux tableaux :
celui de la </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">nécessité
logique</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
de la conclusion</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
qui provient de l'axiomatique, et celui de la </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">vérité
empirique </span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">du
discours en général qui dérive de </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">s</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">a</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
soi-disant</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
factualité.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Développons
le premier point : le sionisme transforme les axiomes en faits.
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">D'abord,
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">profitant
de </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
difficulté à s'entendre sur une formulation satisfaisante ("État
juif", "État des juifs", "État Juif",
"État des Juifs" ?) </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sur
laquelle Herzl lui-même a hésité, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">tout
se passe comme si </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"juif"
et "Juif" devaient être subrepticement confondus, donc
comme si l'ethnicisation de la religion juive était une </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">évidence</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
logique. Or, même en admettant que, dans les faits, les termes
"Juif" (nom propre du peuple juif) et "juif" (qualité de qui se réclame de la religion juive), sont </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">effectivement
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">coréférentiels,
c'est-à-dire dénotent la même entité humaine (de même que
l'Église </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
l'ensemble</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">es
chrétiens </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ou</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
l'Oumma </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
la communauté d</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">es
musulmans), ils n'ont pourtant pas le même sens.
Cette coréférentialité est purement contingente</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
(historique) et l'on devrait pouvoir</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
porter un jugement sur la religion juive </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">en
tant que religion </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sans,
pour autant, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">s'entendre
accuser de </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">juger
les Juifs en tant que peuple, et réciproquement. </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">N</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ombreuses
ont été les communautés chrétiennes ou musulmanes qui, au long de
l'histoire, se sont évertuées, tout en revendiquant </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sans
ambiguïté </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">leur
héritage religieux, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">à
montrer leur </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">Volk</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">s</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">geist</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
comme disait Hegel, c'est-à-dire le "génie de leur peuple"
à intégrer synthétiquement les apports culturels d'autres peuples</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
prouvant par</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">là
que </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'essence
religieuse spirituelle et immuable </span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
ces communautés est distincte de leur</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
existence historique temporelle et variable</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Bien
entendu, il en va de même</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">pour
le peuple Jui</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">f</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
dont le génie d'adaptation et d'assimilation n'est plus à
démontrer</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Néanmoins l'ethnicisation de la religion juive par </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">le
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sionis</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">m</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">e</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
conduit Herzl à prétendre que, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">que
nous le voulions ou non, nous sommes et nous restons un groupe
historique reconnaissable à ses caractéristiques homogènes</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Et quelles peuvent bien être ces "caractéristiques homogènes"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
? Certainement pas les caractères "raciaux" que les
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Drumont
et autre Vacher de Lapouge prétendront leur avoir "découverts".</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Les
"caractéristiques homogènes" dont parle Herzl ne peuvent
être</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
comme nous l'avons dit plus haut, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">que
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'élitisme
et la victimité</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
constitutifs de l'identité narrative de la communauté religieuse
juive</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Et voilà comment un </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">mythe
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">devient</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">réalité</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
!</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
L'un des avantages rhétoriques les plus considérables de cette
éthnicisation de la religion juive par le sionisme réside dans ses
possibles implications ethno-racialistes<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote16sym" name="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Peu
importe, après tout, comme Jonathan Littell le fait dire à un </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
ses personnages</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
que</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
le racialisme repose sur une monstrueuse imposture intellectuelle,
que les</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">anthropologues
raciaux </span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...]
</span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont
des fumistes [...]. Cette </span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">philosophie
de vétérinaires</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
comme disait Herder, </span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
volé tous ses concepts à la linguistique</span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote17sym" name="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la seule science de l'homme jusqu'à ce jour qui ait une base
théorique scientifiquement validée</span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Littell,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Bienveillantes</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
435-436)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
effet, il n'y a qu'un pas de l'ethnie ou du peuple à la race,
notamment à la fin du XIX° siècle, dans le contexte intellectuel
qui</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est celui de la naissance du sionisme, mais qui est encore aujourd'hui très vivace, comme le remarque encore Shlomo Sand :</span></span></span></span></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"<i>depuis
les années 1970, en Israël, une succession de recherches
« scientifiques » s’efforce de démontrer, par tous les
moyens, la proximité génétique des Juifs du monde entier. La
« recherche sur les origines des populations » représente
désormais un champ légitimé et populaire de la biologie
moléculaire, tandis que le chromosome Y mâle s’est offert une
place d’honneur aux côtés d’une Clio juive dans une quête
effrénée de l’unicité d’origine du « peuple
élu »</i>"(<span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>loc. cit.</i>)</span>. <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or, si le sionisme réussit à établir la "judéité" sur une base ethno-racialiste</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote18sym" name="sdfootnote18anc" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><sup>18</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span>, alors, comme nous allons le voir, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span>l'antisionisme aura alors effectivement un fort goût de racisme.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">D'où,
deuxième point que nous devons développer : </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">si</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
tous ceux qui sont juifs (au sens religieux) sont aussi </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">nécessairement
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">des
Juifs (au sens ethnique, voire "biologique") et réciproquement, des </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">textes
sacrés de ceux qui sont juifs</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">on
va être tenté de tirer </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">des
conséquences politiques valables </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">nécessairement
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">pour
le peuple des Juifs, et plus seulement (ce que fait le Talmud) des conséquences éthiques ou morales destinées à la communauté juive</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Nous avons </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">vu</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
que l'identité narrative du peuple des Juifs se justifie, comme toute
identité</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
narrative, qu'elle soit individuelle ou bien collective</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
par un certain nombre de mythes fondateurs</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
dont le mode d'existence est la </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">narration</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">, en l'occurrence narration dans et par les textes sacrés de ceux qui sont juifs.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Or </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">il
n'y a pas de </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">confirmation
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(ni,
bien entendu, de </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">réfutation</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">empirique</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
possible d'un mythe.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">De
même, c</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">elui
qui fait de la physique ne </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">confirme</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
pas la validité des mathématiques. Les phénomènes physiques ne se
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">déduisent</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
pas des règles mathématiques. </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Pour
faire de la physique, il ne faut pas se contenter de j</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ongl</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">er
avec des équations. </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Toutefois,
la physique de celui qui </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">se
laisse guider</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
par les mathématiques est </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">meilleure</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
que la physique de celui qui s'y refuse.
De </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">même</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
façon</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'histoire
ne </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">confirme
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">aucun
précepte religieux. Les événements sociaux et politiques ne se
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">déduisent
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">pas
des préceptes de quelque religion que ce soit. Toutefois, il est
vraisemblable que la vie politique et sociale des communautés qui </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">se
laissent guider</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
par de tels préceptes est </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">meilleure</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
que celle des communautés qui en sont dépourvues<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote19sym" name="sdfootnote19anc"><sup>19</sup></a>.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Mais confondre mathématique et physique, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">confondre
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">mythe
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
hypothèse, prophétie </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
prévision<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote20sym" name="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>20</sup></a>,
rêve </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
prémonition ou roman </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">récit
historique</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
même que confondre judaïsme </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
politique de l'État d'Israël</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sont,
au mieux des erreurs, au pire des manipulations grossières.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Manipulations d'autant plus tentantes</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d'ailleurs
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">que</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
de même qu'il est très facile au physicien chevronné de </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">faire
croire au béotien que </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">tel</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
phénomène physique </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">était</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
mathématiquement </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">prévisible</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
de même il est aisé pour le sioniste de faire admettre au <i>quidam</i>
que les événements constitutifs de l'histoire du peuple des Juifs ont
été </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">prophétisés
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">par
et dans les textes sacrés.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Sauf que, ce qui n'est, après tout, qu'une ruse pédagogique de bon
aloi pour l'un, peut tout à fait se transformer</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
chez l'autre</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
en machine à </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">formater</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
l'opinion publique.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Voici ce qu'on peut lire, à titre d'exemple, sur </span></span></span><a href="http://www.bethyeshoua.org/index.php/etudes/israel/114-sionisme-prophetique">le
site sioniste Beth Yeshua</a><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
: "</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">savez-vous
que le premier sioniste de l'histoire biblique, n'est pas Théodore
Herzl, qui n'est qu'un exécutant de la volonté divine, mais Elohim,
le Dieu Tout-Puissant, qui comme le dit ce texte d'introduction, en
est l'Auteur qui agit selon son plan divin. S</span></i></span><b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">avez-vous
que nous vivons des temps extraordinaires </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">?
</span></i></b><i>Puisque
sous nos yeux, en ce 20ème siècle des textes entiers de la
Bible sont en train de s'accomplir</i><i>
</i><i>! Le signe particulier, qui
depuis 1948 ne cesse de provoquer dans les nations, étonnement,
intérêt, colère ... ou prière c'est la résurrection du pays
d'Israël. Menace de toutes parts, en but à des problèmes graves,
ce petit pays reste et demeure par la volonté divine</i><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Paul
Ghennassia, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Messages
concernant Israël</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">).</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Ce
qui va dans le sens de </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Herzl</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
qui</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">considère
la question juive comme n’étant ni religieuse ni sociale, mais
bien nationale</span></i></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"
: l'instrumentalisation politique du judaïsme est </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">en
marche</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Car,
pour le sionisme</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
post-herzlien</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
il </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">est
évident</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
que </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ces
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">trois</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
événements majeurs de l'histoire du XX° siècle qu'ont été</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
successivement, l'affaire Dreyfus,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
le génocide perpétré par les nazis et la création de l'État
d'Israël par l'Assemblée </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Générale
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">des
Nations Unies<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote21sym" name="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
sont la </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">confirmation
empirique </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">cette
double composante mythique, à la fois victimaire et élitiste, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
l'identité narrative</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
de la communauté juive</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">-Juive</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Bref,
tandis que les chrétiens </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ont,
tant bien que mal, réussi</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
à maintenir une stricte d</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">istinction
entre pouvoir temporel et pouvoir spirituel </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(y
compris dans la monarchie absolue)</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
ou, les musulmans</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
à établir, plus récemment, une</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
différenciation </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">entre
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'islamisme
(politique) et l'islam (religieux)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote22sym" name="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
les juifs devraient voir dans </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">ce
20ème siècle</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote23sym" name="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
[où</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">]
des textes entiers de la Bible sont en train de s'accomplir</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">!</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
les </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">preuves
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
de l'accomplissement des textes sacrés un peu à la manière dont
les calvinistes dont parle Weber voyaient dans leur réussite ou leur
échec personnel la </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">preuve
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
leur prédestination divine<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote24sym" name="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a>.
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Mais
si Weber montre à travers cet exemple que l'on peut toujours tirer d'un mythe un certain nombre de conséquences pratiques rationnelles</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
on ne saurait conclure que c'est <i>nécessairement </i>le cas, notamment </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">lorsque cela</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
conduit une communauté à se doter de l'arme nucléaire pour se prémunir contre un péril biblique réputé déjà partiellement advenu</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Toujours est-il que, désormais, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">un
sioniste est un individu qui désire ou soutient la création d’un
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">É</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">tat
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">j</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">uif
en terre d’Israël </span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">[</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Eretz
Israel</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">]
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">à
cause de l’attachement historique du peuple </span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">J</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">uif
à cette terre</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
[...] et l’expression obligatoire qui en découle est </span></i></span><i><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">«la
loi du retour»</span></i></span></i><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Avraham
B. Yehoshua, </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Entretien
à Libération</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
30/05/2013)</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
C'est sans ambiguïté : le sioniste réclame un État</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
pour les Juifs, autrement dit pour ceux qui sont de confession juive, et exige que cet État<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote25sym" name="sdfootnote25anc"><sup>25</sup></a>
ait la terre "historique" d'Israël pour territoire comme destination de "retour" :</span></span></span> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"<i>v</i><i>ierge,
la Palestine attendait que son peuple originel vienne la faire
refleurir. Car elle lui appartenait, et non à cette minorité arabe,
dépourvue d’histoire, arrivée là par hasard </i>"(Shlomo
Sand, <i><span style="text-decoration: none;">loc.cit.</span></i><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">. Une
telle définition du sionis</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">t</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">e
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">fait</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
clairement </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">du
sionisme une </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">idéologie.
Que l'on prenne le terme "idéologie" </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">au
sens que Marx et Engels l</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ui</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
donnent dans </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>l'Idéologie
Allemande</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
: "</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">en
</span></i></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>toute
idéologie, les hommes et leurs conditions apparaissent
sens-dessus-dessous</i></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".
Ce qui est bien le cas ici, puisque </span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ce
n'est pas à cause de leur attachement "historique" à la
"terre d'Israël" que les juifs-Juifs y ont droit à un
État, mais au contraire parce que le "droit au retour</span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
est posé comme un axiome</span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'il
faut bien, pour retourner quelque part, un endroit d'où l'on a été
chassé</span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ou
qu'on le prenne dans le sens qu'Hannah Arendt lui donne dans </span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>le
Système Totalitaire</u></span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
: </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
idéologie est précisément ce que son nom indique : elle est la
logique d’une idée. L’émancipation de la pensée à l’égard
de l’expérience</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Ce qui est également le cas, puisque </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
"loi du retour" est visiblement inférée de la notion de
"terre d'Israël" (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eretz
Israel</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
et non de quelque fait historique que ce soit. </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">En
tout cas, l</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">a
machine </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">rhétorique</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">fonctionne
plutôt bien puisque l'assimilation du sionisme
(</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">idéologico-politique</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
et du judaïsme (religieux) est apparue</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
très tôt,</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
comme une évidence à bon nombre d'intellectuels. Martin Luther King
n'écrit-il pas, en août 1967 : </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">u
déclares, mon ami, que tu ne hais pas les Juifs, que tu es seulement
antisioniste. </span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">À</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
cela je dis, que la vérité sonne du sommet de la haute montagne,
que ses échos résonnent dans les vallées vertes de la terre de
Dieu : </span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">q</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">uand
des gens critiquent le sionisme, ils pensent Juifs. [...]
L'antisémitisme, la haine envers le peuple Juif, a été et reste
une tache sur l'âme de l'humanité. Nous sommes pleinement d'accord
sur ce point. Alors sache aussi cela : antisioniste signifie de
manière inhérente antisémite, et il en sera toujours ainsi</span></i></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Lettre
à un Ami Antisioniste</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
?</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Nous voici donc parvenus au point Godwin<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote26sym" name="sdfootnote26anc"><sup>26</sup></a>
de toute attitude méfiante, soupçonneuse ou critique </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">à
l'égard de </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
nature du sionisme</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">:
puisque sionisme = judaïsme, si tu n'approuves pas le sionisme, tu
es l'ennemi du judaïsme, et, comme </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">le
judaïsme est</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
réputé, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">nous
l'avons vu</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
une propriété exclusive du peuple Juif</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
(juif = Juif)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
tu es </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">donc
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">aussi
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'ennemi
du peuple </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Juif,
bref, </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">tu
es antisémite</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
! CQFD.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">En
d'autres termes</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ceux
qui osent élever des objections à l'égard de la politique
israélienne sont des racistes. Encore une fois, les sionistes n'ont
pas inventé ce genre de </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">prestidigitation
rhétorique </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">consistant,
au fond, à instrumentaliser médiatiquement une religion à des fins
idéologiques (notamment racialistes) et/ou politiques (notamment
expansionnistes) </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">:
les mêmes amalgames sont </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">manifestement
aussi </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">présents
dans l'islamisme radical (islam = théocratie), dans l'anti-islamisme
de comptoir (musulman = Arabe</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
= terroriste</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
et dans le fondamentalisme chrétien (croisades, guerres de religions, etc.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">).</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Cependant, il est frappant de constater à quel point le sionisme
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">fait</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
tout de même</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">u
point</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
de vue </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
l'amalgame </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">médiatique</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
entre religion, idéologie et politique</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">figure
d'</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">exception.
Exception déjà l</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">a
notion d</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">'antisémistisme
que </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
signification de l'acronyme "L.I.C.R.A." </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Ligue
Internationale contre le Racisme </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'Antisémitisme</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
distingue</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
à l'évidence,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
du racisme "ordinaire" par la conjonction <i>et</i>. Exception</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">d'autant
plus surprenante que ce racisme "spécial" que
constitue</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">rait</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
selon la </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">L.I.C.R.A.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
l'antisémitisme ne concerne </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">plus,
aujourd'hui, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">que
les Juifs ... et non pas les Arabes</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
par exemple, alors que l'origine linguistique de l'adjectif "sémite"
(cf. note 1</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">7</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
devrait, en toute bonne logique, inclure </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">aussi
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ces
derniers. En ce sens, s'il ne fait pas de doute que les Juifs ont été et sont encore souvent en butte à l'insondable bêtise antisémite, il saute aux yeux aussi que les Arabes l'ont été et le sont tout autant, notamment de la part des Juifs eux-mêmes d'ailleurs. Mais, en restreignant le sens du terme "antisémitisme" au seul racisme anti-Juif, les <i>lobbies </i>sionistes (au premier rang desquels la L.I.C.R.A. et le C.R.I.F. en France) entendent, à l'évidence, établir une différence de nature entre les persécutions dont a été et est encore victime le "peuple" Juif et celles qui ont touché ou touchent les autres communautés. Exception aussi et par conséquent </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">cette </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">posture
victimaire systématique</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">dont, seuls,
bénéficient </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">a
priori</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">les juifs-Juifs-Israéliens</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">. Ce n'est, en effet, le cas pour aucune autre communauté humaine</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
historiquement persécutée</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
ni pour les Palestiniens</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">auxquels
les sionistes ont tout de</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> même </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">infligé
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">une</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">nakba</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote27sym" name="sdfootnote27anc"><sup>27</sup></a>,
ni même pour les autres peuples tels que les Arméniens ou les
Tutsis qui, tout comme les Juifs, ont eu à subir un génocide<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote28sym" name="sdfootnote28anc"><sup>28</sup></a>.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Exception
d'autant plus hallucinante que, depuis la guerre de 1948 jusqu'aujourd'hui</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">, la plupart des conflits armés dans lesquels est impliqué
l'état d'Israël sont des guerres d'agression médiatiquement
présentées comme des guerres préventives<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote29sym" name="sdfootnote29anc"><sup>29</sup></a>.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Exception
encore l'appropriation </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
le détournement </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
la notion de </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">juste</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
qui</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
dans son acception</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">judaïque</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote30sym" name="sdfootnote30anc"><sup>30</sup></a></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
désign</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">e</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
les gentils (ceux qui sont non-juifs) qui craignent et prient le Dieu de la Torah et qui, par
un tour de passe-passe </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">idéologico-polit</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote31sym" name="sdfootnote31anc"><sup>31</sup></a>,
devient une distinction honorifique destinée à récompenser, après
passage devant une commission juridictionnelle israélienne, ceux et
celles qui, au péril de leur vie, ont tenté de sou</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">s</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">traire
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">des griffes des nazis des êtres humains voués à l'extermination. Non pas, bien entendu, que de tel</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">les
manifestations d'héroïsme ne méritent pas hommage et récompense,
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">mais
il est probable que c'est parce que ces personnes possédaient une
certaine idée de la justice (qui, d'ailleurs, ne correspond pas
nécessairement au sens restreint que le judaïsme donne à ce ce terme) qu'ils ont
contribué à sauver leurs frères en humanité et non pas parce qu'ils
les ont sauvés qu'ils sont "justes"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Exception enfin</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
et sans doute la plus remarquable de toutes, que celle qui fait du
sionisme </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">comme</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
idéologie politique </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">dénaturant</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
la religion juive,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">un
sujet de réprobation de la part d</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">e certaines
autorités cléricales </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
cette </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">même
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">religion</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Voici, à titre d'exemple<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote32sym" name="sdfootnote32anc"><sup>32</sup></a>,
ce qu'écrit le rabbin Joseph Agassi : </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">cette
idéologie considère l'antisémitisme comme inéluctable et Israël
comme le seul endroit au monde où les juifs puissent se trouver en
sécurité. [...] La plupart des dirigeants de la diaspora n'ont pas
de meilleur programme que de défendre Israël en se fondant sur le
principe vicié suivant : « mon pays, qu'il ait raison ou tort »</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">[...].
Étant donné que les sionistes, tant juifs que chrétiens, nient
toute légitimité à l'antisionisme, ce débat demeure étouffé de
nos jours. L'importance de se familiariser avec l'antisionisme fondé
sur la Torah n'est que trop évidente ; l'ignorer ne fait que
renforcer le culte de la vache sacrée du sionisme moderne. [...]
Quand on parle d'État juif pour désigner Israël, par exemple, cela
donne lieu à une confusion aussi réelle que dangereuse entre la foi
et la nationalité</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>au
Nom de la Torah, une Histoire de l'Opposition Juive au Sionisme</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
préf.)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Ce qui, </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">grosso
modo</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
résume nos propres arguments. Mais, comme le dit le rabbin Agassi, "</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">étant
donné que les sionistes, tant juifs que chrétiens, nient toute
légitimité à l'antisionisme, ce débat demeure étouffé de nos
jours</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">".
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Ce
sont les raisons de cet obscurantisme universel </span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;">dans
les </span><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>media</i></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;">
occidentaux </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">à
l'égard de la figure du juif-Juif, autrefois paradigme de la
fourberie et de la p</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span>erversité</span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote33sym" name="sdfootnote33anc" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><sup>33</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span> et aujourd'hui paré de toutes les vertus</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span>,</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span>
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span>que
nous allons tenter d'approcher à présent.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> Dans
mon article intitulé </span></span><a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2012/09/actualite-de-la-phylakocyonie-les.html">Actualité
de la Phylakocyônie (les Chiens de Garde aboient ...)</a><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
je tentais de souligner à quel point nos institutions médiatiques
se comportent, le plus souvent, comme les chiens de garde d'un espace
socio-économique mondialisé et caractérisé par la sanctification
d'un capitalisme présenté comme l'horizon indépassable de
l'essence de l'humanité. Et je citais Paul Nizan qui, le premier, a
utilisé l'expression "chiens de garde" en ce sens : </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>"étant
les productions de la démocratie bourgeoise, [les chiens de garde]
édifient avec reconnaissance tous les mythes qu'elle demande</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Nizan,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>les
Chiens de Garde</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
iv). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">L'exemple
le plus récent de cette évidente collusion est le traitement
médiatique </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">auquel
a donné lieu</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> l'opération belliqueuse euphémiquement dénommée "Bordure Protectrice"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> (guerre
"préventive" oblige) que l'État d'Israël a menée </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du
8 juillet au 26 août 2014 dans la bande de Gaza</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
En effet, tandis que le bilan numérique "humain" de ladite
opération se monte,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du
côté gazaoui</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
à</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
2147 morts (dont 81% de civils)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
et </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">72
morts (dont 6 civils) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du
côté israélien,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> tandis que l'opération lancée par l'armée israélienne dans la bande Gaza en représailles des attentats meurtriers (2000 victimes israéliennes) perpétrés et revendiqués par le Hamas le 7 octobre 2023 a déjà fait, deux mois après son déclenchement, près de 16000 victimes, presque toutes civiles, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tous
les grands </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">occidentaux
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">se
sont livrés à un</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">relation</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
à sens unique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote34sym" name="sdfootnote34anc"><sup>34</sup></a>
dont la partialité ferait hurler de rire si l'affaire n'était pas
si grave, traitement qui consiste à s'apitoyer longuement sur le
sort des uns, invariablement considérés comme les victimes en
passant sous silence la détresse des autres, forcément les
bourreaux, oubliant au passage que lorsque les "victimes"
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">riches
et </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">surarmées
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">font
plus de victimes que les "bourreaux" réduits à user d'armes artisanales (des roquettes, des cocktails molotov, voire des pierres, comme dans la Première Intifada de 1987), il y a, pour dire le
moins, un problème de logique du langage.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Mais
i</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l
se pourrait bien que la complaisance caricaturale avec laquelle
lesdits </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">promeuvent,
entretiennent et perpétuent</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
d'une manière générale,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
le mythe sioniste</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
de la victimité vertueuse ne</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
soit, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
fin de compte, que </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
conséquence nécessaire d'une communauté d'intérêts économiques
entre ce</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">lui</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">-ci
et ceux-là.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Le
sionisme, avons-nous dit, n'est qu'une récupération à des fins
idéologiques et politiques des grands mythes fondateurs de la
religion juive, notamment celui de la persécution d'une communauté
élue. Or, dans l'environnement capitaliste mondialisé qui
caractérise la deuxième moitié du XX° siècle, un signe manifeste
d'"élection" consiste dans la "réussite économique"
au sens du capitalisme, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">cela
va de soi, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">c'est-à-dire
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">au
sens d'une propension</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
à "créer de la richesse", autrement dit à maximiser les
profits des entrepreneurs</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
privés</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Si,
c</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">omme
par hasard, quelques milliardaires américains, et non des moindres
(Bille Gates, Warren Buffet</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">t</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
Donald Trump) se sont extasiés </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">devant</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
la "réussite économique" israélienne<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote35sym" name="sdfootnote35anc"><sup>35</sup></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
c'est que l'expansio</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">nisme
politique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote36sym" name="sdfootnote36anc"><sup>36</sup></a>
et militaire<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote37sym" name="sdfootnote37anc"><sup>37</sup></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
l'État (des) juif(s)-Juif(s) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ne
sont que la vitrine </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">impérialisme
sioniste qui</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
comme tout impérialisme moderne,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
est </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">avant
tout </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un
impérialisme économique. En effet, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>si
l'on devait définir l'impérialisme aussi brièvement que possible,
il faudrait dire qu'il est le stade monopoliste du capitalisme. Cette
définition embrasserait l'essentiel, car, d'une part, le capital
financier est le résultat de la fusion du capital de quelques
grandes banques monopolistes avec le capital de groupements
monopolistes d'industriels ; et, d'autre part, le partage du monde
est la transition de la politique coloniale, s'étendant sans
obstacle aux régions que ne s'est encore appropriée aucune
puissance capitaliste, à la politique coloniale de la possession
monopolisée de territoires d'un globe entièrement partagé</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Lénine,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>l'Impérialisme,
Stade Suprême du Capitalisme</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Bien entendu, une telle définition de l'impérialisme comme tendance
irrésistible du capitalisme financier à conquérir, dans un premier
temps de nouveaux marchés, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">pour,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
dans un second temps</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
s'octroyer le monopole d'exploitation d'une part </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">toujours
croissante </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du
marché existant, cette définition, donc, vaut pour toutes les
firmes capitalistes en général. Mais on doit reconnaître que</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
de ce point de vue, en concentrant leurs efforts à la fois dans
l'espace (les territoires occupés pour l'expérimentation </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
la démonstration de l'efficacité </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
leurs</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
produits</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>high-tech</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
les États-Unis </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
l'Europe </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">pour
l'exportation des mêmes produits), dans le temps (ces vingt
dernières années) et sur des secteurs bien identifiés (armement,
informatique, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">télé</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">communication)
certaines entreprises israéliennes sont tout à fait exemplaires. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ce
n'est </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">certainement
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">pas
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
hasard si, comme le soulignent Senor et Singer dans un livre paru en
2009 et intitulé (en traduction française) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Israël,
la Nation Start-up</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
Israël est au second rang mondial par le nombre de ses firmes cotées
au Nasdaq<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote38sym" name="sdfootnote38anc"><sup>38</sup></a>,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">juste
derrière les États-Unis</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
et au premier pour le nombre de ses </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>start-up</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
rapporté au nombre de sa population.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Ce n'est pas un hasard non plus si "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
bourse de Tel Aviv était plus élevée le dernier jour de la guerre
du Liban que le premier, comme cela avait été le cas après
l’opération militaire à Gaza en 2009</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>op.
cit.</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Explication avancée par les auteurs de l'ouvrage </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">pour</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
un tel "dynamisme" économique : "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’adversité
comme la nécessité de survivre sont mère de l’inventivité. Mais
cela ne peut suffire à expliquer le mystère israélien. Il existe
quelque chose de spécifiquement « Juif » là dedans.
[Mais] </i></span></span></span><i><i>Israël
est en fait l’opposé d’un pays juif unidimensionnel</i></i><i><i>
</i></i><i><i>…
C’est un melting-pot monothéiste issu d’une diaspora qui a
apporté avec elle des cultures, des langues et des coutumes des
quatre coins du monde</i></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>op.
cit.</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Nous retrouvons là deux thèmes bien connus et qui sont chers au
sionisme militant : d'une part </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"adversité"
et </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"nécessité
de survivre" pour une population par nature </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
butte à </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'hostilité
généralisée, d'autre part </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"inventivité"
et </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ce
petit </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">quelque
chose de spécifiquement « Juif »</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">",
bref, le génie d'une population d'élite. Voilà comment on fabrique du "racisme positif", si j'ose dire, c'est-à-dire du racisme valorisant pour la communauté humaine qui en est l'objet. Comme le dit Abraham Léon en 1942 (avant d'être déporté à Auschwitz et d'y mourir) :</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"<i>c</i><i>'est
le développement effréné des forces productives se heurtant aux
limites étroites de la consommation qui constitue la force motrice
véritable de l'impérialisme, le stade suprême du capitalisme. Mais
c'est la Race qui semble être sa force apparente la plus
caractéristique. La racisme, c'est donc d'abord le déguisement
idéologique de l'impérialisme moderne. La « race luttant pour son
espace vital » n'est rien d'autre que le reflet de la nécessité
permanente d'expansion qui caractérise le capitalisme financier ou
le capitalisme des monopoles</i>"(Léon, <u>la Conception
Matérialiste de la Question Juive</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">, vii). Après tout, le racisme anti-juif des nazis, tout comme le racisme anti-arabe des sionistes peut être lu comme le corrélat du "racisme positif" dont a été, jadis, revêtu le "peuple" Aryen et, aujourd'hui, le "peuple" Juif, l'un et l'autre étant réputés lutter pour leur <i>Lebensraum</i>. Pour autant, nous assurent Senor et Singer</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, cet
élitisme dans l'adversité reste très convivial puisque
compatible </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">avec
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>des
cultures, des langues et des coutumes des quatre coins du monde</i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Paradoxe ? Pas du tout. C'est que, contrairement au racisme nazi, qui était uniquement agressif, le racisme sioniste peut compter sur l'amalgame apaisant entre le mythe du "cosmopolitisme" Juif et <i></i>celui du "village mondial" cher à Marshall Mc Luhan (le "village mondial" n'étant d'ailleurs que la traduction de la <i>cosmopolis </i>grecque). Finalement, il n'y a rien d'étonnant à ce que </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'idéologie
sioniste</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
bénéficie d'une telle cote de popularité médiatique puisque, d'une part elle exprime l</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">expansion</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">isme
militaro-industriel agressif dont les aspects financiers ne sont rien moins que nécessaires à la survie du capitalisme</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, mais, d'autre part, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">elle donne une image positive, à travers la multiculturalité de sa <i>diaspora</i>, de la notion toujours un peu floue de mondialisation. La
révérence des </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">occidentaux
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
l'égard du sionisme se comprend alors parfaitement : le sionisme, au
fond, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">apparaît comme de nature à réhabiliter ce capitalisme, certes un peu brutal dans ses aspects financiers, mais tellement consensuel du point de vue culturel, ce capitalisme qui, précisément, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">les </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">fait
vivre</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
eux, les </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Or nul </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n'est
tenu de scier la branche sur laquelle il est assis. Cela vaut bien
quelque complaisance au sujet </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">s
exactions sionistes </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui
sont immanquablement requalifiées en </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">simples bavures collatérales</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
commandées par la nécessité de se défendre contre le terrorisme.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Entendons-nous
bien : il n'y </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">a,
de la part des </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ni admiration</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
béate</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ni </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">complot</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
mais simple convergence </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">objective
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d'intérêts</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
économiques</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
On ne peut pas dire que les </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">admirent
(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">au
sens d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">'Adam</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Smith</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
le sionisme</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
: "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>notre
déférence à l’égard de ceux qui nous sont supérieurs naît
plus souvent de l’admiration pour les avantages de leur situation
que d’une secrète espérance d’un bienfait provenant de leur bon
vouloir, lequel ne peut concerner qu’un petit nombre, tandis que
leur fortune intéresse presque tout le monde</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Smith,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Théorie
des Sentiments Moraux</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
I, iii, 3). Car, pour Smith, ce sont les pauvres qui admirent les
riches. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Et
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
notre cas d'espèce, ce sont </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">es
riches (les grandes entreprises de communication cotées au Nasdaq)
qui encensent </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">es
riches (d'autres firmes cotées au Nasdaq). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">On
reste donc entre soi. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">P</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">our
autant</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
il n'y a pas </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">non
plus de complot. Il n'y a pas </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d'accord
rationnel qui serait conclu entre les </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
je ne sais quel pouvoir sioniste occulte, mais plutôt ce que
Bourdieu appelle un </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>habitus</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
: "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">habitus</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
nécessité faite vertu, produit des stratégies qui, bien qu’elles
ne soient pas le produit d’une visée consciente de fins
explicitement posées sur la base d’une connaissance adéquate des
conditions objectives, ni d’une détermination mécanique par des
causes, se trouvent être objectivement ajustées à la situation.
L’action que guide le</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>"sens
du jeu"</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>a
toutes les apparences de l’action rationnelle que dessinerait un
observateur impartial [...], et pourtant, elle n’a pas la raison
pour principe</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Choses
Dites</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Rien d'étonnant, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">derechef</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
à ce qu'il existe un </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>habitus
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">professionnel
spontané des </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">occidentaux
à être en empathie avec ces entités économiques qui</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
tout en étant l'expression économique</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
du sionisme, occupent la même position qu'eux sur le marché des
produits et services à très forte valeur ajoutée et qui, pour
cette raison, se serrent mutuellement les coudes pour en </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">perpétuer</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">es
règles du jeu</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
qui leur réussit plutôt bien</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Voilà pourquoi les </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ont
irrésistiblement tendance à promouvoir </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">implicitement
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'impérialisme
sioniste.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Là,
en revanche, où on pourrait</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
admettre </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
les </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">occidentaux
manifestent, effectivement, une admiration </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sans
borne</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
à l'égard du sionisme, c'est en </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">considération</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
du caractère cynique de celui-ci. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Expliquons-nous.
Peter Sloterdijk définit le cynisme<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote39sym" name="sdfootnote39anc"><sup>39</sup></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
de la manière suivante : "</span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mass-media</span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR">
modernes veillent à un nouveau conditionnement artificiel des
consciences dans l’espace social. [...] Des informations inondent
la conscience « téléifiée » avec du matériel du monde
sous forme de particules d’information ; en même temps, les
</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mass-media</span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR">
dissolvent le monde en paysages fluorescents de nouvelles qui
apparaissent sur le petit écran de la conscience du moi. Les </span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">media</span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR">
possèdent en effet la force de réorganiser ontologiquement la
réalité comme réalité dans notre tête</span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Sloterdijk,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Critique
de la Raison Cynique</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
En "téléifiant", notamment, les massacres perpétrés par
la soldatesque sioniste, c'est-à-dire en concevant à leur
sujet des sortes de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>video
clips</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
dans lesquels les images se succèdent de manière haletante et
fantastique</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
les </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">occidentaux
remplissent une fonction essentielle pour la survie du capitalisme :
le spectacle. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">L</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">es
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
en effet, savent bien qu'ils s'adressent à des consommateurs
d'images abreuvés, dès leur plus jeune âge, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un
flux permanent </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d'images.
Ce que sachant, il s'agit, pour chaque </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>network</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
de se livrer à une concurrence effrénée au sensationnel afin de ne
par perdre (et même, si possible, de gagner) de ces précieuses
parts du marché publicitaire dont la manne financière est
irrévocablement proportionnelle au résultat des mesures d'audience.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Or, ce que souhaite le téléspectateur ou le lecteur moyen abruti
par son addiction</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
au divertissement hallucinogène</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ce
qui conditionne donc sa fidélité à un canal médiatique donné,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">c'est
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'il
y ait </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
spectacle, de l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>entertainement</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Pas forcément </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>gore</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
d'ailleurs, pas forcément </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>trash</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
En tout cas, pas au moment du repas, pas au moment où les gosses
regardent ! Mais du spectacle </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui,
comme </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">on
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dit,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"vous
scotche", </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">vous
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">vide
la tête", "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">vous
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">fait
monter l'adrénaline" et autres expressions tirées du champ
lexical de la médecine psychotrope</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Or,
rien n'est plus spectaculaire, en ce sens, que l'information sur
l'"actualité", cette fameuse "réalité" dont
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">les
commentaires journalistiques se plaisent </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
souligner à quel point elle "dépasse la fiction", ne
fût-ce qu'en raison de son caractère imprévisible</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
(d'où le succès du "direct")</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ce
qui ne veut pas dire</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
d'ailleurs,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
que</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
l'efficacité </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>cynique</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
de l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>infotainment</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
(l'info-spectacle)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">réside
dans </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">son
contenu</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
(massacres de Gaza et match du PSG sont, de ce point de vue, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tout
à fait </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">interchangeables)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
mais </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">plutôt
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
sa forme spectaculaire même. Car "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le
spectacle n’est pas un ensemble d’images, mais un rapport social
entre des person</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>nes
[</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>dans
lequel] </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>toute
activité est nié</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>e</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Debord,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>la
Société du Spectacle</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§27). Ou, comme le fait dire Ray Bradbury à son héros Montag,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">bourrez
les gens de données incombustibles, gorgez-les de</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"faits",
qu'ils se sentent gavés, mais absolument</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"brillant</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">côté
information. Ils auront alors l'impression de penser, ils auront le
sentiment du mouvement tout en faisant du sur-place</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bradbury,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Farenheit
451</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Bref, l'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">information</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
au sens </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">spectaculaire
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
lui donnent</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nos </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
isole, rend passif et interdit de penser. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Et,
précisément, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">avec</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
flux d'images vendues </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">systématiquement
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
service d'information et de communication de l'armée israélienne, on est dans du
sérieux, du solide. L'impact sur le spectateur est garanti, pour peu
qu'il soit accompagné d'un commentaire lénifiant </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rab</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chant</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
avec quelques éléments de langage</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
appropriés</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">non
pas </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">directement
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
fondamentaux idéologiques du sionisme</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(élitisme</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
victimité</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du Juif</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
identification du juif et du Juif, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">identification
de l'État (des) juif(s)-Juif(s) à la Terre d'Israël), </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais
plutôt </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leurs
conséquences cyniques </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
l'État d'Israël ne fait que se défendre contre le terrorisme, et
elle fait avec un </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">maestria
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
force le respect</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Et
c'est là, sans doute que l'on peut parler d'admiration médiatique
pour la perfection formelle de ces images que les </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">complices
n'eussent probablement pas pu concevoir par eux-mêmes</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et que les services de communication de l'armée israélienne leur vendent "clés
en main"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote40sym" name="sdfootnote40anc"><sup>40</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
De la sorte, l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'ordre
géopolitique ou économique (c'est la même chose) règne, et pour
longtemps</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Car</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ce qu'il y a derrière ces images bien léchées, c'est que</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
les </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">bons
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">soldats
israéliens ne se contentent pas de défendre </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">leur
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">territoire
perfidement attaqué par les </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">méchants
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">terroristes
palestiniens, mais ils défendent aussi </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nos
valeurs </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">occidental</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
menacé</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par l'islamisme. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
même que l'opinion </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">doit
confondre</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Israélien, Juif et juif, elle </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">doit
confondre </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aussi
Palestinien, Arabe</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
musulman</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et islamiste. Voilà, en l'occurrence, en quoi consiste le
"conditionnement" médiatique, c'est-à-dire le cynisme dont
parle Sloterdijk et qu'on pourrait, avec une bonne dose d'humour noir, requalifier en <i>cyonisme </i>!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déjà,
à une époque où l'on ne parlait pas de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
simplement,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de rhétorique sur l'Agora, Platon soulignait que "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
rhétorique exige une âme perspicace et naturellement habile dans
les relations humaines</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[La
flatterie] a pris le masque de l'art sous lequel elle se trouvait,
[elle] n'a aucun souci du meilleur état de son objet, et c'est en
agitant constamment l'appât du plaisir qu'elle prend au piège la
bêtise, qu'elle l'égare</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Platon,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gorgias</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
463b-464d). Plus que jamais</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en effet,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
genre d'"information" </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
nous avons évoqué </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
clairement pour fonction rhétorique</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de "piège</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la bêtise", d'"égarer", </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
dissimuler ce qui, étant problématique, risquerait de donner à
penser. À penser aux enjeux humains de la guerre<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote41sym" name="sdfootnote41anc"><sup>41</sup></a>,
par exemple. Par "enjeux humains", je n'entends pas </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
seul décompte </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
morts et de</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
blessés, à quoi </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
réduisent la plupart du temps</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
les bilans "humains" des conflits armés</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mais </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">plutôt
ce qui</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fait que, à l'issue d'un acte de guerre, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ceux
qui ont survécu à c</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
opérations, en général, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vivent
plus mal qu'avant</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or,
depuis les premières destructions sionistes des années 1920 en
Palestine jusqu'aux derniers </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">last
but not least </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">!)
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">massacres
à Gaza, l'état de guerre permanente qu'un occupant surarmé a
imposé à des populations </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">traditionnellement</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
rurales ne peut pas ne pas avoir profondément et durablement (ça
fait presque un siècle que ça dure !) déterminé une impossibilité
de vivre, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">je
veux dire de vivre une vie authentiquement humaine et non seulement
de survivre au sens animal du terme</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
On admet généralement, depuis Aristote</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote42sym" name="sdfootnote42anc"><sup>42</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
qu'une vie humaine digne de ce nom consiste à vivre, sinon heureux,
sinon bien, du moins le mieux possible</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
En d'autres termes, une vie authentiquement humaine doit, par
définition, être grosse d'un avenir meilleur</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que le présent</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
C'est ce que, s'adressant à l'occupant sioniste, le grand poète
palestinien Mahmoud Darwich </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pro</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">clame,
tout à la fois avec rage et modestie, lorsqu'il dit : </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ous
avons à faire dans notre terre.</span></i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nous
avons à cultiver le blé,</span></i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">à</span></i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l’abreuver de la rosée de nos corps.</span></i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nous
avons ce qui ne vous agrée pas ici</span></i></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ierres
et perdrix.</span></i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alors,
portez le passé, si vous le voulez,</span></i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">u
marché des antiquités</span></i></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[...]. </span></i></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nous
avons ce qui ne vous agrée pas</span></i></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nous
avons l’avenir</span></i></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Et
nous avons à faire dans notre pays</span></i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Darwich,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Palestine</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mon Pays</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
quel avenir a-t-il, ce paysan </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
la guerre a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">privé
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
œil, ou </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une
jambe, ou d'un bras, ou d'une main ? Déjà, dans les tranchées de
1914-1918, Gabriel Chevallier soulignait à quel point le soldat
mutilé voit se rétrécir pour lui l'éventail des possibles : </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
a les deux mains emportées, ses deux mains de cultivateur ou
d'ouvrier, ses machines, son gagne-pain [...]. Elles lui manquent
déjà pour souffrir, pour satisfaire ce besoin si naturel, si
habituel qui consiste à les porter à l'endroit douloureux qu'elles
serrent, afin de calmer. Elles lui manquent pour se tordre, se
crisper et supplier. Celui-là ne pourra plus jamais </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">toucher</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Je réfléchis que c'est peut-être le plus précieux des
sens</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Chevallier,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Peur</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">v</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
De même, Jean Giono : </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
pleurant, il [Jérôme, le papé] regarde sa grosse main droite toute
déformée [...]. - Alors, comme ça, </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[dit
Julia] on a coupé le bras de Joseph. Le droit. C'est fait, ça n'est
plus une chose à faire, c'est écrit dessus la lettre que c'est fait
... Le bras ! La main et tout ! On lui a coupé le bras ! C'est
possible, ça ? Comment on a fait ça ? Pourquoi ? Il a souffert !
.... Oh, Joseph ! Mon pauvre ! ... Et alors maintenant, de ce côté,
tu n'as plus rien ? Plus de bras ? [...] Ce bras qu'on a coupé ! Mon
bras, celui qui venait là autour de moi, si chaud, si dur, si bien
solide dans la valse et tout ! Cette main qui était sur moi ! [...]
C'est avec cette main qu'il m'a touchée la première fois. Elle a
touché tout le rond de ma joue. Elle est venue sur ma bouche et sur
mes yeux. C'est avec cette main qu'il m'a connue, après ... Joseph !
Mon pauvre ! Alors, maintenant, tu vas t'en aller tout de moitié
dans la vie? Alors maintenant, tu ne me toucheras plus de cette main,
dis ?</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Giono,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Grand Troupeau</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">60-164</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote43sym" name="sdfootnote43anc"><sup>43</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Certes,
ceci </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vaut
pour</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
toutes les victimes de toutes les guerres</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sans exception</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Sauf que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
cynisme, cette "</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;">force
de réorganiser ontologiquement la réalité comme réalité dans
notre tête</span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dont parle Sloterdijk, atteint sans doute des sommets </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vertigineux
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lorsque
le site officiel</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://tsahal.fr/">Armée
de Défense </a><a href="http://tsahal.fr/">d'Israël</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
n'hésite pas à parler, à propos des interventions armées
"défensives" des soldats israéliens, de "code
éthique de conduite", d'"esprit de Tsahal", de
"pureté des armes" (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sic
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">!),
en ces termes : " </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pureté
des armes — les hommes et femmes de Tsahal n'utiliseront leurs
armes et leur force que dans l'objectif et dans le cadre strict de
leur mission et conserveront leur humanité même durant les combats.
Les soldats de Tsahal n'utiliseront pas leurs armes et leur force
pour faire du mal à des êtres humains qui ne sont ni combattants ni
prisonniers de guerre et ils feront tout ce qui est en leur pouvoir
pour éviter de causer des dommages à leurs vies, leurs corps, leur
dignité et leur propriété</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">loc.
cit.</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote44sym" name="sdfootnote44anc"><sup>44</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
C'est sans doute la première fois, dans l'histoire de l'humanité,
qu'une force armée enrobe ses exactions d'une telle dose de
"moraline", comme disait Nietzsche</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">assurément,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ni
les Huns, ni les Croisés, ni la </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">W</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ehr</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">macht</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
n'y eussent pensé !</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cynisme
des </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">occidentaux
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vis
à vis du sionisme à l'œuvre, cynisme du sionisme à l'œuvre vis à
vis des </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">occidentaux</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Là encore</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
pas de hasard : le capitalisme a besoin de ce déni permanent</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de réalité</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
D'un côté l'image </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">idéalisée
d'une guerre "défensive, juste et propre" gorgée de cette</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
idéologie sentimentale des "droits de l'homme" dont la
démocratie bourgeoise est si friande, de</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'autre, la réalité de la colonisation, de l'humiliation, de la
mutilation, de la destruction : </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"Nous
vous annonçons la bonne nouvelle de la civilisation" a dit
l'Étranger, et il a dit "Je suis le seigneur du temps, venu
recevoir la terre de vos mains" [...]. Ô, maître des Blancs,
où emportes-tu mon peuple et le tien ? Vers quel gouffre ce robot
hérissé d'avions et de porte-avions entraîne-t-il la terre ? Vers
quel gouffre béant montez-vous ? Et tout ce que vous désirez vous
échoit. La nouvelle Rome, la Sparte de la technologie et l'idéologie
de la folie</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Darwich,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
Dernier Soir sur cette Terre</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Car, la vérité dernière du capitalisme, c'est que
"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’enrichissement
capitaliste a pour condition l’appauvrissement du travailleur ; il
y a une corrélation fatale entre l’accumulation du capital et
l’accumulation de la misère</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Marx,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Capital</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, xiv)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote45sym" name="sdfootnote45anc"><sup>45</sup></a>.
En clair, la prospérité économique de l'État d'Israël,
c'est-à-dire, en fait, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celle
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
riches milieux d'affaires israéliens, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui,
comme nous l'avons vu, fait partie de l'élite du capitalisme
mondialisé, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dépend,
entre autres facteurs</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(l'autre étant l'existence de débouchés en Europe et en Amérique)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
de la misère économique de ses voisins, ne fût-ce qu'en raison de
la faiblesse des coûts de main d'œuvre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
clandestine et frontalière qu'induit cette situation<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote46sym" name="sdfootnote46anc"><sup>46</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Voilà
pourquoi il ne fait guère de doute que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">occidentaux
soient admiratifs devant le cynisme </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Weltanschauung
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sioniste</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mais
i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l
y a probablement une troisième raison à </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'indulgence</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sy</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tématique
de nos </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
l'égard de la réalité profonde du sionisme. C'est que le sionisme
est</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
modèle le plus achevé de la société capitaliste </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(dont
les </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont
les plus fidèles chiens de garde) </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
autre point de vue encore : </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
ce que celle-ci comme celui-là sont </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">irrémédiablement
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">condamnés
à la </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fuite
en avant</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
C'est tragique. Au sens littéra</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du terme : leur </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">destin
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
leur laisse pas le choix, il leur faut </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fu</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ir
ou périr. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Marx
et Engels </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">avaient
déjà</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
établi que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
soi-disant </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">amour
du progrès qui anime </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
bourgeoisie n'est rien d'autre que la nécessité</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
pour </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">subsister
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
tant que classe dominante</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de trouver toujours de nouveaux débouchés commerciaux </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">afin
de</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
rentabiliser son capital<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote47sym" name="sdfootnote47anc"><sup>47</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Marcuse a montré que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
mouvement de modernisation </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
valeur cardinale de la société capitaliste n'était rien d'autre
qu'un processus sans fin d'augmentation, non seulement de la
productivité du travail, mais aussi de la propension à consommer<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote48sym" name="sdfootnote48anc"><sup>48</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Processus
infini dont Hannah Arendt a d'ailleurs expliqué en quoi le
totalitarisme constitue</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
fine</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la seule issue possible<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote49sym" name="sdfootnote49anc"><sup>49</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cette
fuite en avant, et toute la phraséologie de valorisation du
mouvement et de la nouveauté qui va avec, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
se retrouve, notamment, dans l'obsession de l'économie politique à
voir maximiser des "taux de croissance", est la conséquence
nécessaire de la règle fondamentale du capitalisme : toujours
plus<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote50sym" name="sdfootnote50anc"><sup>50</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ce
qui suppose qu'il faut bien se résoudre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à exercer, contre </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
nature</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
général </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
nature humaine en particulier, une violence </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sans
fin</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
effet</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
comme le dit Aristote, "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
êtres naturels sont ceux qui ont en eux-mêmes un principe de
mouvement ou de re</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pos
[...] ; la </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">violence
permet de mettre en mouvement ce qui ne possède pas en soi-même le
principe de son propre mouvement</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Physique</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, 192b)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote51sym" name="sdfootnote51anc"><sup>51</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Certes,
de ce point de vue, toute culture est une anti-nature, donc une
violence, mais "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
culture cherche toujours à reproduire l'état d'esprit le plus
favorable à la perpétuation de l'ordre</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
différencié</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Girard,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Violence et le Sacré</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
xi). Sauf que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
hommes sont maintenant parvenus si loin dans la domination des forces
de la nature qu'avec l'aide de ces dernières il leur est facile de
s'exterminer les uns les autres jusqu'au dernier</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Freud,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Malaise
dans la Culture</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
viii). </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or,
si on appelle "capitalisme" la forme optimale qu'a, jusqu'à
présent, revêtu la domination des forces de la nature</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
doit reconnaître alors que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
sionisme </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
à la pointe du capitalisme : agressivité économique des
entreprises israéliennes, agressivité idéologique </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">israéliens</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agressivité
colonisatrice du gouvernement israélien dans les territoires
occupés<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote52sym" name="sdfootnote52anc"><sup>52</sup></a>,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agressivité
diplomatique des </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">lobbies
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">israéliens
sur les négociations de "paix", et, bien entendu,
agressivité militaire de l'armée israélienne équipée des
meilleurs drones et chars de combat du monde. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
d'autres termes, et c'est par cela que je voudrais terminer, le
sionisme me semble essentiellement se caractériser par une violence
cumulative et infinie, violence qui, étant intégrée, en quelque
sorte, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">paysage
capitaliste </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ambiant</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
n'est jamais problématisée par les </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'ailleurs</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
si l'idéologie sioniste s'évertue à contester rhétoriquement les
imputations d'impérialisme ou de cynisme qu'on lui adresse
périodiquement, en revanche, son déni de réalité ne va pas
jusqu'à nier le caractère violent de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ses
relations avec le monde</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Comment le pourrait-</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">elle</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
lorsque l'on sait que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
guerre civile </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
résistance des populations arabes de Palestine </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">débute
dès le 29 novembre 1947 et le vote du Plan de Partage de la
Palestine (Résolution 181) par l'ONU </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(bien
qu'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">elle
reste plus ou moins "contenue" par les forces britanniques
jusqu'au retrait de celles-ci le 14 mai</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
et que</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
première guerre israélo-arabe débute le 15 mai 1948, c'est-à-dire
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dès
le lendemain de la proclamation de l'indépendance d'Israël </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
David ben Gourio</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote53sym" name="sdfootnote53anc"><sup>53</sup></a>
! </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Certes,
ce sont les armées arabes (égyptienne, irakienne, syrienne,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">jordanienne,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">libanaise)
qui pénètrent sur le territoire du nouvel</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> É</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>tat (des) juif(s)-Juif(s)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et qui, d'une certaine manière, peuvent être tenus pour
responsables des violences qui vont s'ensuivre<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote54sym" name="sdfootnote54anc"><sup>54</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Mais</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
enfin</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
s'agit d'une réaction </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tenue
pour inacceptable par celui-là même des protagonistes au conflit qui détermine et impose </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">colonisation
sioniste (entre 1881 et 1948, près de 500 000 colons juifs
dépossèdent les Palestiniens de leurs terres) et </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
terrorisme</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sioniste (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
commence en 1920 et qui culmine avec</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
les </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">massacres
de Deir Yassin </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">perpétrés
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
les miliciens sionistes le 9 avril 1948)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tout
le monde connaît la suite</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire les faits saillants de l'histoire d'Israël en tant
qu'État<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote55sym" name="sdfootnote55anc"><sup>55</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">massacres
de Kibya en 1953, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Guerre
des Six jours en 1967, prise d'otages aux Jeux Olympiques de Münich
en 1972, Guerre du Kippour en 1973, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Guerre
civile libanaise en 1975, massacres de Sabra et de Chatila en 1982,
première Intifada en 1987, seconde Intifada en 2000, encerclement de
Ramallah et destruction du QG de Yasser Arafat en 2002, massacres de
Jénine en 2002, bombardements de Gaza en 2008, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2023, etc. pour </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'en
citer que quelques uns</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Ce qui frappe, dans cette énumération, c'est que, quel que soit le
"héros tragique" que l'on se donne, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
ce soit le peuple</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">J</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uif</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou bien le peuple</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">P</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">alestinien</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">semble
bien qu'il soit</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
implacablement entraîné dans l'enchaînement fatal des représailles
infinies.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Est-ce
à dire que l'enjeu de la vengeance violente est le même des deux
côtés ? Certainement pas. Certes, on peut dire </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">avec
René Girard </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que,
dans les deux camps, "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
société cherche à détourner vers une victime [...]
''sacrifiable'' une violence qui risque de frapper ses propres
membres, ceux qu'elle entend à tout prix protéger</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Girard,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Violence et le Sacré</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i). Autrement dit que, d'un côté comme de l'autre, la guerre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
n'est</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qu</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'une
façon particulière de faire de la politique, donc d'administrer une
communauté en en régulant le lien social<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote56sym" name="sdfootnote56anc"><sup>56</sup></a>.
Quant au terrorisme, c'est aussi une manière de faire de la politique dans une situation
d'urgence extrême pour la sauvegarde ou le péril de la communauté
en question<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote57sym" name="sdfootnote57anc"><sup>57</sup></a>.
Le choix de la "cible", de la victime n'étant alors qu'une
conséquence</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'options</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
politiques belliqueu</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ses</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou terroristes. Il y a cependant une différence profonde entre la
nécessité de résister à l'envahisseur pour une communauté
essentiellement rurale qui a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déjà
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tissé
en son sein des liens </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
solidarité </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluri-séculaires</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'elle</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ne cherche qu'à préserver</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
et </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
nécessité</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
pour une </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">diaspora</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythiquement
constituée en "<i>peuple d'élite dominateur et sûr de lui</i>" pour reprendre une formule qui a fait florès, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'érection
rhétorique</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
faits de persécutions effectivement subies</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
confirmation tout à la fois de son élection divine et de son destin victimaire</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Le problème
n'est pas seulement de savoir lequel de</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ce</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
deux enjeux est le plus légitime mais lequel a le plus de chance
d'entretenir et de perpétuer le cycle infini des vengeances et des
représailles. À cet égard, il est probable que l'une et l'autre communauté sera encore et encore souvent instrumentalisée au services
d'enjeux géo-politiques qui les dépassent, et que la solidité du lien social n'est pas mieux assurée dans une
communauté dominante dont le passé </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
pour partie fantasmé et dont l'avenir dépend des succès
commerciaux aléatoires de quelques </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">start-up</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
pour lesquelles, d'ailleurs, la guerre représente une formidable
opportunité publicitaire que dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">une communauté dominée perpétuellement asservie, humiliée, décimée, déshumanisée</span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. De sorte que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">toute
communauté en proie à la violence ou accablée par quelque désastre
auquel elle est incapable de remédier se jette dans une chasse
aveugle au ''bouc émissaire''</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[par lequel] les hommes veulent se convaincre que leurs maux relèvent
d'un responsable unique dont il sera facile de se
débarrasser</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Girard,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Violence et le Sacré</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ii</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Bref, la communauté des Palestiniens et leurs soutiens a tout autant besoin d'un
"bouc émissaire" que la communauté des Juifs et leurs soutiens. Sauf que, là
encore, les maux</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de l'une et de l'autre communauté ne sont pas de même nature : bien
réels et </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">conscients,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donc,
dans une certaine mesure solubles à terme, pour l'une, en partie
fantasmés (le mythe biblique de l'exode</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
perpétuel</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
ou inconscients (l'exacerbation des conflits de classe<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote58sym" name="sdfootnote58anc"><sup>58</sup></a>
dans une société </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui,
nous l'avons vu, se </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">revendique</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'avant-garde du capitalisme</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
pour l'autre. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il
s'ensuit que l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'on
ne voit pas très bien pourquoi ni comment le cycle tragique des
provocations et des réactions belliqueuses </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
terroristes </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">devrait
prendre fin. Il faudrait pouvoir compter sur une </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">judiciaire
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"qui
écarte la menace de la vengeance, [qui] ne supprime pas la vengeance
[mais] la limite effectivement à une représaille unique</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dont l'exercice est confié à une autorité souveraine et
spécialisée dans son domaine. Les décisions de l'autorité
judiciaire s'affirment toujours comme le </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dernier
mot </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la vengeance</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Girard,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Violence et le Sacré</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i).</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or
d'une part l'on sait, par expérience</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
hélas,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le poids et l'autorité que possèdent les décisions (par exemple
les "résolutions" du Conseil de Sécurité de l'ONU) d'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
telle institution, par hypothèse supra-national</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">faute
d'avoir</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
comme le dit Max Weber, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"monopole de la violence physique légitime"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote59sym" name="sdfootnote59anc"><sup>59</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Et surtout, d'autre part, on peut évidemment compter sur la
diligence des </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
jeter de l'huile sur le feu, pour que les gens "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s'imaginent
que la guerre est seulement un gigantesque match de boxe auquel ils
assistent de loin, grâce aux journaux</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Proust,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Temps Retrouvé</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
2206), bref, pour </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">soigner
leur </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Audimat.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
guerre fait vendre, et pas seulement des armes. La guerre, surtout lorsqu'elle n'en finit pas, est bonne
pour la "croissance". </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Voilà pourquoi les </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ont
toutes les raisons de continuer à entretenir les meilleures
relations avec </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
poule sioniste aux œufs d'or</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Finalement, le sionisme n'est pas seulement une idéologie qui, comme toutes les idéologies, a pour fonction de produire un discours dont la nébulosité conceptuelle tient lieu de profondeur et la répétitivité rhétorique d'évidence. C'est beaucoup plus que cela : une idéologie à la base, certes, mais une techno-idéologie ultra-moderne qui fait siens les trois piliers sur lesquels repose le capitalisme de la fin du XX° et du début du XXI° siècles : l'impérialisme économique, le cynisme médiatique et la fuite en avant militaire et colonisatrice. Loin donc que le capitalisme mondialisé et dévastateur soit, comme le prétendent les thèses complotistes d'extrême-droite, l'accomplissement d'un soi-disant "projet sioniste", c'est au contraire le sionisme qui peut s'enorgueillir d'être, jusqu'à présent, la plus parfaite réussite de la logique capitaliste.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote1" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>Propos
qui ne peuvent, évidemment, être réduits à une formule choc
extraite de son contexte où la paranoïa de certains commentateurs
a naturellement vu une preuve de l'antisémitisme de son auteur (cf.
Raymond Aron dans <u>de Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Cf. </span><a href="http://fresques.ina.fr/de-gaulle/fiche-media/Gaulle00139/conference-de-presse-du-27-novembre-1967">transcription
complète de la conférence</a><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote2" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>Cf.
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9solution_242_du_Conseil_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_des_Nations_unies">le
texte complet (version française) de la Résolution 242</a>. Son
contenu sera rappelé et confirmé par <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9solution_338_du_Conseil_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_des_Nations_unies">la
Résolution 338</a> prise à l'unanimité moins une abstention le 22
octobre 1973 à l'issue de l'échec de l'offensive égypto-syrienne
dite "du Yom Kippour" et menée, précisément, dans le
but d'obliger Israël à respecter la Résolution 242.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote3" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>"<i>Le
gouvernement de Sa Majesté envisage favorablement l'établissement
en Palestine d'un foyer national pour le peuple juif, et emploiera
tous ses efforts pour faciliter la réalisation de cet objectif,
étant clairement entendu que rien ne sera fait qui puisse porter
atteinte ni aux droits civiques et religieux des collectivités non
juives existant en Palestine, ni aux droits et au statut politique
dont les Juifs jouissent dans tout autre pays</i>". Pour une
historiographie sommaire des conflits armés impliquant les forces
sionistes, cf. <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflit_isra%C3%A9lo-arabe">conflit
israélo-arabe</a> et <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflit_isra%C3%A9lo-palestinien">conflit
israélo-palestinien</a> sur le site Wikipedia (les références à
ce site se justifient essentiellement par la quantité des
hyper-liens qu'il permet).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote4" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>J'emploie
le terme "métaphysique" dans son sens le plus banal et le
plus classique d'une intuition parfaitement claire et absolument
robuste à tous les contre-arguments quoique insusceptible de
confirmation empirique.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote5" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote5anc" name="sdfootnote5sym">5</a>"<span lang="fr-FR"><i>L’essence
d’une chose, c’est l’usage grammatical du mot correspondant
[...]. C’est la grammaire qui dit quel genre d’objet est une
certaine chose (la théologie n’est qu’une affaire de
grammaire)</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">"(Wittgenstein,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Recherches
Philosophiques</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
§ 371-373)</span>". Dire qu'il appartient à
"l'essence" d'une communauté d'être ceci ou cela,
c'est donc dire que c'est là une règle fondamentale du jeu de
langage que joue celui qui narre les péripéties de cette
communauté.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote6" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Le terme de "mythe" indique ici un ensemble de représentations qui ne peuvent revendiquer un statut historique. C'est le cas des croyances religieuses, mais</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> également (cf. note</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">s</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><i>supra</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">) </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">celui</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> des notions</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> logiques, mathématiques,</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> métaphysiques</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">,</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> grammaticales</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> et, d'une manière générale, de toute forme d'affirmation tautologique ou </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><i>self evident</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">, c'est-à-dire qui suscite une adhésion ou un rejet </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">immédiats </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">qu'aucune preuve empirique n'est susceptible de </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">réviser</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">. Ce qui ne veut</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">, évidemment,</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> pas dire qu'un mythe appartient, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><i>ipso facto</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">, au domaine du délire, notamment en matière religieuse </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: small;">(cf. </span><a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/10/sujet-conscience-inconscient-religion.html" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: small;">les Croyances Religieuses sont-elles Irrationnelles ?</a><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: small;">).</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote7" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a>On pourrait ajouter ici qu'Ismaël le premier fils d'Abraham, fils naturel et, partant, maudit, appartient naturellement aussi à la descendance d'Abraham et donc que la Terre Promise est aussi la sienne et celle de ses descendants ... arabes ! Toute la tragédie de l'histoire dans l'ambiguïté d'un mythe !</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote8" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a><span style="font-style: normal;">Cf.
<a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2014/07/ethique-identite-narrative-et.html">Éthique,
Identité Narrative et Conscience de Soi</a></span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote9" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a>Confondant
ainsi religion et superstition et oubliant
que <span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
foi religieuse et la superstition sont tout à fait différentes.
L’une d’entre elles provient de la peur et est une sorte de
fausse science. L’autre est une confiance"(</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Remarques
Mêlées</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
22).</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote10" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a>Rappelons
au passage que, pour Wittgenstein,
les problèmes éthiques sont beaucoup plus importants que les
problèmes théoriques : "<span lang="fr-FR"><i>à
supposer que toutes les questions théoriques possibles soient
résolues, les problèmes de notre vie demeurent encore
intacts</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">"(Wittgenstein,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Tractatus</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
6.53-6.52).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote11" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a>Sinon
elles seraient toutes fausses et n'auraient réellement aucun
intérêt. Mais <span lang="fr-FR">"</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Augustin
était-il donc dans l’erreur quand il s’adressait à Dieu à
chaque page de ses Confessions ?"(</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">Wittgenstein,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Remarques
sur ‘‘le Rameau d’Or’’ de Frazer</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
1).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote12" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a>Pour
la différence entre <i>éthique </i><span style="font-style: normal;">et
</span><i>morale</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, cf. </span><a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2014/07/ethique-identite-narrative-et.html"><span style="font-style: normal;">Éthique,
Identité Narrative et Conscience de Soi</span></a><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote13" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote13anc" name="sdfootnote13sym">13</a>J'insiste
sur ces deux restrictions : il s'agit bien de comparer ce qui est
comparable, à savoir les réactions (qui <span style="font-style: normal;">ne
sont </span><span style="font-style: normal;">manifestement </span><span style="font-style: normal;">pas
de même nature </span><span style="font-style: normal;">à l'égard
du judaïsme qu'à l'égard des deux autres monothéismes</span><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span>de l'opinion majoritaire lorsqu'un <i>lobby </i><span style="font-style: normal;">donné
entend s'approprier rhétoriquement un argumentaire d'origine
religieuse</span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote14" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote14anc" name="sdfootnote14sym">14</a>Notons
que le fait d'écrire "<span style="font-style: normal;">État
(des) Juif(s)" en français, suppose que le mot "Juif(s)"
désigne un peuple et non une religion (sinon on </span><span style="font-style: normal;">doit</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
écrire "État (des) juif(s)"</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
sans maj</span><span style="font-style: normal;">uscule). C'est, en tout cas, la convention que j'adopterai tout au long de cet article.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote15" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote15anc" name="sdfootnote15sym">15</a>La position de Shlomo Sand à cet égard est sans ambiguïté : "<i>les juifs [notons l'absence de majuscule dans la traduction française] ne constituent pas un peuple ; en effet, dans l'acception moderne du terme, un peuple désigne un groupe humain vivant sur un territoire spécifique où s'est développée une culture quotidienne commune à l'ensemble, de la langue parlée aux coutumes et modes de vie</i>"(<u>comment le Peuple Juif fut inventé</u>, préf. à la 2° éd.).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote16" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote16anc" name="sdfootnote16sym">16</a>Raison
majeure pour laquelle Hannah Arendt a rompu, dès 1943, avec un
sionisme auquel elle avait adhéré en 1933 mais en quoi elle voyait
désormais <span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">u</span></i><i>n
nat</i><i>ionalisme inspiré
de l’Allemagne, </i><i>[</i><i>qui</i><i>]</i><i>
soutient qu’une nation est un corps organique éternel, le produit
de la croissance naturelle et inévitable de qualités inhérentes
et </i><i>[</i><i>qui</i><i>]</i><i>
explique les peuples non pas en termes d’organisations politiques
mais de personnalités biologiques supra-humaines</i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
[bref] </span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">un
chauvinisme raciste [qui] ne diffère pas d’autres théories de la
race des maîtres</span></i><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Arendt,
</span><u>Réexamen
du Sionisme</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Jonathan Littell va encore plus loin en inversant le rapport de cause à effet que
Hannah Arendt établit entre le national-socialisme et le sionisme
en faisant dire à un dignitaire nazi : </span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-
Sais-tu, d'ailleurs, que le terme même de "national-socialisme"
a été forgé par un Juif, un précurseur du sionisme, Moïse Hess
? Lis son livre </span></span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rome
et Jérusalem</span></u></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et tu verras. C'est très instructif. Et ce n'est pas un hasard :
quoi de plus </span></span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">völkisch</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que le Sionisme ? Comme nous, ils ont reconnu qu'il ne peut y avoir
de </span></span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Volk</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et de </span></span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Blut</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sans </span></span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Boden</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
sans terre, et donc qu'il faut ramener les Juifs à la terre, </span></span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eretz
Israel</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
pure de toute autre race</span></span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Littell,
</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Bienveillantes</span></u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">650-651</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote17" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote17anc" name="sdfootnote17sym">17</a>De
fait, l'adjectif "sémitique" fut inventé par l'historien
philologue allemand du XVIII° siècle August Ludwig Schlözer pour
caractériser un groupe de langues comme l'araméen, l'hébreu ou
l'arabe qui ont entre elles de fortes ressemblances à la fois
formelles (trilitéralité des radicaux, écriture non entièrement
vocalisée, écriture de droite à gauche, etc.) et lexicales.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote18" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote18anc" name="sdfootnote18sym">18</a>Position que Shlomo Sand défend explicitement : "<i>Israël peut être caractérisé comme une ethnocratie juive aux traits libéraux, à savoir un Etat dont la mission principale n'est pas de servir un </i>demos<i> civil et égalitaire, mais un </i>ethnos<i> biologique et religieux</i>"(<u>comment le Peuple Juif fut inventé</u>, v).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote19" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote19anc" name="sdfootnote19sym">19</a>D'où
l'intransigeance parfois fanatique à l'égard du respect de la vie
qu'affichent les communautés qui accordent un sens religieux
profond au premier commandement du Décalogue ("tu ne tueras
point"), et ce, quel que soit le contenu de la législation
positive en la matière.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote20" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote20anc" name="sdfootnote20sym">20</a>Dostoïevski
dépeint ironiquement ce que pourrait être, par exemple, une
<i>confirmation empirique</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> de la
prophétie du retour du Christ sur la terre</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>première
épître de Paul aux Thessaloniciens</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xiv, 13) : "</span><i>à ce moment passe sur la place le
Cardinal Grand Inquisiteur [...]</i><i>. Il fronce ses épais
sourcils et ses yeux brillent d'un éclat sinistre. Il Le désigne
du doigt et ordonne aux gardes de Le saisir [...]. On conduit le
Prisonnier au sombre et vieux bâtiment du Saint-Office, on L'y
enferme dans une étroite cellule voûtée [...]. Le Grand
Inquisiteur paraît, [...] considère longuement la Sainte Face,
[...] et Lui dit : ''[...] Ne dis rien, tais-Toi [...]. Tu n'as pas
le droit d'ajouter un mot à ce que Tu as dit jadis. Pourquoi es-Tu
venu nous déranger ? Car Tu nous déranges, Tu le sais bien''"</i><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>les
Frères Karamazov</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
V, v).</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"Christ
reviendra sur Terre pour juger les vivants et les morts" est,
ou bien une profession de foi</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ou
bien une proposition susceptible d'être vraie ou fausse, </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">mais
pas les deux</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote21" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote21anc" name="sdfootnote21sym">21</a>Cf.
le texte complet de <a href="http://www.un.org/french/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/181(II)&Lang=F">la
Résolution 181 de l'O.N.U. du 29 novembre 1947</a> prévoyant le
partage de la Palestine en deux états indépendants, l'un pour les
Juifs, l'autre pour les Arabes de Palestine.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote22" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote22anc" name="sdfootnote22sym">22</a><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Non
pas que </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">tout
cela aille</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
toujours de soi. Il s'en faut de beaucoup. Cependant, le prix à
payer pour l'</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">effacement</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
de telles distinctions est, en tout cas </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">dans
les pays occidentaux et aujourd'hui</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
critique, voire la polémique</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Ce qui n'est </span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">visiblement
</span></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">pas
le cas pour l'assimilation sioniste de la religion et de la
politique et, par conséquent, pour la confusion du sionisme avec le
judaïsme</span></span></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote23" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote23anc" name="sdfootnote23sym">23</a>Mais
pourquoi avoir attendu le XX° siècle pour voir des <i>preuves </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de
l'essence victimaire du peuple Juif dans des faits historiques de
persécution ? Car après tout, s</span><span style="font-style: normal;">ans
qu'on puisse parler dans tous les cas d'antisémitisme (</span><span style="font-style: normal;">comme
l'antisémitisme est un racisme, </span><span style="font-style: normal;">il
n'y a pas d'antisémitisme avant l'existence d'un discours
idéologique pseudo-scientifique se voulant une "théorie"
des races, c'est-à-dire avant la parution, en 1853, de l'</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Essai
sur l'Inégalité des Races Humaines</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
d'Arthur de Gobineau, ni</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
bien entendu,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
avant l'invention du terme "antisémite", quelques années
plus tard, par </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'intellectuel
juif autrichien</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Moritz Steinschneider à propos du racisme spécial d'Ernest Renan
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">qui
affuble l</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">es
"peuples sémites"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
d'un certain nombre </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
tares</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
l'anti-judaïsme, ou, si l'on préfère, la "judéophobie"
comme la nomme Pierre-André Taguieff, est une constante littéraire, religieuse, sociale et politique dans le monde occidental depuis le moyen-âge (les premiers <i>pogroms </i>datent du XI° siècle).</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote24" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote24anc" name="sdfootnote24sym">24</a><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">f.
</span></span><a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/10/sujet-conscience-inconscient-religion.html">les
Croyances Religieuses sont-elles Irrationnelles ?</a></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote25" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote25anc" name="sdfootnote25sym">25</a>Rappelons
qu'un État, du point de vue du droit international, se définit
comme une entité juridique (une personne morale) dotée d'un
territoire délimité par des frontières, une population stable, un
ensemble d'institutions souveraines et des relations avec les autres
États. Apparemment, depuis sa création, l'État d'Israël
satisfait ces quatre critères. Pourtant, qu'est-ce qu'un </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">État qui n'appartient pas à ses citoyens actuels (les Israéliens) mais à une <i>diaspora</i> érigée en peuple mythique (les Juifs) par l'instrumentalisation des textes sacrés d'une certaine religion (celle des juifs) ? Si tous les juifs sont des Juifs, donc des citoyens potentiels de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">l'État d'Israël, q</span></span>ue répondre à un antisémite militant qui, à l'instar du baron de Charlus dans <u>la Recherche du Temps Perdu</u>, ferait remarquer, à propos du capitaine Dreyfus, que "<i>son crime est inexistant, [il] aurait commis un crime contre sa patrie s'il avait trahi la Judée, mais qu'est-ce qu'il a à voir avec la France ?</i>"(Proust, <u>le Côté de Guermantes</u>, I, 966) ?</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote26" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote26anc" name="sdfootnote26sym">26</a>Le
"point Godwin" (du nom de l'avocat américain qui a
théorisé le phénomène) est le point à partir duquel une
discussion ne donne plus lieu qu'à un seul type d'argument : celui
de la <i>reductio ad Hitlerum</i><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">! Si antisioniste (au sens idéologico-politique) est synonyme d'antisémite (au sens éthnico-biologique), alors celui qui est réputé antisioniste est réputé nazi. Ce qui est un argument <i>a priori </i>(une "règle du jeu") compréhensible (en raison de sa redoutable efficacité rhétorique) lorsqu'il est proféré par un idéologue sioniste. Toutefois, il faut souligner que le même argument est, sur le plan historique cette fois-ci, rigoureusement faux. Premièrement, parce qu'il convient de rappeler que <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_Haavara">l'accord Haavara</a> (littéralement, "de transfert"), conclu le 25 août 1933 entre les sionistes allemands et les autorités nazies, visait tout de même à favoriser l'émigration des juifs allemands vers la Palestine. Preuve qu'il a existé des nazis pro-sionistes. Deuxièmement, parce que, comme le montre </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span>l'historien israélien Tom Segev dans un ouvrage de 1993 intitulé <u>le Septième Million : les Israéliens et le Génocide</u>,
certains milieux sionistes militants ont traité avec le plus grand mépris la
soi-disant résignation des juifs européens au moment de leur extermination</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">. Preuve qu'il a existé des sionistes anti-sémites. Troisièmement, parce que la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9solution_3379_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Nations_unies">résolution 3379 de l'Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies</a> du 10 novembre 1975 a conclu sans ambiguïté que "<i>le sionisme est une forme de racisme et de discrimination raciale</i>" ! Et, bien que cette dernière résolution fût abrogée seize ans plus tard sous la pression de </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">l'État</span></span> d'Israël qui en faisait une condition <i>sine qua non </i>de sa participation à la Conférence de Madrid de 1991 (qui débouchera sur les fameux "accords" d'Oslo de 1993) l'histoire témoigne, en tout cas, que la prétendue synonymie entre antisionisme et antisémitisme, donc entre antisionisme et racisme, n'est qu'un mythe. Dans son premier roman intitulé <u>la Place de l'</u></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Étoi<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span></u><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span>Patrick Modiano illustre avec un humour particulièrement grinçant cette porosité historiquement manifeste entre <i>sionisme </i>et <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>antisémitisme</i></span>. </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote27" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote27anc" name="sdfootnote27sym">27</a>Mot
arabe qui signifie "désastre" ou "catastrophe" (tout comme <i>shoah </i>en hébreu).
En effet, la guerre que l'État (des) juif(s)-Juif(s) dès sa déclaration d'indépendance </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">en 1948 et </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">en violation de
la Résolution 181 (cf. note 21) qui prévoyait un partage de la Palestine en deux </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">États</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, <span style="font-style: normal;">a fait 750 000 morts ou
déplacés sur une population palestinienne initiale d'environ un
million d'habitant, de sorte qu'</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">à son issue, il ne reste plus que 20% de Palestiniens en Palestine !</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> L'historien israélien Ilan Pappé n'hésite d'ailleurs pas à qualifier la guerre de 1948, dans un ouvrage au titre éponyme, de <i>nettoyage ethnique de la Palestine.</i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote28" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote28anc" name="sdfootnote28sym">28</a>Entre
avril 1915 et juillet 1916 1 200 000 Arméniens, soit les deux tiers
de la population arménienne d'Anatolie, ont été exterminés par
les partisans des Jeunes Turcs au pouvoir dans l'Empire Ottoman.
Entre avril et juillet 1994, près d'un million de Tutsis, soit les trois quarts de leur population, ont été massacrés par le pouvoir
majoritairement Hutu du Rwanda. Précisons que le terme de
"génocide" est un terme de droit international et dont
l'imputation n'intervient qu'au terme d'une analyse juridique des
conditions d'un crime de guerre "<i>commis dans l'intention de
détruire, ou tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique,
racial ou religieux, comme tel</i>"(<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_pour_la_pr%C3%A9vention_et_la_r%C3%A9pression_du_crime_de_g%C3%A9nocide"><u>Convention
pour la Prévention et la Répression du Crime de Génocide</u></a><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
9 décembre 1948).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote29" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote29anc" name="sdfootnote29sym">29</a>D'autres,
tels que la Guerre des Six Jours de 1967 ou la Guerre du Kippour en
1973 ne le sont pas mais font suite aux provocations expansionnistes
de l'État (des) juif(s)-Juif(s).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote30" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote30anc" name="sdfootnote30sym">30</a>Le
Dieu de la Torah est un Dieu de justice, comme celui des Évangiles
est un Dieu d'amour et celui du Coran un Dieu de vérité. Le terme
de "juste" (en hébreu, <i>tsadik</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
apparenté à l'arabe </span><i>sadiq </i><span style="font-style: normal;">qui
a, à peu près</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
le même sens)</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span>apparaît
pour la première fois en <u>Genèse</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
18-25 lorsqu'Abraham tente de sauver les </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">justes</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">
de Sodome et Gomorrhe.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote31" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote31anc" name="sdfootnote31sym">31</a>Loi
votée le 19 août 1953 par la Knesset et instituant le mémorial
Yad Vashem.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote32" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote32anc" name="sdfootnote32sym">32</a>On
n'en finirait pas d'énumérer les juifs et les Juifs, qui, de
Stefan Zweig aux actuels militants de l'<a href="http://www.ujfp.org/">U.J.F.P.</a>
(Union des Juifs Français pour la Paix), en passant par Hannah
Arendt et Judith Butler, ont été ou sont horrifiés par le
sionisme. Cf. aussi la conférence prononcée par le rabbin Shmiel
Borreman et disponible sur le site du <a href="http://www.partiantisioniste.com/sionisme/">Parti
Anti-Sioniste</a>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote33" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote33anc" name="sdfootnote33sym">33</a><span style="text-decoration: none;">Cf.
note 2</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">3</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote34" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote34anc" name="sdfootnote34sym">34</a>Cf.
l'article <a href="http://www.acrimed.org/article4419.html">Massacre
de Gaza : le parti pris éhonté des médias dominants (anglophones)</a>
sur le site d'Acrimed.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote35" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote35anc" name="sdfootnote35sym">35</a>Et
ils l'ont fait, notamment, sur le site de l'<a href="http://www.aipac.org/">AIPAC</a>
(<i>The American Israel Public International Commitee</i>) qui se
présente lui-même comme <i>America's pro-Israel Lobby</i><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">!</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote36" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote36anc" name="sdfootnote36sym">36</a>La
colonisation systématique des territoires occupés lors des
conflits armés avec les voisins de l'État d'Israël et qui aboutit
à une annexion de fait desdits territoires, ce qui est contraire
au droit international (IV° Convention de Genève) et explicitement
condamné par la Résolution 446 du Conseil de Sécurité des
Nations Unies votée le 22 mars 1979.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote37" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote37anc" name="sdfootnote37sym">37</a>L'Armée
de Défense (<i>sic !</i>) d'Israël, en hébreu <i>Tsva Haganah
Leisrael</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, (acronyme : Tsahal)
insiste donc sur la notion de défense, ce qui n'a rien pour nous
étonner, et d'autant moins que le terme de "défense",
</span><i>haganah</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> en hébreu,
désigne aussi la principale milice clandestine sioniste créée en
1920. Tsahal naît en 1948 de la fusion des trois principales
organisations sionistes </span><span style="font-style: normal;">paramilitaires
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: la Haganah, l'Irgoun et le
Lehi.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote38" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote38anc" name="sdfootnote38sym">38</a>Acronyme
de la <i>National Association of Securities Dealers Automated
Quotation</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> qui est le deuxième
marché boursier des États-Unis et qui concerne les industries de
pointe (informatique, communication transport, biotechnologies,
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">nanotechnologies, </span><span style="font-style: normal;">armement,
etc.), secteurs </span><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
lesquels apparaissent des </span><i>start-up</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
entreprises </span><span style="font-style: normal;">à forts
potentiels de développement </span><span style="font-style: normal;">immédiat
et </span><span style="font-style: normal;">dans lesquels
investissent </span><span style="font-style: normal;">prioritairement
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">les "capital-risqueurs"
(</span><i>venture capitalists</i><span style="font-style: normal;">),
confirmant l'analyse de Lénine selon laquelle</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
dans le capitalisme moderne,</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">l'industrie n'est qu'un
moyen au service de finalités financières.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote39" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote39anc" name="sdfootnote39sym">39</a>Qu'il
distingue du <span style="font-style: normal;">"kunisme",
c'est-à</span><span style="font-style: normal;">-dire
du cynisme antique qui, lui, possède une réelle dimension éthique
là où</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
pour</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
le cynisme, au sens moderne du terme, </span><span style="font-style: normal;">il
n'a</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
comme le dit Musil, "</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pas
été nécessaire de chercher d'autre morale que la prospérité du
commerce</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Musil,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'Homme
sans Qualités</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">§</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">111</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote40" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote40anc" name="sdfootnote40sym">40</a>Spinoza
définit l'admiration (<i>admiratio</i><span style="font-style: normal;">)
en disant qu'"</span><i>il y a </i><span style="font-style: normal;">Admiration</span><i>
quand à l’imagination d’une chose l’</i><i>esprit</i><i>
demeure attaché, parce que cette imagination singulière n’a
aucune connexion avec les autres</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Éthique</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
III, déf.4), insistant sur le saisissement qui l'accompagne et sur
la fascination qui en résulte, </span><span style="font-style: normal;">ce
qui rend</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> impossible toute
pensée intelligente (celle qui </span><i>intelligit</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">met en relation, en
connexion, les idées les unes avec les autres).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote41" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote41anc" name="sdfootnote41sym">41</a>Il
est tout de même extraordinaire qu'en cette année (2014) de
célébration du centenaire du déclenchement de la Grande Guerre,
il n'ait, apparemment, été jugé utile par personne, en tout cas
en France, d'organiser de grands débats et de grandes réflexions
publiques (par exemple dans l'Éducation Nationale), sur les enjeux
d'une guerre en général !</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote42" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote42anc" name="sdfootnote42sym">42</a>"<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’homme
est naturellement un animal politique [</span></i></span></span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">zôon
politikon</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
destiné à vivre en société et que celui qui, par sa nature et
non par l’effet de quelque circonstance, ne fait partie d’aucune
Cité [</span></i></span></span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">polis</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">],
est une créature dégradée ou supérieure à l’homme</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Aristote,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Politique</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
I, 1252b)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Or, "</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>quel
est le but que nous assignons à la vie politique [</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">zôè
politikè</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]
et quel est le souverain bien </i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">praktos
agathos</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]
</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>de
notre activité ? Sur son nom du moins il y a assentiment presque
général : c'est le bonheur</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
[</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">eudaïmonia</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Aristote,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Ethique
à Nicomaque</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
1094a-1097b).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote43" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote43anc" name="sdfootnote43sym">43</a>C'est
encore Aristote qui, le premier, a insisté sur la spécificité
humaine de la main : <span lang="fr-FR">"</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ce
n’est pas parce qu’il a des mains que l’homme est le plus
intelligent des êtres, mais c’est parce qu’il est le plus
intelligent qu’il a des mains. […] Car la main est pour ainsi
dire un instrument qui tient lieu des autres instruments</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">"(Aristote,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Parties
des Animaux</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
687a).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote44" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote44anc" name="sdfootnote44sym">44</a>Rappelons
qu'officiellement, 80% des victimes palestiniennes de la dernière
opération dite "Bordure Protectrice" à Gaza, notamment
les réfugiés et les enfants de ces quatre écoles de l'O.N.U. qui
ont été bombardées sont, précisément, des
"<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
êtres humains qui ne sont ni combattants ni prisonniers de guerre".</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote45" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote45anc" name="sdfootnote45sym">45</a>Pour
la démonstration de la nécessité de la misère pour la survie du
système capitaliste, cf. <a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2010/04/le-progres-technique-entraine-t-il.html">le
Progrès Technique entraîne-t-il Liberté et Bonheur pour tous ?</a></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote46" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote46anc" name="sdfootnote46sym">46</a>"<i>Les
Palestiniens sont employés à des travaux non-qualifiés. Leurs
salaires sont plus bas que ceux des citoyens israéliens. Cela est
caractéristique des pays développés</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"
expliquent, cyniquement, les rédacteurs d'un manuel de géographie
destiné aux lycéens israéliens (</span><i>in </i><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Israël-Palestine,
le Conflit dans les Manuels Scolaires</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
p.41).</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote47" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote47anc" name="sdfootnote47sym">47</a>"<span lang="fr-FR"><i>La
bourgeoisie a joué dans l’histoire un rôle éminemment
révolutionnaire [en ce qu’elle] ne peut exister sans
révolutionner constamment les instruments de production, donc les
rapports de production, donc l’ensemble des conditions sociales.
[En particulier], poussée par le besoin de débouchés toujours
plus larges pour ses produits, la bourgeoisie envahit toute la
surface du globe. Partout elle doit s’incruster, partout il lui
faut bâtir, partout elle établit des relations. En exploitant le
marché mondial, la bourgeoisie a donné une forme cosmopolite à la
production et à la consommation</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span><span lang="fr-FR">Marx
et Engels, </span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Manifeste
Communiste de 1848</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
i)</span><span lang="fr-FR">. </span></span></span>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote48" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote48anc" name="sdfootnote48sym">48</a>"<span lang="fr-FR"><i>L’innovation
technologique concerne non seulement le travail, mais aussi le moyen
de se procurer des biens de consommation et les augmenter [...]. L</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>a
civilisation, c’est avant tout le progrès dans le travail, plus
précisément, le travail pour se procurer les biens de consommation
et les augmenter, et ce travail ne contient aucune satisfaction par
lui-même</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
[...]. L</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>es
gains de productivité deviennent un instrument de domination
universelle</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">"(Marcuse,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Éros et
Civilisation</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
IV)</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote49" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote49anc" name="sdfootnote49sym">49</a>"<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’objectif
du </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mouvement</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
totalitaire est donc d’encadrer autant de gens que possible dans
son organisation, et de les mettre et les maintenir en mouvement.
Quant à l’objectif politique qui constituerait la fin de ce
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mouvement</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
il n’existe tout simplement pas"(</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Système Totalitaire</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i, 1)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote50" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote50anc" name="sdfootnote50sym">50</a>À
comparer avec l'<i>aeï aristeueïn</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"toujours meilleur", des Grecs.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote51" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote51anc" name="sdfootnote51sym">51</a>De
là, la violence tragique. Comme l'a justement remarqué René
Girard, la violence qu'exerce le destin sur le héros tragique fait
toujours suite à une modification des rapports naturels et
réguliers entre les êtres.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote52" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote52anc" name="sdfootnote52sym">52</a>En
l'occurrence, les territoires conquis par l'armée israélienne lors
de la Guerre des Six Jours de juin 1967 (Cisjordanie,
Jérusalem-Est, bande de Gaza, plateau du Golan, Sinaï).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote53" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote53anc" name="sdfootnote53sym">53</a>La
défaite des forces arabes anti-sionistes enterre le projet de
partage de la Palestine en deux États (auquel la Conférence de
Lausanne substituera, dès 1949, l'UNRWA, <i>the United Nations
Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East</i><i>
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">en lieu et place du Plan de
Partage de la Palestine prévue par la Résolution 181 !</span>) et
entérine définitivement l'hégémonie israélienne sur la région.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote54" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote54anc" name="sdfootnote54sym">54</a>Comme
ils peuvent être tenus pour responsables des actes de rébellion
qui, entre 1936 et 1939, étaient dirigés contre l'autorité
britannique, laquelle avait reçu, dès 1923 et à la suite de la
Déclaration Balfour de 1917, mandat de la Société des Nations
pour administrer la Palestine et y favoriser l'implantation d'un
"foyer national juif".
</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote55" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote55anc" name="sdfootnote55sym">55</a>Déjà,
en octobre 1944, Hannah Arendt pensait que <span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">les
Juifs “victorieux” vivraient environnés par une population
arabe entièrement hostile, enfermés entre des frontières
constamment menacées, occupés à leur auto-défense physique au
point d’y perdre tous leurs autres intérêts et leurs autres
activités. Le développement d’une culture juive cesserait d’être
le souci du peuple entier ; l’expérimentation sociale serait
écartée comme un luxe inutile ; la pensée politique serait
centrée sur la stratégie militaire</span></i><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Arendt,
</span><u>Réexamen du Sionisme</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote56" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote56anc" name="sdfootnote56sym">56</a>"<span lang="fr-FR"><i>La
guerre est la continuation de la politique par d’autres moyens :
elle consiste à contraindre l’adversaire à exécuter notre
volonté</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">"(Clausewitz,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>de la
Guerre</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">)</span><span lang="fr-FR">.</span><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote57" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote57anc" name="sdfootnote57sym">57</a>"<span lang="fr-FR"><i>La
terreur n'est autre chose que la justice prompte, sévère,
inflexible [...] appliqué[e] aux besoins les plus pressants de la
patrie</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Robespierre,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Discours
à la Convention</u></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
5 février 1794)</span></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote58" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote58anc" name="sdfootnote58sym">58</a>L'histoire
de la colonisation juive-Juive en Palestine peut et doit se lire aussi en
termes de conflits de classe entre, d'une part, les <i>ashkénazes
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">économiquement et
intellectuellement dominants émigrés d'Europe centrale, de Russie
et des États-Unis, et d'autre part les </span><i>sépharades </i><span style="font-style: normal;">plus
pauvres et moins cultivés issus des pays d'Europe du Sud et
d'Afrique du Nord. </span><span style="font-style: normal;">À noter
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">que le sionisme </span><span style="font-style: normal;">est</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
né dans le milieu </span><i>ashkénaze</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
et que </span><span style="font-style: normal;">c'est </span><span style="font-style: normal;">aussi
de ce milieu que provenaient la grande majorité des Juifs
exterminés durant l'Holocauste.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote59" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div>
<div class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote59anc" name="sdfootnote59sym">59</a>Cf.
<a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2010/02/il-nexiste-presque-aucune-tache.html">l'État
supprime-t-il ou utilise-t-il la Violence ?</a></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-23903312283679316312023-10-02T11:37:00.031+02:002024-03-19T09:45:59.280+01:00ENTROPIE, INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION, LANGAGE ET VERITE.<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span></span>Rousseau écrit que </span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l'effet naturel des premiers besoins
fut d'écarter les hommes et non de les rapprocher. Il le fallait
ainsi pour que l'espèce vînt à s'étendre, et que la terre se
peuplât promptement, sans quoi le genre humain se fût entassé dans
un coin du monde, et tout le reste fût demeuré désert. De cela seul
il suit avec évidence que l'origine des langues n'est point due aux
premiers besoins des hommes , il serait absurde que de la cause qui
les écarte vînt le moyen qui les unit. D'où peut donc venir cette
origine ? Des besoins moraux, les passions. Toutes les passions
rapprochent les hommes que la nécessité de chercher à vivre force
à se fuir. Ce n'est ni la faim ni la soif, mais l'amour, la haine,
la pitié, la colère, qui leur ont arraché les premières voix. Les
fruits ne se dérobent point à nos mains, on peut s'en nourrir sans
parler, on poursuit en silence la proie dont on veut se repaître :
mais pour émouvoir un jeune cœur, pour repousser un agresseur
injuste, la nature dicte des accents, des cris, des plaintes</i></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Essai
sur l’Origine des Langues</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii). Le langage serait donc destiné, selon lui, à résoudre des problèmes vitaux, certes, mais non pas ceux qui consistent à être tenaillé par la faim, la soif ou le froid, juste ceux qui préludent à la perpétuation de l'espèce ou à l'auto-défense ! Nous allons voir qu'il y a dans cette conception naïvement pré-romantique du langage une intuition néanmoins exacte, à savoir que "</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>les
premières langues furent chantantes et passionnées avant d'être
simples et méthodiques</i></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Essai
sur l’Origine des Langues</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii) en ce sens que</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> la fonction du langage est indissociable des affects humains. Sauf que, contrairement à Rousseau, </span></span></span></span></em>nous installerons le langage dans le cadre de la communication des êtres vivants, celui-ci dans le cadre plus général de l'information des systèmes physiques et celui-ci dans le cadre, encore plus général, de la seconde loi de la thermodynamique selon laquelle les systèmes physiques sont voués à l'entropie. Nous aborderons, <i>in fine</i>, la question spécifiquement humaine de la vérité, ou plutôt de la véracité de la parole. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Commençons par rappeler brièvement que l</span><span style="text-align: left;">a thermodynamique est
la branche de la physique qui traite de la dépendance
des propriétés physiques des corps à
la température, donc des phénomènes où interviennent des échanges
thermiques, et des transformations de l'énergie entre différentes
formes. L'histoire de la thermodynamique repose sur deux grands
principes. Le premier principe, énoncé par Lavoisier et Laplace,
établit l'équivalence des différentes formes d'énergie, notamment
la chaleur et le travail. C'est un principe de conservation statique
qui implique que la somme des différentes énergies associées à un
système se conserve même si ces énergies peuvent se transformer
les unes dans les autres en fonction de leur équivalence. Le second
principe, établi, entre autres, par Carnot, Boltzmann ou Gibbs,
introduit en plus de l'énergie d'un système physique une
autre grandeur caractérisant le système et qu'on nomme entropie.
C'est un principe d'évolution dynamique, car il détermine jusqu'où
et dans quel sens les différentes transformations de l'énergie du
monde sont possibles. Ainsi, certaines transformations chimiques sont
possibles et d'autres pas. De même toute la chaleur d'un corps ne
peut pas être transformée complètement en travail. Appliqué à un
système isolé, n'échangeant ni travail ni chaleur avec
l'extérieur, le second principe affirme que l'entropie du système
ne peut que croître pour atteindre une valeur maximale où le
système reste en équilibre. Ce qui n'est qu'une formalisation
scientifique de la constatation banale selon laquelle tout système
physique laissé à lui-même tend à se désorganiser ou que, </span><i style="text-align: left;">a
contrario</i><span style="text-align: left;">, pour maintenir son
organisation, il nécessite un apport exogène d'énergie</span><span style="text-align: left;">.
Deux implications majeures de ce second principe, et qui, à ce
titre, sont très controversées, tant métaphysiquement que
scientifiquement, sont, premièrement, qu'il introduit une
non-équivalence entre le passé et le futur et une irréversibilité
des transformations (une "flèche du temps") et,
deuxièmement, que l'Univers considéré comme un système
isolé, s'achemine lentement mais inexorablement vers la un désordre
maximal.</span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Si on quitte maintenant le territoire de la physique théorique pour le domaine plus concret des objets macroscopiques, on se rend compte que toute formation, trans-formation, dé-formation et in-formation est un processus thermodynamique caractéristique de l'existence de tout système physique en général. Par exemple, "<i>on peut distinguer cette statue que l'on a sous les yeux [...] ou bien encore cet airain que l'on a là sous la main</i>"(Aristote, <u>Physique</u>, II, iii, 15) : la statue, c'est de la matière déjà in-formée (par exemple un bloc de marbre, lequel possède déjà une forme déterminée) qui va se trouver dé-formée puis ré-in-formée par l'ensemble des actes que le sculpteur va accomplir, bref, qui va se trouver trans-formée en statue. L'in-formation, au sens le plus général du terme, c'est donc ce processus macroscopique qui ordonne (au double sens de "commander" et d'"arranger") un système physique déjà pourvu d'une forme en le dé-formant, le re-formant, le trans-formant à travers un processus que Simondon qualifie d'"hylémorphique" (du grec ὕλη, matière et μορφή, forme). Bien entendu "<i>ce n'est pas seulement l'argile et la brique, le marbre et la statue qui peuvent être pensés selon le schéma hylémorphique, mais aussi un grand nombre de faits de formation, de genèse et de composition, dans le monde vivant et dans le monde psychique [...]. Le rapport même de l'âme et du corps peut être pensé selon le schème hylémorphique</i>"(Simondon, <u>l'Individu et sa Genèse Physico-Biologique</u>). En ce sens, l'in-formation ne se dit pas seulement de l'ordre que l'homme est capable d'imposer volontairement à la matière (la forme que le sculpteur donne au bloc de marbre), mais aussi de tout processus biologique d'accommodation/assimilation par lequel une organisation biologique et son écosystème (du grec </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">οἶκος,</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> "maison", "résidence", "habitation", Jakob von Uexkull dit <i>Umwelt</i>, "monde propre") se modifient mutuellement. C'est ce que dit Popper : "<i>la sélection darwinienne apprend aux différentes espèces à conserver de l’information et à l’adapter aux divers problèmes qui se posent à elles ; la vie consiste donc en systèmes physiques qui tentent de résoudre des problèmes</i>"(Popper, <u>la Quête Inachevée</u>, xxxvii). Et en effet, la biologie moderne nous enseigne entre autres choses que le code génétique, le génome, n'est rien d'autre qu'un processus fondamental d'in-formation mémorisé et perpétué par l'espèce et par lequel l'écosystème humain prend forme, se dé-forme, se trans-forme en relation avec son écosystème. À noter que, de ce point de vue, la mort du corps biologique qui n'est, pour ce corps, rien d'autre qu'un processus de dé-formation (entropie) irréversible, constitue au contraire, pour l'espèce, un processus d'in-formation (néguentropie) par lequel celle-ci met justement fin à l'entropie du corps biologique en question, laquelle est devenue critique, sinon pour l'espèce tout entière, du moins pour un écosystème particulier (cf. le film d'Imamura <u>la Ballade de Narayama</u>). En effet, "</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">l’efficacité de l’évolution [des systèmes vivants] ne peut laisser les limites de la vie au hasard des accidents [comme c'est le cas pour les systèmes inertes], aussi est-ce le programme génétique qui prescrit la mort de l’individu dès la fécondation de l’ovule</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">"(François Jacob, </span><u style="font-family: georgia;">la Logique du Vivant</u><span style="font-family: georgia;">).</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Il semble, à cet égard, que l'in-formation génétique pour ce qui concerne la base spécifique de tout corps biologique, mais aussi l'in-formation sensorielle pour ce qui concerne l'individualité du corps biologique, l'in-formation sociale pour ce qui concerne l'insertion du corps biologique dans un écosystème déterminé, sont autant de niveaux d'in-formation qui ordonnent tout système physique vivant en lui permettant de puiser dans des systèmes physiques connexes l'énergie dissipée en chaleur irrécupérable (entropie). L'in-formation de la matière biologique est donc essentiellement "néguentropique". Mais, tandis que cette néguentropie est due, dans le cas des systèmes inertes (non-vivants), "au hasard des accidents", en revanche, s'agissant des systèmes "vivants", nous dirons qu'elle est "intentionnelle" au sens étymologique. C'est-à-dire que l'organisation vivante, quel que soit son niveau (infra-individuel, individuel ou supra-individuel), reçoit de l'in-formation (l'"accommodation" piagétienne) et/ou envoie de l'in-formation (l'"assimilation" piagétienne) en étant littéralement, </span><i>in tensione</i><span>, c'est-à-dire dans un état de tension vitale en raison d'une perturbation thermodynamique critique à quoi cette organisation est confrontée. En ce sens, ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler "communication", n'est, à l'instar du code génétique biologique, que l'aspect intentionnel et non-accidentel de l'effort que produit tout système physique pour contrecarrer l'entropie dont il est perpétuellement l'objet. En d'autres termes, ce qui, pour un système physique quelconque, constitue de l'in-formation, et donc ce qui, seul, est en mesure de lui fournir cette forme relativement et provisoirement stable qui lui permettra d'exister et de subsister, c'est ce que Spinoza nomme "</span><i>conatus</i><span>" : "</span><i>toute chose s’oppose à tout ce qui peut supprimer son existence et s’efforce, autant qu’elle peut et selon son être propre, de persévérer dans son être [</i><span>adeoque quantum potest, et in se est, in suo esse perseverare conatur</span><i>]</i><span>"(Spinoza, </span><u>Éthique</u><span>, III, 6). L'in-formation, qu'elle soit intentionnelle ou bien accidentelle, n'est rien d'autre que cet effort (</span><i>conatus</i><span>) qui s'analyse en une organisation néguentropique <i><span style="font-size: small;">A</span><sub><span style="font-size: small;">n</span></sub></i> </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">(de dimension </span><cite style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ML</span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">2</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">T</span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">-1</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><span style="font-family: georgia;">), c'est-à-dire</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> un flux d'énergie (de dimension </span><cite style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ML</span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">2</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">T</span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">-</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">2</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><span style="font-family: georgia;">) dépensée pendant une durée déterminée afin de contrebalancer une perturbation entropique </span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">A</span><sub><span style="font-size: small;">e</span></sub></i><span style="font-family: georgia;">, étant entendu que 1) la néguentropie </span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">A</span><sub><span style="font-size: small;">n </span></sub></i><span style="font-family: georgia;">doit être localement au moins égale à l'entropie </span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">A</span><sub><span style="font-size: small;">e</span></sub></i><span style="font-family: georgia;"> pour assurer la persévérance de l'organisation perturbée, mais que, 2) </span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">A</span><sub><span style="font-size: small;">n </span></sub></i><span style="font-family: georgia;">et </span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">A</span><sub><span style="font-size: small;">e</span></sub></i><span style="font-family: georgia;"> s'additionnent néanmoins pour accroître l'entropie globale. Ce que montre bien le profil logarithmique de la loi de Boltzmann et Gibbs dans la </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">figure ci-dessus où l'aire de la partie jaune (entropie</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">) et toujours supérieure à celle de la partie verte (néguentropie). La nature se comporte en quelque sorte comme le Père Goriot : plus il perd sa fortune, plus il restreint ses besoins pour en perdre le moins possible et plus il en perd néanmoins. Une in-formation peut donc être définie comme un processus physique qui contribue localement, que ce soit accidentellement (la gravitation qui finit par stopper l'éboulement d'une montagne) ou bien intentionnellement (le panneau routier qui finit par stopper l'hécatombe humaine à un carrefour), à diminuer l'entropie d'un système physique déterminé tout en accroissant globalement l'entropie de l'univers. Est-ce à dire alors que la seconde loi de la thermodynamique est prise en défaut ? Comme l'ont montré Brillouin et Szilard à propos de l'expérience de pensée dite du </span><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Démon_de_Maxwell" style="font-family: georgia;">démon de Maxwell</a><span style="font-family: georgia;">, quand bien même l'in-formation remplirait partout et toujours localement sa fonction néguentropique, celle-ci réclamerait néanmoins de l'énergie extra-locale pour fonctionner, de sorte que le bilan énergétique global serait, au </span><i style="font-family: georgia;">finale</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">, toujours déficitaire (ce que prouve, encore une fois, l'histoire de l'univers dans sa globalité).</span></div></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">Reprenons l'exemple de l'in-formation génétique : tout code génétique est une suite déterminée de "lettres" (A pour "adénine", G pour "guanine", T pour "thymine", C pour "cytosine", qui sont les quatre protéines de base du vivant). Une suite de telles bases (AAGGCGTAAACC ...) qui ne serait qu'une combinaison purement accidentelle aurait autant de chances de remplir les fonctions d'in-formation génétique qu'on lui connaît que, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">dans la nouvelle de Borges, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">un livre de la bibliothèque infinie de Babylone aurait de chances d'être lu. Pour avoir une in-formation génétique, donc pour que le signal soit pertinent et, partant viable, il faut d'une part avoir une suite intentionnelle (non-accidentelle) de telles bases telles que l'espèce les a mémorisées, et d'autre part un contexte local favorable qui va permettre à une telle suite de produire des effets de néguentropie concentrés sur un organisme déterminé. En d'autres termes, une suite de bases A, G, T, C n'est pertinente, donc n'est une in-formation que si et seulement si elle a été, en termes néo-darwiniens, "sélectionnée" par l'évolution d'une espèce, et qu'elle rencontre un terrain biologique favorable pour "s'exprimer". L'in-formation dite génétique ne constitue donc une in-formation intentionnelle pour l'organisation in-formée que dans la mesure où elle est pertinente, c'est-à-dire viable. Et elle n'est viable que parce qu'elle autorise des structures physiques (amino-acides, puis cellules, puis tissus, puis organes) à communiquer, c'est-à-dire à échanger intentionnellement des in-formations, c'est-à-dire des flux énergétiques coordonnés qui assurent l'invariance locale de l'organisation commune aux structures communicantes. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Nul mieux que Spinoza n'a compris cette notion d'invariance locale : </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>quand un certain nombre de corps de même ou de différente grandeur sont contraints par les autres à rester appliqués les uns contre les autres, ou bien, s’ils se meuvent selon une vitesse identique ou différente, à se communiquer les uns aux autres leurs mouvements suivants un certain rapport, nous dirons que ces corps sont unis entre eux et qu’ils composent ensemble un seul et même corps, autrement dit un individu qui se distingue des autres par cette union de corps. [...] Si d’un corps, autrement dit d’un individu, composé de plusieurs corps, certains sont séparés, mais qu’en même temps, autant d’autres et de même nature les remplacent, l’individu conservera sa nature comme auparavant, sans aucun changement [...] de l’Individu total</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">Spinoza, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Éthique</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">, I, 13, ax.2, 3). Spinoza est très clair : non seulement les mouvements relatifs des structures (les parties du tout) ne nuisent pas à l'invariance de l'organisation (l'individualité, l'unité) totale, mais c'est de leur communication réglée "<i>suivant un certain rapport</i>" que dépend cette invariance (notons que Spinoza nomme "individu" ce que nous appelons "<span style="text-align: justify;">écosystème</span>"). L'invariance est donc toujours une propriété émergente d'un tout (l'organisation locale) moyennant la variation des parties du tout (les structures locales). C'est pourquoi n</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ous disons "invariance" et non "identité" justement parce que, là où la notion d'identité suppose l'immobilité et l'immuabilité générale, l'invariance, tout au contraire est, à l'image du bateau de Thésée, compatible, non seulement avec la ductilité relative de ses structures (celles d'un matériau inerte sont capables d'opposer, jusqu'à un certain point, une in-formation élastique ou plastique à une dé-formation), mais surtout avec la souplesse de la coopération des-dites structures dans le cadre d'un milieu auto-organisé (Francisco Varela dit "auto-poïétique"), ce qui est le propre du vivant : une fibre musculaire, par exemple, va se tendre ou se comprimer jusqu'à son point de rupture et, si elle est rompt, sa cicatrisation va dépendre, littéralement, de sa communication avec le réseau vasculaire qui l'environne.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span>Nous dirons donc, premièrement, que deux structures vivantes <i>a</i> et <i>b</i> communiquent au sein d'une organisation locale [<i>ab</i>] comme <span style="text-align: justify;">écosystème</span> commun à <i>a </i>et à <i>b </i>si et seulement si le comportement intentionnel et non-accidentel de l'une des deux au moins constitue une in-formation pertinente pour </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">l'une des deux au moins. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span>Secondement, qu'un comportement intentionnel de <i>a </i>ou de <i>b</i> constitue une in-formation pertinente pour une organisation </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">[</span><i style="text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="text-align: left;">] </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span>si et seulement si ce comportement tend à assurer l'invariance organisationnelle locale de </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">[</span><i style="text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="text-align: left;">], que ce soit directement par la préservation</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span> à la fois de celle de <i>a </i>et de celle de <i>b, </i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span>ou indirectement par la préservation de l'une des deux seulement <i>via </i>l'affaiblissement, voire la destruction de l'autre. Par exemple, l</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span>e comportement de prédation de <i>a </i>(le prédateur) vers <i>b </i>(la proie) est, un comportement de communication au sein de </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">[</span><i style="text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="text-align: left;">]</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span> puisqu'il constitue un comportement intentionnellement pertinent pour <i>a </i> et, bien que destiné à détruire <i>b</i>, un tel comportement constitue néanmoins une in-formation pertinente pour </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">[</span><i style="text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="text-align: left;">] </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span>en ce que la préservation de <i>a </i>au détriment de <i>b </i>évite, à terme, à l'</span></span><span style="text-align: left;">écosystème</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span> commun [<i>ab</i>] la prolifération de structures de type <i>b</i>, ce qui, à terme, ferait croître dangereusement l'entropie de l'</span></span><span style="text-align: left;">écosystème</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">[</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">] </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>tout entier. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>"Directement" s'entend donc de l'intention première de <i>a </i>ou de <i>b</i>, "indirectement", soit de son intention secondaire (ex. de la "ruse"), soit de l'effet accidentel, non-intentionnel, de l'intention première (p. ex. dans le cas de la prédation ou du parasitisme</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>). O</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">n voit en tout cas que l'invariance organisationnelle de l'écosystème commun aux structures communicantes est l'unique fonction du comportement de communication. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>Nous assignerons donc en particulier au langage humain l</span><span>'invariance locale de l'organisation humaine en général comme son unique fonction </span><span>(à cet égard, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">les "six fonctions du langage" d</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>e </span></span><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schéma_de_Jakobson" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Jakobson</a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> ne sont, en réalité que six effets, intentionnels ou accidentels, de la fonction unique)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span>Cela dit, l'idée d'effet indirect (intentionnel ou accidentel) de la communication sur son destinataire ou sur l'</span></span>écosystème<span style="text-align: left;"><span> commun du destinateur et du destinataire permet d'introduire une nuance dans la notion de pertinence néguentropique d'une communication. En toute rigueur, dans la mesure où, avons-nous dit, tout comportement de communication vise intentionnellement l'in-formation tout au moins de l'émetteur du message, </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">il ne devrait y avoir de communication que pertinente, </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>la "pertinence" n'étant, <i>in fine</i>, qu'une expression particulière du principe général de moindre action (ou principe du moindre effort) qui concerne toutes les interactions entre les corps, vivants ou non, et d'après lequel </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>le produit de la dépense d'énergie par le temps mis pour la dépenser (</span></span></span><cite style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ML</span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">2</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><cite style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">T</span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">-</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><cite style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">2</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><span style="text-align: left;"> x T, soit </span><cite style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ML</span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">2</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><cite style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">T</span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">-1</span></span></sup></span></span></cite><span style="text-align: left;">) est le plus petit possible. En d'autres termes, une communication n'est pertinente que si et seulement si elle satisfait sa fonction, c'est-à-dire si elle maintient l'invariance de l'écosystème au sein duquel elle se déploie. Or, si l'éboulement d'une falaise minée par des infiltrations constitue une in-formation "pertinente" pour la falaise tout entière qui va se stabiliser sous l'effet de la gravitation, cependant, cette in-formation (néguentropique) est en réalité une dé-formation (entropique) sans "pertinence" pour l'arbre de la falaise qui se trouve déraciné et haché menu par l'éboulement. De la même façon, l'information (au sens courant, médiatique, du terme) selon laquelle un jeune immigré à été tué par un policier après un "refus d'obtempérer" constitue une in-formation pertinente pour une partie du corps social (celle qui va renforcer sa cohésion sous les effets conjugués du racisme et de la dévotion aux forces de l'ordre), tandis qu'elle constitue une dé-formation, une perturbation non seulement pour la victime, sa famille et ses proches, mais aussi pour toute la partie dudit corps social qui, à tort ou à raison, se sentira agressée et menacée par cet événement avec, à terme, un risque manifeste d'"embrasement" menaçant gravement l'invariance du corps social commun. Lequel "embrasement" constituera, le cas échéant, le contexte entropique perturbant à partir duquel tout ou partie du corps social concerné se re-(in-)formera, y puisant ainsi un surcroît d'énergie vitale (cf. à ce propos l'excellent article de Loïc Waquant paru dans le numéro de septembre 2023 du </span><u style="text-align: left;">Monde Diplomatique</u><span style="text-align: left;"> et intitulé </span><a href="https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2023/09/WACQUANT/66069" style="text-align: left;">l'émeute entre jacquerie et carnaval</a><span style="text-align: left;">). Tandis que, bien entendu, ledit "embrasement" n'apparaîtra que comme une dé-formation (entropique) symptomatique d'une grave crise sociale (ne parle-t-on pas justement de "fièvre sociale" ?) pour la partie du corps social qui en sortira lésée. </span><span style="text-align: left;">Il reste que, d'une manière générale, l'in-formation indirecte, qu'elle soit intentionnelle ou bien accidentelle, dans la mesure où elle suppose </span><span style="text-align: left;">l'affaiblissement voire la destruction d'une au moins des structures participant à l'écosystème commun comporte toujours le risque d'affaiblir voire de détruire à terme </span><span style="text-align: left;"><i>a </i>lui-même comme c'est le cas lors d'une guerre ou d'une prédation </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">non-régulée qui détruit l'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">écosystème</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> et anéantit le prédateur (p. ex. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">avec l'utilisation des "intrants" dans l'agriculture intensive ou encore avec le choc anaphylactique lors de l'emballement du système immunitaire) autant que la proie</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>.</span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span>En raison de ses effets indirects toujours possibles, la pertinence d'un comportement de la communication n'est donc nullement assurée eu égard à sa fonction d'invariance organisationnelle. Il semble même qu'elle doive </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>osciller en permanence entre un </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>extremum</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span> d'in-formation (néguentropie) et un </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>extremum</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span> de dé-formation (entropie). Et ce, de la même façon que l'invariance assurée par le système immunologique, ou le système de régulation de la température des animaux homéothermes, ou encore de celle du taux de sucre dans le sang, s'entendent comme fluctuation du couple dé-formation/in-formation autour d'une valeur moyenne trop en-deçà ou trop au-delà de laquelle </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>l'</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>invariance</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span> organisationnelle du tout "animal" </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>est sinon brisée, du moins menacée, par une entropie insuffisamment compensable par ce système. </span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">À ce point, </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>l'organisation entre les diverses structures de la même organisation vivante ou les différentes organisations du même écosystème devient pathologique, voire létale</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>D</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>onc, exactement de la même façon que la santé d'un corps individuel sera également mise en </span><span>péril <span style="text-align: justify;">par un système immunitaire trop entreprenant ou trop déprimé</span> ou qu'une pression trop forte </span><span>exercée sur les morceaux d'une tasse brisée pour les faire tenir ensemble sera aussi inefficace qu'une pression trop faible, s'agissant de la quantité et de la qualité du langage, on peut dire que "trop d'information tue l'information". En ce sens, </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">d'une part un langage trop "riche" menacera autant qu'un langage trop "pauvre" la santé de l'organisation sociale, d'autre part le même acte de langage constituera une in-formation pour l'organisation locale mais, probablement, une dé-formation, pour une ou plusieurs structures de l'organisation. </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>De là, le principe dit "de pertinence" (<i>relevance principle</i>) énoncé par Grice : </span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>nos
échanges verbaux [...] sont le plus souvent, dans une certaine
mesure au moins, des efforts de coopération ; et chaque participant
reconnaît en eux, dans une certaine mesure au moins, un but ou un
ensemble de buts communs, ou au moins une direction mutuellement
acceptée [...]. Nous pouvons donc formuler approximativement un
principe général que les participants seront censés respecter
(toutes choses égales par ailleurs) : que votre contribution à la
conversation, au moment où elle intervient, soit conforme au but ou
à la direction acceptée de l'échange verbal auquel vous
participez</i></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Grice,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Logic
and Conversation</u></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>). Grice a bien raison de préciser immédiatement les limites de son principe de pertinence qui, précisément, ne vaut que si et seulement si "nos échanges verbaux sont des efforts de coopération", c'est-à-dire lorsque, de </span><span><i>a </i>vers <i>b</i>, il s'agit pour <i>a</i> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">d'in-former directement au mois <i>b</i>, sinon [</span><i style="text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="text-align: left;">]</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>. Ce qui, nous l'avons vu, n'est qu'une des modalités possibles de la communication des vivants au sein d'un <span style="text-align: justify;">écosystème</span> commun. Car, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">de même que </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">tout processus métabolique intra-individuel n'est qu'un enchevêtrement perpétuel de dé-formation (catabolisme, entropie) et d'in-formation (anabolisme, néguentropie), de même, tout processus de communication inter-individuelle au sein d'une organisation humaine sera, indissolublement source de bien-être pour les uns et source de mal-être pour les autres</span><span style="text-align: left;">. Quand nous parlons de "bien-être" et de "mal-être", nous traduisons en termes modernes ce que Spinoza appelle respectivement "joie" (<i>laetitia</i>) et "tristesse" (<i>tristitia</i>)</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span> : </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
Joie est le passage de l'homme d'une moindre perfection à une plus
grande. La Tristesse est le passage de l'homme d'une plus grande
perfection à une moindre</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Spinoza,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Éthique</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
III, 59, déf.2 et 3), étant entendu que </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>par
Perfection et Réalité, [Spinoza] entend[...] la même chose</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Spinoza,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Éthique</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
II, déf.6). Clairement, de la même façon que certains de mes muscles (<i>a</i>) vont intentionnellement solliciter mon système cardio-respiratoire (<i>b</i>) afin de garantir dans les meilleures conditions l'invariance (la "perfection", la "réalité") du corps biologique tout entier </span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">([</span><i style="text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="text-align: left;">]</span><span style="text-align: left;">)</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">, de même, c'est pour </span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">assurer l'invariance du groupe social tout entier </span><span style="text-align: left;">([</span><i style="text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="text-align: left;">]</span><span style="text-align: left;">)</span><span style="text-align: left;"> qu'</span><span style="text-align: left;">on va exploiter une classe laborieuse </span><span style="text-align: left;">(</span><i style="text-align: left;">a</i><span style="text-align: left;">) </span><span style="text-align: left;">pour le plus grand profit d'une classe dirigeante </span><span style="text-align: left;">(<i>b</i></span><span style="text-align: left;">)</span><span style="text-align: left;">, étant entendu que ladite classe laborieuse est censée bénéficier indirectement des "retombées", du "ruissellement" (<i>trickle down theory</i>, théorème de Schmidt) dudit profit. Dans les deux cas, la communication entre les structures d'un tout (par les échanges sanguins et gazeux dans un cas, par les échanges verbaux, techniques et monétaires dans l'autre) n'est que l'expression d'un </span><i style="text-align: left;">conatus </i><span style="text-align: left;">dont la fonction unique est l'invariance intentionnelle de l'organisation locale à laquelle appartiennent ces structures (corps biologique dans un cas, corps social dans l'autre). L'histoire de l'humanité nous enseigne en effet que le corps social envisage toujours </span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la création des moyens pour
satisfaire des besoins ; [...] </i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il
en résulte qu’un mode de production est toujours lié à un mode
déterminé de coopération, de sorte que l’histoire de l’humanité
doit être étudiée et traitée en relation avec l’histoire de
l’industrie et du commerce</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Marx,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Idéologie
Allemande</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>). </span>Marx parle bien de "coopération" car, comme satisfaire des besoins, c'est contribuer à l'invariance organisationnelle du tout, le moyen de les satisfaire est, comme pour toute organisation vivante, la coopération (la communication directement pertinente) entre ses structures. </span></span></span></span></em></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Toutes les structures sociales ainsi que les organisations qui incluent ces structures</span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"> doivent donc être traitées comme <span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>des corps animés d’une sorte de
</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">conatus</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
au sens de Spinoza, c’est-à-dire d’une tendance à perpétuer
leur être social, avec tous ses pouvoirs et ses privilèges, qui est
au principe des stratégies de reproduction</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">Bourdieu,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Raisons
Pratiques</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
ii)</span></span>. En particulier, la communication </span><span style="text-align: left;">entre ces structures</span><span style="text-align: left;">, à commencer par la communication langagière dans laquelle se reflètent toutes les autres formes de communication, reste néanmoins indirectement </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le produit de l’incorporation des structures
objectives de l’espace social, ce qui incline les agents à prendre
le monde social tel qu’il est, plutôt qu’à se rebeller contre
lui</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Langage et
Pouvoir Symbolique</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
iii, 5). </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span>De sorte que l'institution du langage est à l'organisation humaine inter-individuelle ce que le système nerveux ou le système immunitaire est au corps biologique individuel, à savoir un effort dirigé et coordonné par une structure dédiée et "experte", certes, mais avec toujours, en arrière-plan, le risque que nous soulignions à propos des effets intentionnels ou accidentels essentiellement indirects de la communication, à savoir d'être contre-productif en matière d'invariance locale, c'est-à-dire de générer plus d'entropie que de néguentropie. </span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">C'est pourquoi rien ne nous paraît, à cet égard, plus ridicule et condamnable que ces conceptions angéliques du langage qui font de celui-ci une sorte de miracle dans l'éthologie animale en instaurant entre communication animale et langage humain une différence non de degré mais de nature. </span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">À</span><span><span style="text-align: left;"> commencer par </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">le préjugé du caractère fondamentalement constatif du langage humain que Platon établit, dans le dialogue où il est question de la nature du langage, </span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">en faisant </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">dériver l'étymologie d'</span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">ἄνθρωπος</span><span style="text-align: left;">, "homme" de la locution "celui qui relate ce qu'il a vu"</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"> : </span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ce
nom d'homme [</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR">ἄνθρωπος<i>]</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
signifie que, tandis que les autres animaux ne savent ni observer, ni
étudier, ni contempler ce qu'ils voient, l'homme a cet avantage que
tout en voyant [</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR">ὅπωπε<i>]</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
il observe et contemple [</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR">ἀναθρεῖ<i>] </i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ce
qu'il voit. C'est donc avec raison qu'on a tiré le nom d'homme de
cette faculté qui lui appartient exclusivement entre tous les
animaux, de savoir contempler ce qu'il voit [</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR">ἀναθρῶν
ἃ ὅπωπ<i>]</i></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Platon,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cratyle</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
399c). Il y a là l'idée que seul parmi les vivants, l'être humain est capable d'interposer entre la perception et le mouvement relatif à la perception, un temps mort d'une durée indéfinie qui lui permettrait d'observer, d'étudier, de contempler et, subséquemment, de commenter ce qu'il a perçu en s'abstenant de déclencher en le destinataire du message quelque mouvement, donc d'engager de sa part quelque dépense d'énergie que ce soit. De là la prétendue perfection idéale du langage humain. Or, de toute évidence</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>certaines phrases ne décrivent, ne rapportent, ne constatent absolument rien, donc ne sont pas vraies ou </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>fausses mais sont l'exécution d'une action</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"(Austin, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>quand Dire c'est Faire</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">, i). Austin, Searle et quelques autres nomment "énoncés performatifs" (<i>performative statements</i>, de <i>to perform</i>, "accomplir") de telles phrases dont l'intention directe et immédiate consiste, précisément, à déclencher un mouvement de la part du ou des destinataire(s) du message, par exemple dans le cas ou <i>a </i>donne un ordre ou profère une menace ou une interdiction. Par ailleurs, </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">si l'on eput parler d'énoncés constatifs, c'est dans le sens où </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><i>a</i> entend </span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">in-former (p. ex. en l'instruisant) ou, éventuellement, dé-former (p. ex. en le mettant en garde) directement <i>b </i>ou [</span><i style="text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="text-align: left;">] sans pour autant avoir l'intention de créer un mouvement perceptible immédiat dans l'</span>écosystème<span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>. Or, l'absence de mouvement perceptible n'est jamais une absence de mouvement tout court : dans les romans de Dostoïevski, les interlocuteurs n'ont de cesse d'avoir chaud, d'avoir froid, de sentir leur cœur s'emballer, leur estomac se nouer, etc. autrement dit d'avoir, au cours de leurs discussions, la perception cœnesthésique de quelque mouvement corporel interne, preuve que leur organisation corporelle est affectée d'un surcroît (joie) ou au contraire d'un défaut (peine) de vitalité (cf. Spinoza </span><i>supra</i><span>), bref, d'une in-formation néguentropique ou bien d'une dé-formation entropique (l'une et l'autre se succédant d'ailleurs souvent à un rythme effréné).</span><span> De plus, l'absence, de la part de <i>a</i> d'intention première de susciter une réaction corporelle manifeste et immédiate de la part de son ou ses interlocuteur(s) n</span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span>'exclut nullement le mouvement indirect médiat comme effet secondaire intentionnel (<i>a </i>prépare <i>b </i>à se comporter d'une certaine manière lors d'un examen ou d'un concours) ou accidentel (typiquement, les Croisades comme effet secondaire de la lecture des </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><u>Évangiles,</u> ou bien l'islamisme politique comme effet secondaire de la lecture du <u>Coran</u>, ou encore le sionisme comme effet secondaire de la lecture de la <u>Thora</u><span>). Bref, toute communication est fondamentalement performative </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">en ce que </span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>tout
le corps qui répond par sa posture et sa réaction aux exigences du
jeu exprime tout le rapport au monde social</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Langage
et Pouvoir Symbolique</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i, 2) au point que la retenue, la contention, la raideur, l'immobilité même peuvent être considérées comme des réactions comportementales maîtrisées de la même façon que le silence n'est pas nécessairement un indice d'incompréhension ou d'indifférence. E</span></span></span></span></em></span><span style="text-align: left;">t, s'agissant du cas particulier de la communication humaine, </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ce qui, dans les signes, ne parvient pas à l’expression linguistique, l’usage des signes le montre [</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">was in den Zeichen nicht zum Ausdruck kommt, das zeigt ihre Anwendung</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Tractatus</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">, 3.262), c'est-à-dire que leur usage social coutumier statistiquement le plus fréquent dans l'écosystème commun est aussi l'indice le plus pertinent de l'aspect fondamentalement performatif du langage, lequel en est, essentiellement, un effet indirect à plus ou moins long terme. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">À la nature prétendument constative du langage, on a corrélé son caractère soi-disant pacifique, pacifique parce que constatif et constatif parce que pacifique. Ce qui est manifeste dans </span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'irénisme linguistique d'Aristote </span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">selon lequel "</span><span style="text-align: left;"><i>il est évident </i></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>que l’homme est naturellement un animal politique [</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ὁ ἄνθρωπος φύσει πολιτικὸν ζῷον</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>] destiné à vivre en dans une Cité [</i></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">πόλις</span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>] [tandis que les autres animaux] </i></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><i>sont avides de combats [</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ἃ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">μα γὰρ φύσει τοιοῦτος καὶ πολέμου ἐπιθυμητής</span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]. [De sorte que]</i> </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>seul, entre les animaux, l’homme a l’usage du langage [</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">λόγον δὲ μόνον ἄνθρωπος ἔχει τῶν ζῴων</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>] ; le cri [</i></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">ἡ φωνὴ</span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>] est le signe de la douleur et du plaisir et c’est pour cela qu’il a été donné à tous les animaux. Leur organisation va jusqu’à éprouver des sensations de douleur et de plaisir et à se le faire comprendre les uns aux autres ; mais le langage [</i>ὁ λόγος</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>] a pour but de faire comprendre ce qui est utile ou nuisible et, par conséquent aussi, ce qui est juste ou injuste [</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">ὁ δὲ λόγος ἐπὶ τῷ δηλοῦν ἐστι τὸ συμφέρον καὶ τὸ βλαβερόν, ὥστε καὶ τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὸ ἄδικον</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Aristote, </span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Politique</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;">, I, 1253a). Autrement dit, contrairement à la communication animale qui, remplissant une fonction vitale apolitique, est nécessairement agressive, le langage humain accomplirait une fonction politique non-vitale et, par conséquent, essentiellement pacifique </span><span style="text-align: left;">à travers l'expression de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler "les valeurs" (le juste, le bon, le beau, l'utile, etc.). Or il nous semble encore plus évident que, de même que </span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'in-formation génétique assure directement la survie locale du corps biologique, donc de la plupart des tissus de ce corps tout en prescrivant la destruction de certains (apoptose), de même l'in-formation linguistique assure</span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"> directement l'invariance du corps social</span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"> (</span><span style="text-align: left;">πόλις</span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;">), donc la survie de la plupart </span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de ses structures au mépris de certaines. Après tout, n'est-ce pas toujours au nom du "juste", du "bien", de l'"utile", etc. que l'on emprisonne, torture, tue, "réforme" ou "modernise" ? </span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="text-align: left;">Comme Clément Rosset le souligne finement, </span><span style="text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>c'est faire preuve de superficialité que d'opposer la violence au langage, à la raison au sens de se représenter l'homme comme écartelé entre la possibilité d'une communication pacifique fondée sur le discours et la tentation d'un rapport de violence fondé sur le non-discours. La vérité est, semble-t-il, exactement inverse : c'est précisément dans la mesure où l'homme est susceptible de discours qu'il est susceptible de violence</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Rosset, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>le Réel : Traité de l'Idiotie</u></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>, II, ii) : toute guerre est précédée, entretenue et suivie par des propos belliqueux, toute agression fait suite à une provocation langagière, quant à la "bonne" résolution bien connue "mettons-nous autour d'une table et discutons plutôt que de nous battre", chacun sait qu'elle est toujours énoncée, non pas</span><span><i> a priori</i>, mais <i>a posteriori </i></span><span>sur fond d'agression avérée (cessez-le-feu, traité de paix, rapport de force établi) ou potentielle (menaces). Et, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-family: georgia;">dans la mesure où </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la guerre ne consiste pas seulement dans des combats effectifs, mais dans un espace de temps où la volonté de s’affronter en des batailles est suffisamment avérée</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Hobbes, </span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Léviathan</u></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">, XIII),</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span> lorsque le langage n'engendre pas directement une violence actuelle, c'est de ce que Pierre Bourdieu appelle une "violence symbolique" indirecte qu'il est question : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>les discours ne sont pas seulement des signes destinés à être compris, mais aussi des signes de richesse destinés à être évalués, appréciés, et des signes d’autorité destinés à être crus et obéis [...]. L</i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>a discussion, loin de combler l’écart entre les rangs sociaux, le maintient et l’aggrave</i></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Bourdieu, </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Langage et Pouvoir Symbolique</u></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-family: georgia;">, i, 2). En ce sens, la fonction néguentropique du langage consiste moins à établir ou maintenir la paix sociale que d'éviter à la guerre d'éclater ouvertement en engageant chaque structure à ne pas sortir de la logique que la société leur a assignée</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">(<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/10/entropie-information-communication.html">à suivre dans ...</a>)</span></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></em></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-39235061245980396692023-10-02T08:33:00.128+02:002024-03-19T09:46:05.722+01:00ENTROPIE, INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION, LANGAGE ET VERITE (suite et fin).<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2011/11/information-conatus-et-entropie.html">(suite de ...)</a></span></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>Il est temps de rappeler que le sens des "valeurs" prétendument véhiculées par le langage n'est ni inné ni acquis par l'opération du Saint-Esprit mais que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>si vous vous demandez comment un enfant apprend “beau”, “magnifique”, “bon”, etc., vous trouvez qu’il les apprend en gros comme des interjections</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">Wittgenstein, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Leçons sur l’Esthétique</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">, I, 5). Des interjections et non des concepts ! C'est que, "pour ce que nous avons été enfants avant que d'être hommes" (pour parler comme Descartes), il n'est pas nécessaire d'avoir lu Freud, Proust ou Modiano pour comprendre qu'il nous reste nécessairement quelque chose de notre enfance, et quelque chose d'autant plus </span></span><span>prégnant que l'acquisition en a été faite plus précocement et dont, pour cela, nous n'avons pas gardé le moindre souvenir conscient. L'apprentissage du langage est, à cet égard, le candidat idéal au statut d'acquisition pré-consciente. Wittgenstein nous en donne un exemple significatif : </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>comment apprendre la signification du mot ‘‘douleur’’ par exemple ? En voici une possibilité : […] un enfant s’est blessé, il crie ; alors des adultes lui parlent et lui apprennent […] une nouvelle manière de se comporter face à la douleur. De sorte que l’expression verbale de la douleur remplace le cri et ne décrit rien du tout</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Recherches Philosophiques</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">, §244). Certes, direz-vous, mais comment apprend-on les expressions qui expriment plutôt l'état du monde extérieur au corps vivant ? Eh bien de la même manière : par exemple, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>on présente simultanément à l’enfant des émissions du mot et des exemples d’objets rouges ; on applaudit aussi à son propre babillage lorsqu’il émet un son qui ressemble à ‘rouge’ en présence du rouge ; au bout du compte, l’enfant acquiert l’art d’utiliser le mot conformément au goût de la société</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Quine, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>le Domaine et le Langage de la Science</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">, ii). Dans tous les cas, </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i> "c</i></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>e qu’il y a d’extrêmement important quand on enseigne [le langage], ce sont les gestes et les mimiques exagérées [qui] sont des manifestations d’approbation</i></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Wittgenstein, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Leçons sur l’Esthétique</u></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, I, 5). </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Remplaçons maintenant les termes "douleur" ou "rouge" par la variable <i>x </i>et les termes "cri" ou "applaudir" par le paramètre "mouvement corporel" et formulons notre thèse : l'expression verbale <i>x</i> remplace ou accompagne le mouvement corporel et ne décrit rien du tout. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Nous affirmerons donc qu'il n'existe pas de langage essentiellement contemplatif au sens de Platon ni de langage essentiellement pacifique au sens d'Aristote, de sorte que les calmes énoncés descriptifs attachés au mythe grec </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">de la σχολή ne sont<span>, en réalité, que des énoncés à effets performatifs différés ou discrets. Bref, comme le dit Witt</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">genstein, </span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">plutôt que de dire ‘</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sans langage nous ne pourrions nous comprendre mutuellement</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">’, nous devrions dire ‘</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sans langage, nous ne pourrions nous influencer mutuellement</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">’</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Recherches Philosophiques</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, §491). </span></span></span></span></em></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></em></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Fondamentalement, cette influence est celle de la communication mutuelle de structures physiques vivantes intégrées à la même organisation locale (p.ex. la famille ou la classe ou la Cité </span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span>ou l'État</span></span><span><span style="text-align: left;">) qui, continuellement menacée par l'entropie, tend néanmoins à maintenir son invariance à la manière d'un navire balloté par la tempête. </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">Comme toute forme de communication, le langage est une relation physique et, à ce titre, un échange de signaux physiques destiné à produire intentionnellement des effets d'in-formation dont le tout premier, avant même la modification néguentropique de l'écosystème, est la perception du communiqué par le communiquant. En fait,</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>la perception et l'action ne peuvent pas être séparés parce que la perception exprime la clôture du système nerveux [ou de la structure coordonnatrice des structures communicantes, quelle qu'elle soit]. En termes plus positifs, percevoir équivaut à construire des invariants par un couplage sensori-moteur qui permet à l'organisme de survivre dans son environnement</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>"(Varela, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><u>la Clôture Opérationnelle du Système Nerveux</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>, iii, in </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>). Ce qui implique notamment que l'émetteur du message est toujours en même temps son premier (et parfois son unique) récepteur par couplage sensori-moteur d'un signal sensible efférent (p. ex. ce qui est dit ou pensé par un locuteur humain) et d'un signal sensible afférent (p. ex. ce qui est "ressenti" en disant ou en pensant). Mieux encore, dans la mesure où </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>les comportements propres </i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>[</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>eigenbehaviors</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>] </i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>sont des invariants engendrés de façon interne par les processus coopératifs qui définissent la clôture du système</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>"(Varela, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Comportement Propre, Autoréférence et Coopérativité</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>, i, in </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>), on peut dire que non seulement l'invariance organisationnelle locale est l'unique fonction du comportement de communication des structures communicantes, mais encore que cette invariance ne peut être assurée que par la communication desdites structures. En ce sens, toute communication est comportement et tout comportement est communication, y compris pour les humains</span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">. </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">Donc, pour un locuteur humain </span><i style="text-align: left;">a</i><span style="text-align: left;">, "avoir le sens des valeurs", c'est, sinon agir, du moins avoir agi ou devoir agir soit directement (</span><span style="text-align: left;">lorsque </span><i style="text-align: left;">a </i><span style="text-align: left;">lui-même perçoit ce qu'il dit ou ce qu'il pense) soit indirectement (lorsque </span><i style="text-align: left;">a </i><span style="text-align: left;"> subit la perturbation de l'</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">écosystème</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">[</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">] du fait de sa communication ; rappelons que [</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">] est l'organisation commune de laquelle participent les structures </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">et </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">b</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">). Bref, "avoir le sens des valeurs" est une expression vide de sens puisque dire "ceci est bon" revient, au fond, à dire "ceci est comestible" et/ou à se comporter en exprimant son appétit, ce que la "danse" des abeilles réussit tout aussi bien (mieux ?) que le récit de <u>la Genèse</u>. </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>Dans ces conditions, que penser du statut apparemment exorbitant de l'une d'entre ces "valeurs", à savoir la valeur de vérité ? Nous avons dit que l'invariance organisationnelle de l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">écosystème</span><span><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> dans lequel elle s'exerce est l'unique fonction de la communication d'une structure vivante en général, et par conséquent, du langage en particulier. Or, quand nous parlons de fonction, nous entendons "fonction" au sens mathématique du terme comme une mise en relation d'un domaine de départ (généralement associé à la variable </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">x</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">) avec un domaine d'arrivée (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">y</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">) par une règle de concordance qui permet de connaître, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">a priori</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">, le sens de variation de </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">y </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">et les </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">extrema </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">entre lesquels </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">y </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">sera contenue. Ainsi dire que l'invariance organisationnelle de </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">(n')est fonction (que) d'un comportement de communication mutualisée à la fois entre les structures internes à </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">et à la fois entre </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">et tout ou partie des structures d'une organisation commune [</span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">ab</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">]</span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">, </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">c'est dire que le comportement de </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">vise l'oscillation de </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">entre deux </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">extrema </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">de variation. Et, de même qu'une fonction périodique (p.ex. les fonctions trigonométriques) voit ses </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">y </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">varier entre ses deux </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">extrema </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">(p.ex. -1 et +1 pour les fonctions sinus ou cosinus) suivant une régularité qui dépend de la fréquence de ses </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">x </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>(p. ex.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> 2 π rad</span></span><span><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"> pour sinus ou cosinus)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">, de même l'invariance organisationnelle (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">y</i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">) de </span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">variera entre un excès et un défaut d'énergie néguentropique </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">en fonction de la fréquence de la communication</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. En particulier, un excès de langage est, certes, aussi préjudiciable à l'in-formation qu'un défaut de langage, cependant, un sur-excès (sous forme, par exemple d'une paraphrase ou d'un commentaire) ou </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">un sous-défaut (sous forme, par exemple, d'un mysticisme) </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">peuvent, de nouveau, être in-formants. Ce qui permet de voir que, de même qu'une fonction récursive (p. ex. la fonction "successeur" d'un entier dans l'arithmétique de Peano) s'appelle elle-même et s'applique à elle-même, les <i>y </i>devenant des <i>x </i>puis des <i>y</i> et ainsi de suite (p.ex. dans la géométrie des fractales), de même aussi le langage s'appelle lui-même et s'applique à lui-même sous la forme d'un méta-langage dès que l'on sort du "langage-objet" ("le ciel est bleu" est du langage-objet, "bleu est une couleur" est du méta-langage). Enfin, il est courant, en analyse mathématique d'appeler <i>y </i>la "valeur" de la fonction f(<i>x</i>), ce qui contribuerait à faire de l'ensemble des modifications structurelles de l'organisation humaine comprises dans sa marge d'invariance organisationnelle le parcours de "valeurs" de la fonction langagière. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>En ce sens, en disant "ceci est bon" ou "ceci est injuste" </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>vous ne signifiez rien d’autre que, selon la constitution de votre nature, vous éprouvez un sentiment d’approbation ou de blâme en considérant l’objet</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Hume, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Traité de la Nature Humaine</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">, III, i, 1)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, vous n'indiquez rien d'autre que, littéralement, la valeur que vous accordez à un objet, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">vous n'adoptez rien de plus qu'un comportement de satisfaction comme indice irrécusable d'une in-formation néguentrop</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ique. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Pour toutes ces raisons, l'analogie de la fonctionnalité du langage avec l'acception mathématique nous semble parfaitement justifiée. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>Tout aussi justifiée, par conséquent, nous paraît être l'approche mathématicienne de la proposition affirmative par Frege : </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’on analyse la proposition ‘</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">César conquit les Gaules</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>’ en ‘</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">César</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>’ et ‘</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">( ) conquit les Gaules</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>’ : la seconde partie est insaturée, elle traîne une place vide avec elle, et ce n’est qu’après avoir rempli cette place par un nom propre ou une expression équivalente qu’on voit naître un sens fermé sur lui-même</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">Frege, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Fonction et Concept</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">). Autrement dit, pour Frege, l'expression "conquérir les Gaules" est du type f(<i>x</i>), et le sujet dont on va prédiquer cette expression va jouer le rôle de la variable (<i>x</i>). De sorte que, une fois donné le domaine de définition de la fonction "conquérir les Gaules" (en l'occurrence, il doit s'agir d'une organisation humaine, et non pas d'une planète ou d'un nombre réel) et une fois la variable remplacée par une constante appartenant à ce domaine (Alexandre le Grand, Gengis Khan, César, Napoléon, le Troisième Reich, etc.), nous obtenons une "valeur" de la fonction. Pour Frege, qui est l'héritier scrupuleux de la logique bivalente d'Aristote, le parcours de valeurs d'une telle fonction langagière affirmative (qu'il nomme aussi "concept") se résume à l'ensemble {Vrai ; Faux}. D'où la définition : </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>un concept [une fonction langagière affirmative] est une fonction dont la valeur est toujours une valeur de vérité</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Frege, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Fonction et Concept</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">). Peu nous importe ici le nombre de "valeurs de vérité" retenues pour la fonction langagière affirmative (deux pour la logique frégéenne, trois pour la logique intuitionniste, une infinité comprise entre 0 et 1 pour la logique floue). La seule question qui, pour finir, va retenir notre attention est celle-ci : s'agissant d'une proposition affirmative <i>p</i>, e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">n quoi le fait de dire "<i>p </i>est vraie" diffère-t-il du fait de dire "<i>p</i>" ? Ou, dit autrement, puisque l'invariance locale d'une organisation humaine est, avons-nous dit, la seule fonction possible assignable au langage, en quoi la valeur de vérité de la proposition affirmative <i>p</i> relève-t-elle d'une sub-fonction bien particulière de la fonction générale d'invariance organisationnelle ?</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;">Il va de soi qu'à la suite de ce que nous avons exposé <i>supra</i>, on peut généraliser à toutes les valeurs la remarque de Spinoza selon laquelle </span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la connaissance du bien et du mal n’est rien d’autre qu’un sentiment de joie ou de tristesse, en tant que nous en sommes conscients</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;">"(Spinoza, </span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Éthique</u></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span>, IV, 8). En particulier, donc, la valeur de vérité (le vrai ou le faux, pour nous en tenir à une logique bivalente) n'a rien à voir avec l'</span><i><span>adaequatio rei et intellectus</span></i><span> chère à Thomas d'Aquin, sous-entendu de l'intellect des </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>vrais philosophes, ceux qui aiment la contemplation de la vérité</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Platon, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>République,</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"> V, 475e), en l'occurrence la contemplation d'un objet éminent (l'Idée platonicienne) au moyen d'</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>une sorte d’œil de l’esprit par lequel l’âme peut fixer son regard sur la vérité, [car] </i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ce qui répand sur les objets de la connaissance la lumière de la vérité [...] c’est l’idée du bien</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">Platon, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>République,</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"> VI, 508e-509a). Or, si, comme nous l'avons suggéré, il n'existe pas de langage purement constatif, purement contemplatif (ni des choses, ni des valeurs, ni de quoi que ce soit), nous aurions tendance à abonder dans le sens de Nietzsche pour qui la valeur de vérité, loin d'"éclairer" en toute neutralité des objets idéaux, est plutôt accordée à </span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span>une multitude mouvante de métaphores, de métonymies, d'anthropomorphismes, bref, une somme de relations humaines qui ont été poétiquement et rhétoriquement haussées, transposées, ornées, et qui, après un long usage, semblent à un peuple fermes, canoniques et contraignantes</span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Nietzsche, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Vérité et Mensonge au sens Extra-Moral</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">). Donc, ce qui est réputé "vrai" (ou "faux"), ce sont, non des "idées" au sens intellectuel (platonicien) de ce terme, mais des "relations humaines", donc des comportements par lesquels des structures vivantes tentent d'optimiser la néguentropie de l'organisation commune à laquelle elles participent. Dès lors, la valorisation de certains de ces comportements (que l'on qualifiera de "langagiers") par l'attribution du label de vérité relève d'une sorte de fétichisation des comportements qui doivent être considérés sinon comme sacrés, du moins comme particulièrement "fermes, canoniques, contraignants". </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">D'où, deux conséquences </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">extrêmement importantes</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>. </span><span>D'abord<i>, </i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>attribuer la vérité à l’énoncé "la neige est blanche", c’est attribuer la blancheur à la neige ; l’attribution de vérité se borne à effacer les guillemets : la vérité c’est la décitation [</i>disquotation<i>]</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Quine, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>la Poursuite de la Vérité</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">, §33). Ce qui veut dire que </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l'effet sémantique de la valeur de vérité est nul </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span> : on passe de <i>p </i>à<i> </i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">p</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> est vrai" </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>en "citant" (<i>quoting</i>), c'est-à-dire en parlant de parler DE<i> p</i> au lieu de laisser parler <i>p</i>. Insistons sur le fait que, lorsque nous disons que </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>les conditions d'assertion de l'énoncé </span><i>p</i><i> </i><span>sont les mêmes que celles de l'énoncé "</span><i>p </i><span>est vrai", et donc que l'ascension méta-linguistique est inutile, c'est de l'effet sémantique de la vérité qu'il est question, non de son effet pragmatique. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Car, de ce point de vue, attribuer la vérité à un comportement langagier, c'est comme accrocher une médaille à la poitrine d'un vieux soldat : on lui témoigne de la recon</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">naissance pour ses états de service afin d'éviter de lui verser une pension. De même, dire "<i>p </i>est vraie", c'est, en général, prévenir toute objection en se dispensant d'en dire plus sur <i>p</i>.<i> </i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span> </span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>D'où, deuxième conséquence, de loin la plus lourde : l'effet politique (au sens étymologique de </span><span>πόλις, "Cité" comme écosystème spécifiquement humain</span><span>), autrement dit pragmatique, de la valeur de vérité. </span><span>À cet égard, </span><span>tout est déjà dans Platon : </span><span style="color: black;"><span>"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le genre humain ne mettra pas fin à ses maux avant que l’espèce de ceux qui, dans la rectitude et la vérité s’adonnent à la philosophie, ait accédé à l’autorité politique, ou que ceux qui sont au pouvoir ne s’adonnent véritablement à la philosophie</i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span>"(Platon, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Lettre VII</u></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span>,</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span> 326b). Ce qui, pour l'inventeur de la philosophie, n'est pas simplement la marque d'une élitisme politique de principe qui va connaître un beau succès (notamment dans la très moderne idéologie "méritocratique"), mais se trouve correspondre aussi à une certaine conception du pouvoir. </span><span>Par exemple, lorsqu'il met dans la bouche de Socrate ce conseil destiné au futur prince-philosophe : </span></span></span></span><span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>vous êtes tous frères dans la Cité, leur dirons-nous, [...] mais le dieu qui vous a formés a fait entrer de l’or dans la composition de ceux d’entre nous qui sont capables de commander, aussi sont-ils les plus précieux, de l’argent dans la composition des gardiens, du fer et de l’airain dans celle des laboureurs et des autres artisans</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Platon, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>République</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">, III, 415a). Il est donc clair que le pouvoir décisionnaire dans la Cité, celui-ci fût-il dévolu à qui de droit éclairé qu'il est censé être par la "lumière de la vérité", ne peut s'exercer sans une certaine dose de "formatage" rhétorique</span></span></span></span><span> de l'opinion (δόξα) lui faisant prendre des vessies pour des lanternes, en l'occurrence, des mythes pour des faits avérés. En passant de la vérité au pouvoir et du pouvoir au "formatage" rhétorique, la sub-fonction étroitement "politique" de la valeur de vérité semble alors manifeste : </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il
n'y a pas d'exercice du pouvoir sans une certaine économie des
discours de vérité fonctionnant dans, à partir de et à travers ce
pouvoir. Nous sommes soumis par le pouvoir à la production de la
vérité et nous ne pouvons exercer le pouvoir que par la production
de la vérité</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[...].
Nous sommes astreints à produire la vérité par le pouvoir qui
exige cette vérité et qui en a besoin pour fonctionner ; nous avons
à dire la vérité, nous sommes contraints, nous sommes condamnés à
avouer la vérité ou à la trouver. Le pouvoir [...]
institutionnalise la recherche de la vérité, il la
professionnalise, il la récompense. Nous avons à produire la vérité
comme, après tout, nous avons à produire des richesses</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>il
faut défendre la Société</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">). C</span></span></span></span></em><span>'est donc précisément à travers la disposition spécifiquement humaine de la croyance</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> en la légitimité du pouvoir comme dispensateur de vérité </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">qu'il va s'agir de garantir l'invariance du corps social. </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">D'une manière plus générale, il semble même qu'<span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>en l’absence de croyance, le faux n’existerait pas, le vrai non plus dans la mesure où le vrai est corrélatif du faux</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Russell, </span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Problèmes de Philosophie</u></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">, xii). C'est-à-dire que, pour <i>a </i>s'adressant à <i>b </i>en énonçant <i>p,</i> décerner, explicitement ou non, la médaille de la vérité à l'énoncé <i>p</i> trahit l'intention première de la part de <i>a </i>d'induire en <i>b </i>une croyance. En l'occurrence, la croyance en la respectabilité de <i>p</i> et, corrélativement, en la pureté "philosophique" (au sens de Platon) des intentions de <i>a</i>, d'une part<i> </i>de faire agir <i>b </i>en fonction de <i>p </i>(c'est-à-dire du "Bien), d'autre part d'étendre le champ social de la croyance que <i>p </i>est vrai en induisant en <i>b </i>l'intention de colporter <i>p. </i>C'est typiquement ainsi que fonctionne la calomnie mais aussi toute forme d'idéologie. </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">Par exemple, </span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>dans une société chrétienne, il ne peut y avoir de légitimité politique sans constitution d'une doctrine articulant sans défaillance l'adhésion doctrinale au dispositif institutionnel qui légitime le pouvoir temporel [par le mythe d'un pouvoir spirituel transcendant]. Croire et obéir sont les deux versants d'un même montage symbolique, qui met en œuvre l'équivalence du faire croire et du gouverner</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Mondzain, </span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Image, Icône, Économie</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">, I, i). <i>Mutatis mutandis</i>, on peut dire la même chose de toute société "religieuse" c'est-à-dire, au sens de Durkheim, fondée sur le caractère sacré de certains rites et certaines "valeurs", y compris, bien entendu, de la société dite "démocratique". Or, si faire croire et gouverner, croire et obéir, sont couples à la fois équivalents et corrélatifs (</span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>lorsqu’on dit d’une question qu’elle est politique, il faut entendre par là que les intérêts de la répartition, de la conservation ou du transfert du pouvoir sont déterminants</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">" dit aussi Max Weber dans </span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>le Savant et le Politique</u></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">, ii) et si on ajoute, d'une part que le gouvernant </span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>n’aura comme objectif que sa propre conservation et celle de son État, [de sorte qu']</i></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il n’est pas nécessaire d’avoir beaucoup de qualités, mais plutôt de paraître les avoir ; il s’agit,</i></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>grâce à la ruse, de tromper l’esprit des hommes</i></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Machiavel, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>le Prince</u></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span>, xviii), d'autre part que le gouverné n'a pas, en général, d'autre choix que d'obéir, notamment dans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’État
moderne [qui] est un groupement de domination de caractère légal-rationnel
qui cherche avec succès à monopoliser, dans les limites d’un
territoire, la violence physique légitime</i></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Weber,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>le
Savant et le Politique</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii), </span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;">alors apparaît crûment le péché originel</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> attaché à l'aspect pragmatique de la notion de "vérité" : lorsque </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">a</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">adressant à </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">b </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">une injonction, s'évertue à justifier celle-ci, en général, <i>b </i>ne retient que l'injonction et ignore complètement la justification, voire soupçonne celle-ci d'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">être la preuve que </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">a l'intention de le tromper. De là, évidemment, les philosophies dites "du soupçon" à l'égard de la sub-fonction métaphysiquement, politiquement ou psychologiquement mystificatrice de la valeur de vérité. On est alors en droit de se demander si la valeur de vérité est, en soi, non seulement sémantiquement inutile (énoncer "</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">p </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">est vrai", c'est énoncer </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">p</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">), mais pragmatiquement contre-productive en matière de maintien de l'invariance organisationnelle de l'écosystème humain dans le cadre duquel elle s'exerce. Car, comme le dit ironiquement Michel Foucault, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il
s’agirait de savoir si la volonté de vérité n’exerce pas, par
rapport au discours, un rôle d’exclusion analogue à celui que
peut jouer l’opposition de la folie et de la raison, ou le système
des interdits</i></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Leçons
sur la Volonté de Savoir</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">). Or, si gouverner, c'est toujours enjoindre au nom du vrai ou au nom du raisonnable, alors, gouverner c'est aussi frapper d'ostracisme, donc exclure en quelque manière, les structures que le commandement à justement pour fonction de fédérer. </span></span></span></span></em></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">En ce sens, il paraît clair, et l'histoire récente le montre assez, que la superposition du pouvoir politique avec le pouvoir rhétorique soit un ferment de dissolution entropique de l'écosystème humain.</span></span></span></span></em></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></em></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">De plus, si on considère que </span></span></span></span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la structure de qui dépend, <i>de facto</i>, la valeur ("vérité", "rationalité") de la communication langagière est une structure inter-individuelle plutôt qu'individuelle, alors, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">à toute époque, les idées de la classe dominante sont les idées dominantes : les pensées dominantes ne sont rien d’autre que l’expression en idées des conditions matérielles dominantes [...]. I</span></span><span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">l en va de même de la production intellectuelle telle qu’elle se manifeste dans le langage de la politique, des lois, de la morale, de la religion, de la métaphysique, etc. d’un peuple</span></span></span></span></i><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Marx-Engels, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>l’Idéologie Allemande</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">). </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia;">Marx pense évidemment à l'antagonisme des classes sociales que l'on retrouve à peu près à toutes les époques et sous toutes les latitudes, y compris, bien entendu, à </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>notre époque [depuis l'avènement du capitalisme] qui ne se distingue des autres que par un trait particulier : elle a simplifié les antagonismes de classes [...] en deux grands camps ennemis, en deux grandes classes qui s’affrontent directement : la bourgeoisie et le prolétariat</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Marx, </span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Manifeste Communiste de 1848</u></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">, i). Concrètement, l'antagonisme de classe dans une organisation humaine de type capitaliste est tel que que l'une des deux classes (disons <i>a</i>) ne peut subsister qu'au sein de l'organisation commune [<i>ab</i>] mais dans la seule mesure où l'autre classe (disons <i>b</i>) voit sa vitalité exploitée jusqu'au point limite où son entropie devient létale. C'était déjà le cas dans les organisations humaines pré-capitalistes (p. ex. esclavagistes) mais l'antagonisme est désormais quantifiable dans l'organisation capitaliste dans laquelle </span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le prix de la force de travail [le salaire] atteint son minimum, il est réduit à la valeur des moyens de subsistance physiologiquement indispensables à la vie du travailleur</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Marx, </span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>le Capital</u></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">, I, vi). D'où, évidemment,</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’enrichissement capitaliste a pour condition l’appauvrissement du travailleur ; il y a une corrélation fatale entre l’accumulation du capital et l’accumulation de la misère</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Marx, </span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>le Capital</u></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">, I, xiv). Ce que Marx démontre dans le livre III du <u>Capital</u>. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Marx appelle "capital" la marchandise </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">M </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">que le capitaliste achète avec la somme d’argent </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A1 </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">dans l’espoir de pouvoir revendre </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">M </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(le capital) pour une valeur </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A2>A1</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">. Ce capital se présente sous deux formes : le capital constant (dont la valeur d’acquisition dans </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A1</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> est notée </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">C</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">), c’est-à-dire les locaux, les machines, les matières premières, l‘énergie, etc., donc, de manière générale, tout ce qui n’est pas facteur humain ; et le capital variable (dont la valeur d’acquisition dans </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A1</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> est notée </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">V</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">), c’est-à-dire la ressource humaine, la force de travail (intelligence, compétence, savoir-faire, habileté, résistance, endurance, etc.) qui va valoriser le capital constant (c’est pour ça que Marx l’appelle "variable") et fournir la survaleur (<i>Mehrwert</i>) </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">SV=A2-A1</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> qui va constituer le profit du capitaliste. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">La survaleur (</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">SV</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">) étant la différence entre</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A2 </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">et</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A1 </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">engendrée par la force de travail du travailleur, c'est-à-dire par le capital variable (</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">V</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">), l'intention du capitaliste est de maximiser sa survaleur (</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max.SV</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">), avoir la survaleur la plus élevée possible pour avoir le profit le plus élevé possible. Et le plus simple pour y arriver, c’est</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max.A2</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, c’est-à-dire vendre le plus possible, le plus cher possible. Hélas pour lui, tous les capitalistes ont le même désir, ils entrent donc en concurrence et ils ne peuvent vendre les quantités qu’ils veulent au prix qu’ils veulent. Donc ils ne peuvent maximiser</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">SV </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">dans l’absolu. Ne pouvant maximiser la survaleur absolue, ils vont chercher plutôt à maximiser une survaleur relative. Bref, dans le système de production capitaliste, on ne cherche pas</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max.SV</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(maximiser la survaleur absolue) mais</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max.SV/(C+V)</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(maximiser la survaleur relative qui représente le rapport entre la survaleur absolue</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">SV</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, que l'on suppose constante, et le capital total investi pour l’obtenir</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">C+V</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">). Le problème est qu’il est très difficile d’obtenir</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max.SV/(C+V)</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, car pour y arriver, il faut investir dans des innovations qui coûtent cher au capitaliste (en conséquence, </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">C</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a tendance à augmenter). Donc le problème pour le capitaliste est de savoir comment maximiser</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">SV/(C+V) </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">alors que</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">SV=k</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(constante) et que</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">C</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">augmente en permanence. La réponse est évidente : il faut minimiser la dépense dans le poste</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">V</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">. Or</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">V</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, c’est ce que le capitaliste débourse pour acheter de la force de travail, autrement dit, c’est le salaire qu'il paie au travailleur. Donc, si l’on veut</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max.</i><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">SV/(C+V)</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, il faut impérativement</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">min.V</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, ce qui peut se faire directement en minimisant </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">le coût d’acquisition du capital variable, c'est-à-dire en</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> baissant les salaires. Or, comme le niveau des salaires est déjà, par définition, le</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> plus bas possible (il est déterminé par le minimum nécessaire pour que le travailleur revienne travailler efficacement le lendemain, c’est-à-dire qu’il ne meure pas, qu’il ne tombe pas malade, qu’il soit toujours efficient, motivé, etc.), une autre manière beaucoup plus subtile de </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">min.V</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> va consister, non pas à baisser les salaires mais à </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">rendre le travail de plus en plus efficace, c’est-à-dire de plus en plus productif de survaleur. Ce qui se démontre mathématiquement de la façon suivante :</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">.</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">SV/(C+V)</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, c’est</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max.</i><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(SV:V)/[(C:V)+(V:V)]</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, donc</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max.</i><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(SV:V)/[(C:V)+1]</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">. Or</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(C:V) </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a tendance à augmenter puisque le capitaliste achète de plus en plus de machines (</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">C</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">) pour remplacer de la main d’œuvre (</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">V</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">). Donc il va bien falloir</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max.</i><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(SV:V)</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, ce que Marx appelle "taux d'exploitation de la force de travail", autrement dit la productivité du travail. En d'autres termes, s'il veut</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">max</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">.</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">SV/(C+V)</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, le capitaliste va devoir intensifier à l'infini l'exploitation du travailleur, c'est-à-dire lui imposer de produire de plus en plus de survaleur (le profit néguentropique du capitaliste) dans des conditions de travail de plus en plus épuisantes (l'entropie du salarié). C.Q.F.D. </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Il est clair que, si </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’histoire de toute société jusqu’à nos jours, c’est l’histoire de la lutte des classes</i></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Marx, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Manifeste Communiste de 1848</u></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, i), c'est bien parce que la communication entre <i>a </i>et <i>b</i>, l'une et l'autre structure étant des classes sociales antagonistes (n</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">ous noterons [</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">a/b</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">] une telle situation)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, n'entretient l'organisation commune [<i>a/b</i>] qu'à la condition nécessaire et suffisante que la néguentropie de la structure dominante corresponde exactement à l'entropie de la structure dominée sans aucun bénéfice néguentropique intentionnellement escompté pour l'écosystème commun </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">[</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">ab</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">]</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. Très concrètement, la jouissance du maître, c'est la souffrance de l'esclave, la survaleur que s'approprient les actionnaires, c'est la fatigue des salariés et la part de salaires qui leur fera défaut, le profit de l'annonceur sera l'argent dépensé par les consommateurs pour satisfaire des besoins factices, le pouvoir dont va se prévaloir l'élu, ce sera autant de liberté en moins pour l'électeur, la ressource naturelle dont profite le colonisateur à vil prix constitue un manque à gagner et un retard de développement pour le colonisé, etc. Voilà qui ressemble fort au parasitisme biologique par lequel <i>a </i>subsiste aux dépens de <i>b </i>sans coopérer avec lui (commensalisme) ni, pour autant, le détruire (prédatisme), ou, par analogie avec l'organisme individuel, à l'hypertrophie d'un tissu au prix de l'atrophie d'un autre. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Sauf que, dans de telles conditions où </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’illusion d’un intérêt général est la forme par laquelle les individus d’une classe dominante font valoir leurs intérêts [...] il</i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i> existe des idéologues actifs chargés de forger les illusions que se fait la classe dominante sur elle-même, de sorte que même la classe dominante croit sur parole tout ce que son époque affirme à son propre sujet</i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Marx, </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>l’Idéologie Allemande</u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">). Ce qui semble paradoxal, dans ce que dit Marx c'est que lorsque, dans une situation </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">[</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">a/b</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">] où </span><i style="font-family: georgia;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia;">s'adresse à </span><i style="font-family: georgia;">b</i><span style="font-family: georgia;"> pour lui faire croire que </span><i style="font-family: georgia;">a </i><span style="font-family: georgia;">œuvre au bien-être (à la néguentropie) de <i>b</i> alors qu'il n'en est rien puisque <i>a </i>ne vise que ses propres intérêts (sa propre néguentropie) et augmente au contraire dangereusement le mal-être (l'entropie) de <i>a</i>, sans le moins du monde se préoccuper d'un éventuel écosystème commun </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">[</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">ab</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">], </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">c'est <i>a </i>tout autant que <i>b </i>qui est dupé. Le processus psycho-social qui est en jeu dans ce paradoxe et dans la description duquel nous n'entrerons pas ici (cf. pour cela <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2015/10/ne-pas-croire-ce-que-lon-sait-mensonge_13.html">ne pas croire ce que l'on sait : mensonge à soi-même, schizophrénie et capitalisme</a>), c'est ce que certains auteurs ont nommé "mauvaise foi", d'autres "cynisme", "schizophrénie" ou "<i>self-deception</i>". Et cela se comprend fort bien : dans une situation de type [<i>a/b</i>] <i>a </i>dissimule son intérêt immédiat en faisant croire à l'intérêt de <i>b</i>, éventuellement à l'intérêt commun de [<i>ab</i>], alors qu'il est manifeste que l'argument de la modernisation de l'entreprise ne vise que l'augmentation de la rémunération des actionnaires, que la publicité ne vise que le chiffre d'affaire de l'annonceur, que la campagne électorale ne vise que l'élection du politicien candidat, etc. Du coup, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le discours véhicule et produit du pouvoir ; il le renforce mais aussi le mine, l’expose, le rend fragile et permet de le barrer</i></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Foucault, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Histoire de la Sexualité</u></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span>) : pour le trompeur (</span><i>a</i>) </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">le mensonge est toujours un jeu nécessaire mais dangereux, nécessaire parce qu'</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">il y a beaucoup d'énergie néguentropique à gagner dans le fait de garantir la "pureté" de ses intentions, mais dangereux parce qu'il y a aussi beaucoup à perdre. Car, outre que le profit néguentropique n'est jamais acquis d'avance, le risque entropique pour <i>a </i>est élevé : perte de considération de la part des structures dominantes homologues (à cet égard, la communication sioniste est un modèle du genre, cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2014/10/le-sionisme-stade-supreme-du-capitalisme.html">le Sionisme, Paradigme du Capitalisme Mondialisé</a>), perte de l'estime de soi, perte du pouvoir, voire perte de la vie. Tandis que pour le trompé (</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">b</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">), il y a, paradoxalement, plus à gagner qu'à perdre : pour peu qu'il ait</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> éventé la supercherie et qu'il en conçoive une colère à la fois canalisée et organisée (donc de nature néguentropique), il pourrait se créer un rapport de forces</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> sous forme de rébellion, de révolte, d'émeute, ou<i> </i>de révolution </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">dans lequel la néguentropie intentionnellement visée par <i>b </i>ou accidentellement occasionnée </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">en <i>b</i> par réaction à </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">l'entropie intentionnellement infligée par <i>a</i> sur-compense celle-ci au point que, pendant une période plus ou moins longue, l'agressé dominé devient l'agresseur dominant et <i>vice versa </i>(cf. la notion marxiste de "dictature du prolétariat" ou la notion maoïste de "révolution permanente", cf. aussi la raison d'être du carnaval en Occident)</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>. Bref, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l'antagonisme de classes n'est pas nécessairement, comme, disent les théoriciens des jeux, "un jeu à somme nulle"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> .</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>La colère de <i>b </i>comme corrélat de la mise en accusation de <i>a </i>dans une situation [<i>a/b</i>] semble même, à cet égard, le véritable "moteur" de l'histoire lorsque <i>a </i>et <i>b </i>sont des classe sociales antagonistes. Cette colère qui, dit-on en Occident, serait une courte folie (<i>ira brevis furor est</i>) et que le taoïsme chinois considère au contraire comme, sinon un aspect important de la communication animale, du moins un moyen de la rétablir lorsque, précisément, elle ne remplit plus sa fonction d'invariance néguentropique dans l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">écosystème</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span> où elle s'exerce. D</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">oit-on rappeler que l'on doit les arts martiaux chinois, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">武术</span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, wǔ shù</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">, pour une part aux moines bouddhistes de Shaolin, pour une autre part aux moines taoïstes du mont Wudang ? </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>En </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>chinois, "colère" se dit </span></span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>生气</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>shēng qì</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>, littéralement "énergie-souffle vital-e") et l'un des mouvements du </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span> </span></span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>气功</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>qì gōng, </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>dit des "Huit Pièces de Brocart" (</span></span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>八段锦</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>, </span></span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>外丹气功 </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>bā duàn jǐn, wài dān qì gōng</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>) est intitulé </span></span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>攒拳怒目增气力</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>zǎn quán nù mù zēng qì lì</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>, "concentrer la fureur dans les poings pour augmenter l'énergie" (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com">la page d'accueil de notre blog</a>), preuve que </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">la fureur a bien un rôle à jouer lorsqu'il importe de maintenir-rétablir la circulation des énergies vitales dans une organisation où elle fait gravement défaut, autrement dit de débloquer une situation qui, autrement, aboutirait à la nécrose d'un tissu, voire à une crise potentiellement mortelle</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>. "Ne frappe pas ton voisin au ventre, dit </span></span></span><em style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Zhu</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ā</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ng
Z</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span>sauf si c'est le seul moyen de lui faire vomir le poison qu'il a ingéré". </span></span>On comprend alors l'utilité pour le menteur de commencer par se mentir à soi-même, c'est-à-dire par se ca</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">cher à soi-même le risque que lui fait courir son insincérité, risque dont la conscience est facteur d'inquiétude, donc d'entropie. Notons qu'il est aussi souvent fait usage d'un tel subterfuge (se mentir à soi-même), et pour les mêmes raisons (limiter l'entropie subie), par la structure dominée (</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">b</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">) dans la mesure où, le rapport de force lui étant manifestement défavorable, la lassitude et la résignation remplacent la colère au point que </span><i style="font-family: georgia;">b </i><span style="font-family: georgia;">s'évertue à faire semblant de croire sans vraiment y croire à la sincérité du langage de </span><i style="font-family: georgia;">a</i><span style="font-family: georgia;"> (p.ex. lorsque les salariés exploités, les consommateurs abusés, les électeurs floués, les colonisés opprimés reprennent à leur compte les "éléments de langage" qui leur ont été inculqués par l'encadrement, la publicité ou la propagande). Mais, même alors, le risque d'embrasement entropique reste suspendu comme une épée de Damoclès au-dessus de l'organisation de type [<i>a/b</i>], crainte pour <i>a</i>, espoir pour <i>b</i>. Car, "<i>qui imagine détruit ce qu'il a en haine sera joyeux. [Or] avoir quelqu'un en haine, c'est imaginer quelqu'un comme cause de tristesse [c'est-à-dire d'affaiblissement vital] et, par suite, qui a quelqu'un en haine s'efforcera de l'éloigner ou de le détruire, sauf s'il a peur qu'en naisse un mal plus grand pour lui [...]. La colère est le désir qui nous incite, par haine, à faire du mal à celui que nous haïssons</i>"(Spinoza, </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Éthique</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, III, <span style="font-size: x-small;">XX-XXXIX-LIX</span>). </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Il en résulte un équilibre social précaire où tout le monde ment à tout le monde, à commencer par soi-même, et où les trompeurs comme les trompés participent à une néguentropie minimaliste de l'organisation commune, minimaliste car à peine égale à l'entropie générée (comme le remarque Nietzsche, mentir est physiquement épuisant) et donc loin de la </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">néguentropie optimale que procureraient des relations humaines fondées, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, sur la sincérité. </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>A contrario</i>, il semble que si l'unique fonction de toute communication entre structures <i>a </i>et <i>b </i>au sein d'une organisation [<i>ab</i>] est l'in-formation (l'invariance locale) directe ou non de l'écosystème commun, alors ce ne soit pas au vrai mais au dire-vrai (véracité, sincérité) qu'il appartienne d'optimiser cette fonction. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Car, avec cette </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">forme spécifique de communication abstraite et symbolique qu'est le langage</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, l'organisation humaine possède une arme à double tranchant. D'un côté, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">lorsque l'on considère l'avantage adaptatif procuré à l'espèce humaine par le langage (qu'on appelle parfois "conscience", parfois "esprit", lequel "</span><em style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">est frappé de la malédiction d’être entaché de la matière, d'emprunter la forme des couches d’air agitées, de sons, bref, la forme du langage</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia;">" disent Marx et Engels dans <u>l'Idéologie Allemande</u>), </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">elle est capable de démultiplier sa puissance néguentropique puisqu'il n'y aurait ni culture ni civilisation sans langage. De</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> l'autre, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">lorsqu'on considère </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">les ravages historiques engendrés par le défaut de sincérité du langage, toute organisation humaine </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">accroît vertigineusement les risques de désagrégation sociale par le mensonge, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la traitrise, la fourberie, l'hypocrisie, la tromperie, la dissimulation, la mauvaise foi, la félonie, la corruption, etc. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">On se consolera en constatant que ce défaut de sincérité dans la communication n'a rien de spécifiquement humain puisque, pour <i>a</i>, adopter à l'égard de <i>b </i>une ruse qui dissimule son intention d'exploiter <i>b </i>se retrouve tout à la fois dans le commensalisme </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">(p. ex. le végétal qui "attire" avec le nectar de sa fleur l'insecte qui va le polliniser et, partant, le reproduire), dans le prédatisme (le prédateur se cache et fond le plus tard possible sur sa proie) et, bien entendu, dans le parasitisme </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">qui implique toujours, de la part du parasite, le risque de miner, voire de détruire [<i>ab</i>]. C'est ce que nous soulignions lorsque nous parlions d'effet secondaire indirect potentiellement entropique de la communication. C'est d'ailleurs de cette manière </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">que le virus infecte la cellule saine et se nourrit d'elle en trompant</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> les lymphocytes d'un organisme vivant par la sécrétion d'une protéine que le vigile immunitaire prend pour une substance domestique et donc inoffensive. Il s'ensuit un équilibre sous-optimal lorsque le parasite n'a pas suffisamment affaibli sa proie pour la tuer mais </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">qu'il continue de tromper les défenses de l'organisme qui finissent par "tolérer" la présence d'une version pas trop virulente dudit parasite (cf. l'étiologie du COVID). Par là, la nature de notre problème a changé : si</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> la valeur de vérité est, avons-nous vu, sémantiquement inutile et politiquement dissolvante, la valeur de véracité, elle, possède une pertinence manifeste pour le vivant doté de langage. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Car si</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">, comme le disait Aristote, l'être humain ne se contente pas de vivre mais envisage de vivre le mieux possible, l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">orsque <i>a </i>communique avec <i>b </i>par le langage, il est patent que la fonction néguentropique de la communication sera moins perturbée par le risque d'erreur du message ("<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-indent: 0.36cm;"><i>lorsqu'on
ne sait pas la vérité d'une chose, </i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-indent: 0.36cm;"><i>il
est bon qu'il y ait une erreur commune qui fixe l'esprit des hommes</i>" dit Pascal, <u>Pensées</u>, B18)</span> que par le risque de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">dissimulation intentionnelle de l'intention du message ("</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>l'union qui est entre les hommes n'est fondée que sur cette mutuelle tromperie [...]. L'homme n'est donc que déguisement, que mensonge et hypocrisie, et en soi-même et à l'égard des autres</i>" - </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.6063px;">Pascal, </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.6063px;">Pensées</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.6063px;">, B100</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">). </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">Nous dirons donc que la véracité assume une sub-fonction spécifiquement </span></span></span></span>éthique (de ἔθος, "comportement", ou ἦθος, "habitude, coutume") à la fonction néguentropique générale du langage. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">En ce sens, l'enjeu, la sub-fonction éthique de la véracité ou de la sincérité serait d'être une assurance contre un conflit potentiel ou avéré opposant des parties complémentaires mais antagonistes au sein d'un même <span style="text-align: left;">écosystème. C'est ce que les pensées orientales (notamment indienne ou chinoise) ont compris pour qui l'idée d'attestation comme propriété d'une intention se substitue à la notion de vérité comme propriété d'une croyance</span>. </span></div><div style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">En effet, si "<i>l</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>’attestation se présente d’abord comme une sorte de croyance [...] ce n’est pas une croyance doxique [qui] s’inscrit dans la grammaire du « je crois que », l’attestation relève plutôt de celle du « je crois en ». Par là, elle se rapproche du témoignage, comme l’étymologie le rappelle, dans la mesure où c’est en la parole du témoin que l’on croit. De la croyance ou, si l’on préfère, de la créance [...] du soi-même et de l'autre que soi-même</i>"(</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Ri</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">cœur, <u>soi-même comme un Autre</u>, préf.). </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;">La profession de foi, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">l'acte de foi fondamental de la religion musulmane s'appelle ٱلشَّهَادَة, <i>ach-chahâda</i>, c'est-à-dire, littéralement, "le témoignage" ou l'"attestation" : le musulman ne "croit" pas, à proprement parler, qu'il n'y a qu'un seul dieu et que Mohammed est son prophète, il l'atteste. Et la différence est flagrante. Wittgenstein fait remarquer que, dans la vie courante, le verbe "croire" n'a pas le même sens que dans les sciences : lorsque le chercheur "croit" que sa conclusion est bien fondée, il fait une hypothèse (c'est ce que Ricœur appelle la "croyance doxique") qu'il va par la suite vérifier. C'est en ce sens restreint (doxique), et en ce sens seulement, qu'il convient de comprendre l'affirmation de Russell selon laquelle, </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">en l'absence de croyance, il n'y aurait ni vrai ni faux. T</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">andis qu'en général, lorsque nous "croyons" que telle ou telle chose va arriver ou est arrivée, en fait, nous "croyons en" celui ou celle qui nous l'a attesté, nous avons "foi", nous avons "confiance" (même racine latine <i>fides</i>) en lui ou elle, sans pouvoir ni même vouloir le vérifier. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">En chinois, "croire en", "avoir confiance" se dit <i>xìn</i> et s'écrit 信. Dans ce caractère, il y a quatre composants : à gauche 亻, l'homme, en bas à droite 口, la parole, en haut à droite 宀, le couvercle, au milieu à droite 二, la dualité. Avoir confiance, en chinois, c'est donc, étymologiquement, mettre le couvercle sur la duplicité humaine de la langue (rappelons-nous Pascal : "<i>il faut avoir une pensée de derrière, et juger de tout par là, en parlant cependant comme le peuple</i>" - <u>Pensées</u>, B336) ! </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">L'attestation </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">est bien incontestablement un engagement éthique, celui de la transparente simplicité des intentions (tout au moins des intentions conscientes), celui de la justement nommée "bonne foi" du locuteur. D'où, corrélativement, la confiance qui lui est accordée par l'interlocuteur et qui, avons-nous vu, est si souvent trahie, notamment par les structures censément dédiées à la bonne circulation et la bonne répartition de l'in-formation dans l'organisation sociale humaine (école, médias, justice, administration), ces institutions censées connaître et faire connaître le vrai et qui font oublier que ce n'est pas la vérité qui procure le pouvoir mais que c'est le pouvoir qui </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>produit la vérité par le jeu d’une falsification
première et toujours reconduite qui pose la distinction du vrai et
du faux</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Leçons
sur la Volonté de Savoir</u></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. Comment s'étonner alors qu'une organisation humaine </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">telle que la société dite "post-moderne", </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">d'autant plus obsédée par la "vérité" et la "transparence" </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">(cf. </span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2017/04/post-verite-post-politique-post-humanite.html" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Post-vérité, Post-politique, Post-humanité</a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">) </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">qu'elle est plus minée par la fourberie et l'opacité, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">soit de plus en plus souvent secouée par des bouffées de fièvre, des flambées d'entropie conjoignant révolte (des salariés, des chômeurs, des femmes, des étudiants, des homosexuels, des immigrés, etc.) et répression (policière, militaire, administrative, judiciaire, etc.), autant de spasmes </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">qui la dé-forment chaque fois un peu plus en la privant de cette harmonie sociale qui, dit-on, fait les remparts de la Cité (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">harmonia civium, mœnia civitatum</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">)</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> ? Dérive que toutes les sagesse humaines ont toujours dénoncée et qui est illustrée </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">à merveille, si l'on peut dire, par s</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">oixante-quinze ans de mensonges officiels systématiques à propos de la légitimité de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l'État d'Israël (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2014/10/le-sionisme-stade-supreme-du-capitalisme.html">le Sionisme, Paradigme du Capitalisme Mondialisé</a>).</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-17318400518212934952023-08-31T07:47:00.031+02:002023-12-21T07:02:37.927+01:00PORTÉE ET LIMITES DU PARADIGME VARÉLIEN DE L'AUTO-POÏÈSE.<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>En apparence, le paradigme chinois de la nature est diamétralement opposé au paradigme occidental. D'un côté, la nature est pensée comme un vaste agencement de rouages mécaniques au point qu'il n'y a <span lang="fr-FR">"</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>aucune différence entre les machines que font les
artisans et les divers corps que la nature seule compose, sinon que
les effets des machines ne dépendent que de l'agencement de certains
tuyaux, ou ressorts, ou autres instruments, qui, devant avoir quelque
proportion avec les mains de ceux qui les font, sont toujours si
grands que leurs figures et mouvements se peuvent voir, au lieu que
les tuyaux ou ressorts qui causent les effets des corps naturels sont
ordinairement trop petits pour être aperçus de nos sens. Et il est
certain que toutes les règles des mécaniques appartiennent à la
physique, en sorte que toutes les choses qui sont artificielles, sont
avec cela naturelles. Car, par exemple, lorsqu'une montre marque les
heures par le moyen des roues dont elle est faite, cela ne lui est
pas moins naturel qu'il est à un arbre de produire des
fruits</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span><span lang="fr-FR">Descartes,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Principes
de la Philosophie</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
IV, art.203)</span>. De l'autre, tout ce qui existe dans la nature est, au contraire, considéré comme quelque chose de vivant dans la mesure où "<i>toutes les choses du monde naissent d'un germe qui se métamorphose incessamment. Leur commencement et leur fin sont comme un cercle dont l'ordre n'a pas de terme</i>"(Zhuāng Zǐ, <u>Zhuāng Zǐ</u>, xxvii), ce que rappelle </span><a href="https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijitu">"la figure du grand renversement" (taì jí tú, </a><a href="https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijitu">太极图</a><a href="https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijitu">)</a><span>. </span>Et pourtant, comme le dit le physicien Fritjof Capra "<i>si la plus importante caractéristique de la conception orientale du monde […] est la conscience de l'unité et de l'interaction de toutes choses et de tous événements, c'est aussi l'une des révélations les plus importantes de la physique moderne</i>"(<u>le Tao de la Physique</u>). Du reste, non seulement la physique moderne, mais aussi la chimie moderne et la biologie moderne, pour ne rien dire des sciences sociales modernes, tendent à épouser le paradigme chinois tel que nous l'avons résumé à grands traits. Par la généralisation de la notion de champ (électro-magnétique, gravitationnel, social, sémantique, etc.) ou d'influence indirecte sans contact qui met à mal la causalité comme influence par impact direct, qui seule, depuis le XVI° siècle, est admise à rendre compte du mouvement, alors que les Chinois sont familiarisés, depuis l'antiquité, avec les idées d'influence discrète et de champ magnétique. Par la remise en question corrélative (notamment en physique quantique ou en psychanalyse, mais aussi en logique conformément aux <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théorèmes_d%27incomplétude_de_Gödel">théorèmes de Gödel</a>) du principe de déduction linéaire bivalente (ou bien ceci, ou bien cela, <i>et tertium non datur</i>) comme seul mode de raisonnement vertueux, alors que le recours à la pensée circulaire (qualifiée, en Occident, de "cercle vicieux" !) a toujours été le <i>modus explanandi</i> favori de l'enseignement chinois. Et, si tel est le cas, c'est que la progression linéaire d'un raisonnement depuis des prémisses indubitables jusqu'à une conclusion certaine via des inférences au-dessus de tout soupçon suppose que la pensée est, à l'image des choses, figée dans un Être, une essence éternels et immuables, ce que l'astro-physique, la physique des particules, la physique statistique et la logique modernes ont démenti (le verbe être n'existant pas chez eux, les Chinois n'ont jamais été confrontés à ce problème). Quelle que soit leur attractivité respective, on reste donc bien en présence de deux paradigmes inconciliables : d'un côté, influence discrète, changement perpétuel, homogénéité et circularité des processus, <i>versus</i>,<i> </i>de l'autre, causalité directe, stabilité des essences, hétérogénéité et linéarité des processus. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Tout en intégrant à sa recherche conceptuelle quelques-uns des acquis les plus récents de la science occidentale, c'est justement, non pas du côté d'un arrangement stable de composant chimiques remplissant des fonctions bien déterminées mais vers la circulation stochastique d'énergie que va se tourner Francisco Varela pour saisir la nature du vivant. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Revenons d'abord sur le paradigme chinois, que l'on peut qualifier d'animiste ou de vitaliste, mais qui, pour réducteur qu'il soit, va néanmoins nous permettre de comprendre en quoi "<i>notre intelligence [occidentale] est incapable de se représenter la vraie nature de la vie</i>"(Bergson, <u>l’Évolution Créatrice</u>, intro.). En effet, quoi de plus mouvant, de plus imprévisible que le vivant (cf. le virus du Covid qui se réplique 50 fois par jour en produisant à chaque fois une explosion combinatoire de variants !). Or, tandis que "<i>c'est du côté du stable et de l'immuable que la [pensée occidentale] est allée chercher la vérité, la Chine n'a conçu que le devenir […] par lequel le monde ne cesse de se renouveler, le réel d'être en procès</i>"(Jullien, <u>un Sage est sans Idée, ou l'Autre de la Philosophie</u>, I, viii). L'agent le plus général de cet incessant processus du devenir, les Chinois le nomment 气, qì, c'est-à-dire le souffle, l'énergie (le <i>prâna</i> des hindouistes). Comme les Chinois n'aiment pas les définitions (qui figent les choses dans un être immuable) Zhuāng Zǐ fait une analogie en disant que "<i>le grand souffle-énergie [</i>气, qì<i>] indéterminé de la nature est comme le vent [</i>风, fēng<i>]. Par lui-même, le vent n’a pas de son. Mais, quand il les émeut, tous les êtres deviennent pour lui comme un jeu d’anches</i>"(Zhuāng Zǐ , Zhuāng Zǐ, iv). Le 气, qì est donc comme le vent : il n'existe pas en soi mais sa réalité consiste à é-mouvoir (mouvoir vers l'extérieur) les êtres, à produire chez eux des transformations, littéralement à les in-fluencer (leur insuffler un flux). De plus, cette circulation du 气, qì se produit toujours, de façon polarisée, entre deux limites : le pôle 阴, yīn et le pôle limite 阳, yáng, le moins et le plus, si l'on veut. À l'origine, 阴, yīn est le versant ombragé d'une montagne ou d'une colline (ubac), tandis que 阳, yáng désigne son versant ensoleillé (adret). Ce que rappelle d'ailleurs l'étymologie des deux mots : versant (阝) lune (月) pour l'un, versant (阝) soleil (日) pour l'autre. Or quiconque traverse la montagne passe nécessairement d'un versant à l'autre. Par là, "<i>le grand procès de la nature est simple et aisé. [Aussi] le </i>阴, yīn<i> et le </i>阳, yáng <i>communiquent-ils spontanément entre eux et tous les existants sont spontanément à leur aise</i>"(Ruan Ji, <u>Traité sur la Musique</u> <i>in</i> Jullien, <u>Éloge de la Fadeur à partir de la Pensée et de l'Esthétique de la Chine</u>, viii). Quoi de plus frappant, en effet, que le double sens du mot 易, yì qui désigne tout à la fois la transformation, le changement, la mutation et la facilité, l'aisance. D'où la simplicité et l'évidence du 道, dào dans le <u>Classique des Mutations</u> (易 经, yì jīng) : 一阴一阳之谓道 yī yīn yī yáng zhī wèi dào : "<i>un </i>yīn<i>, un </i>yáng<i>, voilà ce qu'on appelle </i>dào". Ce terme, traduit en Occident le plus souvent par "Voie", ce qui n'est que l'un de ses sens possibles (街道, jiē dào, "rue", "avenue", "boulevard"), désigne ici ce que Jean-François Billeter nomme excellemment le "fonctionnement des choses" (les hindouistes et les bouddhistes disent aussi le <i>dharma </i>pour désigner le cours ordinaire des choses). Le 道, dào, est donc le cadre conceptuel fondamental de la pensée chinoise dans lequel tout existant trouve sa place en tant que réalité souple, mouvante, changeante au gré des flux et reflux des courants d'énergie dont elle est non seulement parcourue mais aussi constituée. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Nous n'aurons donc de cesse, tout au long de cet exposé, d'insister lourdement sur la continuité ontologique qui conduit de l'inerte au vivant. Coupons court, donc, à la tentation de ce qu'Arthur Koestler a appelé joliment "<i>the ghost in the machine</i>", rappelant par là que le mécanisme scientiste et le mysticisme ufo-théologique ne sont, au fond, que deux expressions du même dualisme métaphysique s'extasiant sur les propriétés soi-disant transcendantes de l'esprit/fantôme (<i>ghost</i> en anglais) qui, en animant le vivant, le distinguerait par nature de la vile matière inerte. En soulignant que "<i>toutes les choses tendent vers le </i>阴, yīn<i> en recherchant le </i>阳, yáng<i>. Voilà pourquoi le </i>气, qì<i> infuse harmonieusement toute chose</i>"(Lǎo Zǐ, <u>Dào Dé Jīng</u>, 42), le paradigme chinois nous invite à penser que la vie est, dans le simple cours général des choses, une quête permanente d'énergie, permanente précisément parce que tout équilibre y est, a priori, impossible dans la mesure où "<i>il existe et a toujours existé de l'indéterminé pour procéder à la génération de la terre et du ciel et que, faute de mieux, on peut l'appeler </i>道, dào"(Lǎo Zǐ, <u>Dào Dé Jīng</u>, 25), raison pour laquelle "<i>le </i>道, dào<i> infuse en toute chose mais ne comble pas</i>"(Lǎo Zǐ, <u>Dào Dé Jīng</u>, 4). Pas d'équilibre, pas de plénitude, pas d'ordre originel, mais, tout au contraire l'appel incessant du vide et la productivité du chaos et du déséquilibre permanents : "<i>le vide est inépuisable, plus on l'utilise et plus il produit</i>"(Lǎo Zǐ, <u>Dào Dé Jīng</u>, 5) car le vide, c'est ce qui n'existe pas, ou, plus exactement, c'est ce qui existe en étant vide de contenu actuel mais riche de contenu potentiel. Et, précisément, "<i>dans le flux perpétuel, si toute chose naît de ce qui existe, en revanche ce qui existe naît de ce qui n'existe pas</i>"(Lǎo Zǐ, <u>Dào Dé Jīng</u>, 40). En effet, le vide inhérent au chaos c'est, au sens étymologique de χάος (qui est celui d'Hésiode ou d'Ovide mais aussi celui qu'ont adopté Brown ou Poincaré), non pas le néant, mais, tout au contraire, l'indétermination primitive à partir de laquelle tout est possible. C'est donc, à l'instar du 道, dào, sus-évoqué, ce vide à la productivité inépuisable dont parle Lǎo Zǐ, un processus continu où ordre et désordre s'engendrent mutuellement (un peu comme dans <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataraja">la danse cosmique de Shiva Natarâja</a>). Par ailleurs, la physique quantique va montrer que c'est justement parce que le vide est rempli d'énergie, qu'il est potentiellement créateur de particules matérielles (d'où la complémentarité onde-particule de Niels Bohr) moyennant l'indétermination de Heisenberg faisant de l'existence d'une particule dans telle ou telle portion d'espace-temps une simple probabilité. Enfin, la physique statistique va confirmer cette dialectique du chaos et de l'ordre via le second principe de la thermodynamique, en montrant que l'entropie ou perte d'énergie d'un système physique isolé (c'est-à-dire sans échange énergétique ni matériel avec l'extérieur) ne peut que croître avec le temps. En d'autres termes, un tel système n'est jamais en équilibre thermodynamique et ne doit la durée de son existence, quelle qu'elle soit, qu'au fait qu'il entre en communication avec l'extérieur pour compenser partiellement et momentanément son entropie. Par ailleurs, Boltzmannn et Gibbs ont établi une relation statistique entre l'entropie (S) probable d'un système physique et le nombre de ses configurations possibles (Ω) disant, en gros, que moins nombreux sont les états possibles de ce système, plus faible en est l'entropie, mais selon une progression logarithmique qui fait que l'entropie n'augmente que faiblement lorsque le nombre de configuration s'accroît fortement, tandis qu'elle diminue fortement au fur et à mesure que l'on s'approche de Ω = 1. Ce phénomène, connu depuis longtemps sous le nom de "principe de moindre action" explique que, lors d'un changement physique quelconque, les éléments du système qui se modifie et qui, pour cela, perd de l'énergie, adoptent néanmoins toujours le profil le moins coûteux en énergie : par exemple, lorsqu'on verse de la farine dans un saladier, celle-ci adopte vaguement la forme d'un cône, jamais celle d'une sphère ou d'un cube. Tout se passe donc comme si l'entropie ou perte d'énergie s'auto-régulait spontanément : plus elle est forte, moins vite elle augmente. Un peu à la manière du Père Goriot qui, plus il perd d'argent, plus il se restreint et moins vite il en continue à en perdre. Bref, il se pourrait bien que "<i>la vie, [soit] de l'ordre engendré par de l'ordre provenant du désordre</i>"(Schrödinger, <u>qu'est-ce que la Vie ?</u>). L'ordre engendré par le chaos : voilà ce que suggèrent conjointement le 道, dào et la physique et qui nous épargne tout à la fois le créationnisme (la vie est un don de Dieu) et la panspermie (la vie provient d'une autre planète).</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Il semble donc que tout processus physique, vivant ou non, en tant qu'il est sujet à l'entropie, reçoive une in-formation (je détacherai systématiquement le préfixe du radical afin de bien faire sentir l'étymologie et tenter de faire oublier ce que l'on entend vulgairement par ce terme outrancièrement associé au "journalisme") lui ordonnant de modérer son entropie et ce, d'autant plus fortement que le processus est plus complexe, donc moins probable et, partant, plus coûteux en énergie nécessaire à sa production et à sa subsistance. Voilà pourquoi, dans le sillage de Boltzmann et Gibbs, Shannon et Weaver vont définir la quantité d'in-formation comme l'entropie négative (néguentropie) H d'un phénomène dont la probabilité de l'état p(E) est l'inverse du nombre de ses configurations possibles (Ω). On peut considérer par analogie que c'est donc cette néguentropie qui va in-former le phénomène, c'est-à-dire, littéralement, lui conférer une forme nouvelle et donc dé-former sa forme ancienne en vertu du principe de moindre action. Ilya Prigogine a forgé la notion très intéressante de "structure dissipative" pour désigner les systèmes physiques qui, loin de l'équilibre thermodynamique, se dé-forment et se re-forment perpétuellement en tendant à reconstituer tout ou partie de l'énergie qu'ils perdent (qu'ils dissipent). Par ailleurs, il montre que de telles structures dissipatives possèdent spontanément une sorte de "mémoire" (<i>hystérésis</i>) qui tend à retenir l'in-formation, autrement dit l'énergie importée par le système pendant un certain laps de temps lors même que la source d'énergie fait provisoirement défaut (effet thermostatique). C'est le cas, notamment, pour les phénomènes tels que les cellules orageuses ou les cellules de Bénard. Mais, tandis qu'un cyclone cesse in fine (fort heureusement pour nous !) d'exister lorsque la source d'énergie se tarit, il existe des systèmes auto-catalytiques, c'est-à-dire des systèmes qui créent eux-mêmes les conditions de leur propre (ré-)alimentation en énergie et donc de la (re-)production de leur propre substance. Tels sont précisément les systèmes vivants : ce sont des structures dissipatives auto-catalytiques "<i>qui tentent de résoudre des problèmes [à commencer par celui consistant à] conserver de l’information et l’adapter aux divers problèmes qui se posent aux différentes espèces</i>"(Popper, <u>la Quête Inachevée</u>, xxxvii). <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_de_Krebs">Le cycle de Krebs</a> est une excellente illustration de ce en quoi consiste l'auto-catalyse des structures dissipatives réputées "vivantes" : d'une part, il s'agit pour de telles structures de se procurer l'énergie nécessaire à leur existence dans le temps et dans l'espace à partir d'une longue série de réactions chimiques consistant à oxyder certaines chaînes de molécules (groupes acétyles) présentes dans leurs nutriments (glucides, lipides, protides), d'autre part l'entropie qui amorce le processus néguentropique est aussi le produit de ce processus (l'oxaloacétate est à la fois le déclencheur et le résultat de ce cycle). Notons que l'adénosine tri-phosphate (ATP) qui est l'un des produits intermédiaires du cycle de Krebs est non seulement la source d'énergie primaire des cellules vivantes mais intervient aussi dans la synthèse des acides nucléiques qui véhiculent l'information génétique. Pour toutes ces raisons, plutôt qu"auto-catalytiques" <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela">Francisco Varela</a> préfère qualifier de telles structures d'"auto-poïétiques", du grec ἡ αυτού ποίησις, <i>hè autou poïèsis</i>, "la production de soi-même" : "<i>une structure autopoïétique engendre et spécifie continuellement sa propre organisation. Elle accomplit ce processus incessant de remplacement de ses composants, parce qu’elle est continuellement soumise à des perturbations externes, et constamment forcée de compenser ces perturbations</i>"(Varela, <u>Autopoïèse et Organisation du Vivant</u>, ii, 2 <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). Ce qui ancre le caractère a-biogénétique de l'origine de la vie : la vie ne procède ni d'une création <i>ex nihilo</i>, ni d'une panspermie, elle n'a besoin ni d'un Dieu, ni d'extra-terrestres, parce que les interactions physiques et chimiques spontanées suffisent non seulement à faire surgir spontanément et à maintenir des structures moléculaires déterminées, ce qui est le caractère général de toute réalité, mais aussi à permettre à certaines de ces structures d'organiser une lutte collective et coopérative contre l'entropie.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Toutefois, si la pensée chinoise fait du vivant une réalité qui, comme toute autre réalité, est naturellement ouverte en permanence aux processus transformants de circulation/régulation énergétique du 气, qì, pour Varela en revanche, il y a bien une spécificité intrinsèque du vivant puisque, ajoute-t-il, "<i>ou bien un système est un système autopoïétique ou bien il ne l'est pas, […] il n'y a pas et il ne peut pas y avoir de système intermédiaire</i>"(Varela, <u>Autopoïèse et Organisation du Vivant</u>, iv, <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). Il établit donc une équivalence stricte entre les prédicats "vivant" et "auto-poïétique" : tout ce qui est auto-poïétique est vivant et tout ce qui est vivant est auto-poïétique. Seul, en effet, "<i>un système autopoïétique est organisé comme un réseau de processus de production de composants qui a) régénèrent continuellement par leurs transformations et leurs interactions le réseau qui les a produits et qui b) constituent le système en tant qu'unité concrète dans l'espace où il existe en spécifiant le domaine topologique où il se réalise comme réseau</i>"(Varela, <u>Autopoïèse et Organisation du Vivant</u>, ii, 2 <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). Y a-t-il là une inconséquence de notre part ? Réintroduisons-nous subrepticement, en nous référant à Varela, une forme adoucie du dualisme substantialiste, une sorte de vitalisme bergsonien qui fait du vivant un règne ontologiquement disjoint du règne matériel ? Pas du tout parce qu'en fait Varela, qui revendique sa culture bouddhiste (notamment à travers son adhésion au <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamaka">courant <i>Madhyamaka</i></a> sur lequel nous reviendrons), n'introduit entre l'inerte allo-poïétique et le vivant auto-poïétique qu'une simple rupture de symétrie, une simple transition de phase (comme lorsque l'eau passe de l'état liquide à l'état solide sans pour autant changer de nature) et non pas une anisotropie (un changement de paradigme). Aussi Varela n'hésite-t-il pas à manier l'apparente concession au cartésianisme que constitue l'idée d'une "<i>machine autopoiétique [comme] système homéostatique (ou, mieux encore, à relations stables) dont l'invariant fondamental est sa propre organisation (le réseau de relations qui la définit)</i>"(Varela, <u>Autopoïèse et Organisation du Vivant</u>, ii, 2 <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). L'idée de "machine auto-poïétique" a, en effet, le double intérêt, d'une part de rompre avec ce que Varela appelle "le mysticisme vitaliste" (le vitalisme bergsonien qui oppose le vivant au mécanique est clairement visé), et, d'autre part, de permettre de se représenter le vivant comme une unité topologique clôturée sur elle-même. Cependant, c’est la clôture opérationnelle (fonctionnelle) qui spécifie le mieux le caractère "auto-poiétique" de ladite "machine". La clôture opérationnelle, c'est le fait que la "mécanique" vivante est, à l'instar de la "mécanique" quantique, non-causale (les "causes" sont les "effets" de leurs propres effets, et les "effets" sont les "causes" de leurs propres causes) et non-linéaire (l'in-formation/dé-formation circule en boucle). La clôture qui résulte de la circularité fonctionnelle d’une organisation auto-poïétique est donc telle que "s<i>i un organisme est opérationnellement clos, une description de la finalité de ce système importe peu, car son comportement est tel que toutes les transformations et tous les changements qu'il peut subir sont subordonnés à la conservation de son invariance</i>"(Varela, <u>la Clôture Opérationnelle</u>, iv, <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). On est donc loin des "machines que font nos artisans" chères à Descartes (et que, pour cette raison, Varela qualifie d'"allo-poïétiques") qui se voient assigner une ou plusieurs fonctions. Tandis que les "machines auto-poïétiques" n'ont pas, à proprement parler, de fonctions biologiques tournées vers tel ou tel but, puisqu'il n'y en a qu'une seule <i>stricto sensu</i> qui est, tautologiquement, l'auto-conservation, l'"homéostasie" (cf. la notion spinozienne de <i>conatus</i>). À cet égard, nous adopterons la notion phénoménologique d'"intentionnalité" pour faire référence à cette orientation unique, à cette <i>tensio</i> permanente de l'organisation vivante VERS l'optimisation des effets d'invariance autrement dit d'<i>hystérésis</i>, donc en la vidant de toute connotation psychologique. On en revient à la définition standard de la vie par Bichat, celle qui fait de la vie l'ensemble des fonctions qui résistent à la mort, ou, pour être conceptuellement plus précis, celle qui fait de la vie une organisation tout entière tendue vers la lutte contre l'entropie. Nous opposerons donc "intentionnel" à "accidentel" dans le sens où une entité inerte (non-vivante) ne doit son existence qu'à un bilan néguentropique accidentel et n'est pas capable de tendre VERS celui-ci : lorsqu'un matériau ductile compense une dé-formation par une in-formation qui lui évite de rompre, c'est à la confrontation des forces développées par sa propre structure moléculaire et des forces dont il est accidentellement l'objet qu'il le doit et non à la coopération auto-organisée de plusieurs de ces structures. Dans un cas la réaction néguentropique n'est que l'effet de circonstances accidentellement convergentes, dans l'autre, elle est la finalité d'invariance assignée intentionnellement à des structures convergentes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Le paradoxe apparent d'un système énergétiquement ouvert à l'in-formation néguentropique mais physiquement et opérationnellement clos est capital pour notre propos. Physiquement, cette clôture s'entend comme une frontière bien réelle quoique déformable dans une certaine mesure (nous y reviendrons longuement) qui délimite un intérieur et un extérieur, un "soi" et un "non-soi". C'est une frontière qui est en même temps suffisamment souple pour permettre les échanges énergétiques, et suffisamment étanche pour constituer une unité fonctionnelle dotée d'invariance intentionnelle. Or, dire que cette clôture est intentionnellement opérationnelle ou fonctionnelle, c'est dire que l'organisation vivante n'est pas seulement un intérieur matériel en interaction énergétique avec un extérieur (ce qui vaut pour toutes les entités, inertes ou vivantes) mais aussi un "pour-soi" autonome dont l'ipséité consiste à connaître et à reconnaître non seulement ce qui lui appartient en propre mais aussi ce qui DOIT lui appartenir, en l'occurrence ces conglomérats de structures moléculaires susceptibles de lui fournir l'in-formation/dé-formation pertinente dans le chaos des perturbations entropiques/néguentropiques tant internes qu'externes. Dès lors, une machine est auto-poïétique, donc vivante, si et seulement si sa clôture topologique et opérationnelle est telle que 1) elle produit elle-même ses propres structures à partir d'une organisation préalable toujours-déjà présente (elle ne connaît pas de commencement, n'est jamais créée mais pré-existe fractalement, à toutes les échelles, dans le chaos des possibles), organisation (plutôt qu'organisme) qui est à la fois ce sans quoi le processus auto-poïétique ne saurait s'amorcer et ce processus lui-même comme résultat de lui-même, et 2) ce ne sont pas les structures elles-mêmes mais leur organisation cognitive, autrement dit des relations d'in-formation/dé-formation mutuelles entre ses structures qui sont invariantes dans la mesure où cette invariance résulte intentionnellement (non-accidentellement) d'une tension de l'organisation tout entière vers l'invariance (<i>hystérésis</i>) qui soit la plus régulière et donc la moins aléatoire possible. Par conséquent, l'invariance est, on s'en doute, moins une invariance en-soi (c'est-à-dire la quantité déterminée de transformations nécessaires au retour du "même"), c'est-à-dire objective, pour un observateur extérieur qu'une invariance cognitive pour-soi, l'invariance pour-soi n'étant, au fond, rien d'autre qu'une (re-)connaissance réitérable et réitérée du "soi" par lui-même. Typiquement, "<i>la tolérance immunologique dont font preuve les organismes à l'égard de leurs propres composants [suppose] l'existence d'un mécanisme d'auto-reconnaissance qui permet à l'organisation d'apprendre à distinguer les éléments de sa propre structure (le soi) des éléments étrangers (le non-soi)</i>"(Varela, <u>l'Organe Cognitif au Niveau Moléculaire : le Réseau Immunitaire</u>, ii, , <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). Voilà bien la preuve que le processus de (re-)connaissance n'est, au fond, rien d'autre que l'invariance organisationnelle elle-même comme oscillation entre un <i>extremum</i> d'in-formation (néguentropie) et un <i>extremum</i> de dé-formation (entropie), oscillation dont l'amplitude tolérable dans le cadre de l'invariance organisationnelle sera d'autant plus faible que le système aura un moindre degré de symétrie, autrement dit sera plus complexe (cf. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théorème_de_Noether_(physique)">théorème de Noether</a>). Outre l'invariance immunologique, on pense aussi à l'invariance de température interne des animaux homéothermes, ou au taux de sucre dans le sang, lesquelles valeurs, précisément, fluctuent autour d'une valeur moyenne en-deçà et au-delà de laquelle l'organisation inter-structurelle devient pathologique dans le sens, justement, où l'invariance organisationnelle entre les deux <i>extrema</i> se trouve être sinon brisée, du moins menacée, par une entropie insuffisamment compensable par le système. C'est parce que le système immunitaire, mais aussi le système cardio-respiratoire, le système digestif, le système nerveux, et, sans doute aussi, chacun des tissus vivants, sont, topologiquement des "soi" et, fonctionnellement des "pour-soi" autonomes et cognitifs générateurs d'invariance organisationnelle par tension vers la rétention de l'in-formation pertinente qu'il peut y avoir des maladies : le système est alors affecté d'une perturbation (d'origine interne ou externe) à laquelle il ne "sait" pas répondre, de sorte que la dé-formation l'emporte sur l'in-formation jusqu'à un seuil potentiellement létal. Le mécanisme de la perte d'équilibre et de la chute conséquente lors de l'exécution d'un mouvement est une bonne illustration de ce phénomène. Et, de même que le système immunologique va "apprendre" à reconnaître le pour-soi et le non-pour-soi (par exemple, à la suite d'une vaccination), de même le système nerveux va s'éduquer à reconnaître et corriger en temps réel les perturbations dont il est affecté par un apport pertinent d'in-formation (d'influx nerveux) aux structures sensori-motrices impliquées dans le maintien de l'équilibre (l'invariance). L'auto-poïèse du vivant ne saurait donc se réduire à de l'auto-catalyse : l'exigence de double clôture topologique et opérationnelle y ajoute celle d'apprentissage en temps réel, qui n'est rien d'autre que la capacité de l'organisation auto-poïétique à retenir <i>in situ</i> de l'in-formation pertinente "pour-soi" dans un contexte d'indétermination chaotique.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Soit, par exemple, un animal qui marche : "<i>grâce à ce générateur rythmique interne [celui qui produit le rythme de la locomotricité, responsable de la contraction alternée des muscles extenseurs et fléchisseurs], l'animal déclenche un cycle de pas qu'il répète jusqu'à ce que son changement d'état arrête l'oscillateur. Chaque phase du pas éveille un ensemble spécifique d'organes sensoriels de la jambe (des propriocepteurs tels que les organes de Golgi, les tendons, etc.) qui produisent un flux afférent d'impulsions nerveuses remontant vers l'oscillateur central. Ainsi, la boucle est close : l'efférence provenant de l'oscillateur central est cause d'afférence dans les organes des sens ; cette afférence modifie à son tour les paramètres spécifiques de l'oscillateur et ainsi de suite</i>"(Varela, l<u>a Clôture Opérationnelle du Système Nerveux</u>, iii, <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). Varela, conformément au paradigme asiatique, nous dit qu'il y a circularité entre ces différentes fonctions conçues, encore une fois, non pas comme des modules hiérarchisés dans un ordre immuable, mais comme des structures intriquées en temps réel. Ce qui veut dire qu'à chaque pas, les différents "soi" cognitifs impliqués dans la marche "apprennent" quelque dé-formation (perturbation) relative à la configuration spatio-temporelle à laquelle s'applique la force motrice qui est en jeu dans le déplacement et transmettent cette dé-formation à un oscillateur central (d'où l'afférence) lequel in-forme par efférence motrice les "soi" cognitifs concernés qui ajustent à leur tour la perception d'une nouvelle dé-formation, etc. L'idée d'intrication renvoie évidemment à l'un des fondements conceptuels de la physique quantique selon lequel la connaissance d'un objet implique nécessairement la perturbation de celui-ci par le processus même de connaissance : "<i>on ne connaît que les choses que l'on apprivoise</i>", dit le Petit Prince ! C'est pourquoi "<i>la perception et l'action ne peuvent pas être séparés parce que la perception exprime la clôture du système nerveux. En termes plus positifs, percevoir équivaut à construire des invariants par un couplage sensori-moteur qui permet à l'organisme de survivre dans son environnement. Par la clôture du système nerveux, le bruit en provenance de l'environnement devient objet</i>"(Varela, <u>la Clôture Opérationnelle du Système Nerveux</u>, iii, <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). L'Occident s'est toujours enfermé dans la recherche obsessionnelle d'un chemin causal unique et univoque allant de l'objet considéré en-soi (la "chose en soi", la <i>Ding an sich</i> kantienne) à la motion en passant par la sensation, la perception et l'intention sur le modèle d'un cours d'eau qui coule uni-directionnellement depuis sa source jusqu'à son embouchure (Cyrille Javary corrèle astucieusement la linéarité univoque de ce paradigme avec le caractère compositionnel et analytique de l'écriture alphabétique en Occident). Par exemple chez Descartes, "<i>tous les objets tant des sens extérieurs que des appétits intérieurs excitent quelques mouvements en les nerfs, qui passent par leur moyen jusqu’au cerveau [...] ils prennent leur cours vers certains muscles plutôt que vers d’autres et ainsi meuvent les membres</i>"(Descartes, <u>Traité des Passions</u>, art.13), ou, plus près de nous, pour Changeux, "<i>le terme "sensation" a été employé, à dessein, pour désigner le résultat immédiat de l'entrée en activité de récepteurs sensoriels [et le terme "perception"] pour l'étape finale qui, chez le sujet alerte et attentif, aboutit à l'identification et à la reconnaissance de l'objet</i>"(Changeux,<u> l'Homme Neuronal</u>, iii). Or, nous dit Varela, "<i>en tant que réseau neuronal clos, le système nerveux n'a ni entrées ni sorties ; et aucune caractéristique intrinsèque de son organisation ne lui permet de distinguer, par la dynamique de ses changements d'états, l'origine interne ou externe de ses changements</i>"(Varela, <u>la Clôture Opérationnelle du Système Nerveux</u>, i, <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). L'une des conséquences majeures de cette double clôture (sur le modèle d'un circuit fermé) tout à la fois physique et opérationnelle de l'unité vivante est que, au rebours du paradigme occidental de la vie, les comportements des vivants sont adaptatifs non pas dans le sens univoque et simpliste que le malthusio-darwinisme leur a conféré (le vivant s'adapte ou disparaît), mais dans le sens bi-univoque que Piaget leur a donnés : tout à la fois comportements d'accommodation (le "soi" est dé-formé par le "non-soi" qui s'in-forme aux dépens du "soi") mais aussi d'assimilation (le "non-soi" est dé-formé par le "soi" qui s'in-forme aux dépens du "non-soi" : on pense à la formation du calcaire par les coquillages ou au rejet de l'oxygène par les végétaux chlorophylliens). Le "soi" est, on le voit, non pas une chose ou un état, mais une dynamique intentionnelle dans l'espace et dans le temps. Aussi Varela propose-t-il le terme de "<i>comportement propre [</i>eigenbehavior<i>] pour désigner un état global caractérisant une configuration fondamentale d'un système autonome. En d'autres termes, les comportements propres sont des invariants engendrés de façon interne par les processus coopératifs qui définissent la clôture du système</i>"(Varela, <i>Comportement Propre, Autoréférence et Coopérativité,</i> i, <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). Invariance, coopération et clôture sont, en effet, les trois aspects complémentaires et dynamiques du "comportement propre" qui ne suppose ni une lutte à mort contre une extériorité réputée toujours hostile dans un univers invariant, ni un apprentissage aveugle par essais et erreurs, mais, tout au contraire une coopération intelligente du "soi" et du "non-soi" comme deux pôles extrêmes dans un contexte chaotique propice, tout à la fois, à la dé-formation perturbatrice et à un apprentissage cognitif guidé par cette intention d'invariance organisationnelle qui pré-détermine la configuration d'un espace d'objets qui soit de nature à compenser efficacement les effets de l'entropie, étant entendu que seul est "objet" l'objet "pour soi", c'est-à-dire qui est (re-)connu par le "soi" comme pertinent "pour-soi", c'est-à-dire comme in-formant ou dé-formant son invariance organisationnelle. La circularité (ou "clôture" ou "bouclage" ou "récursivité" ) dont il est question dans le modèle varélien est donc clairement la circulation ininterrompue de l'in-formation néguentropique et de la dé-formation entropique entre ces deux pôles qu'il est convenu d'appeler perception et mouvement.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dans cette circularité des causes et des effets, nous chercherions en vain des <i>inputs </i>et des <i>outputs </i>puisque la coopération des "fonctions" perceptives et motrices, chacune d'elles étant un "soi" cognitif qui maintient invariant un système auto-poïétique physiquement et opérationnellement clôturé qui réagit aux affections vitales tout autant qu'il les produit. En fait, la motion détermine tout autant la sensation que la sensation la motion (l'émotion, <i>ex motio</i>, c'est ce qui met en mouvement, l'affection, <i>ad fectio</i>, c'est ce qui fait faire), la physiologie détermine autant l'environnement que l'environnement la physiologie, la trajectoire détermine autant la perception que la perception la trajectoire, etc. Toutes les activités physiques humaines, qu'elles soient artisanales, artistiques, sportives, méditatives, etc. en témoignent : à partir d'un certain niveau de maîtrise le (la) pratiquant(e) n'est plus capable de dissocier dans l'espace ou dans le temps un agir d'un ressentir, une telle dissociation étant plutôt caractéristique d'une phase d'apprentissage ou d'un état pathologique, contextes où, précisément, la coopération fonctionnelle des "soi" autonomes est encore problématique ou le devient. À cet égard, le documentaire d'Arte intitulé <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPSRpLZHvhQ">la Proprioception, notre Véritable Sixième Sens</a> est une excellente introduction au problème de la circularité proprioceptive ou synesthésique (de σύν αἰσθάνομαι, <i>sun aïsthanomaï</i>, "sentir ensemble") de ces phénomènes. Par exemple, le simple fait de se maintenir en équilibre n'est nullement la réponse univoque d'un vivant (y compris d'un végétal, comme le montre très bien le documentaire) à une information gravitationnelle uni-directionnelle fournie remontant de la terre au système nerveux central, mais le fruit de la coopération intentionnelle d'innombrables structures sensori-motrices intriquées qui corrigent en permanence l'assiette de l'organisme en fonction des dé-formations reçues du "non-soi" mais aussi des in-formations produites par le "soi" dans le mouvement même de correction (in-formations cœnesthésiques, affections, <i>ad fectiones</i>, ou kinesthésiques, émotions, <i>ex motiones</i>). Notons que l'idée d'une coopération globale des structures perceptives et motrices de l'organisation vivante n'est pas nouvelle. Elle est déjà, dans le courant phénoménologique : "<i>c’est un lieu commun de dire que nous avons cinq sens et, a première vue, chacun d'eux est comme un monde sans communication avec les autres. La lumière ou les couleurs qui agissent sur l’œil n'agissent pas sur les oreilles ni sur le toucher. Et cependant on sait depuis longtemps que certains aveugles arrivent à se représenter les couleurs qu'ils ne voient pas par le moyen des sons qu’ils entendent. Par exemple un aveugle disait que le rouge devait être quelque chose comme un coup de trompette. Mais on a longtemps pensé qu’il s’agissait là de phénomènes exceptionnels. En réalité le phénomène est général. Dans l'intoxication par la mescaline, les sons sont régulièrement accompagnés par des taches de couleur dont la nuance, la forme et la hauteur varient avec le timbre, l'intensité et la hauteur des sons. Même les sujets normaux parlent de couleurs chaudes, froides, criardes ou dures, de sons clairs, aigus, éclatants, rugueux ou moelleux, de bruits mous, de parfums pénétrants. Cézanne disait qu'on voit le velouté, la dureté, la mollesse, et même l'odeur des objets. Ma perception n'est donc pas une somme de données visuelles, tactiles, auditives, je perçois d'une manière indivise avec mon être total, je saisis une structure unique de la chose, une unique manière d'exister qui parle a la fois à tous mes sens</i>"(Merleau-Ponty, <u>Sens et Non-sens</u>). Elle l'est aussi dans le courant dit de la "psychologie de la forme" (<i>Gestaltpsychologie</i>) : "<i>au lieu de réagir à des stimuli locaux par des événements locaux et sans rapports mutuels, l’organisme répond au modèle de stimuli auxquels il a été exposé et cette réponse est un processus unitaire, un tout fonctionnel qui donne, dans l’expérience, un ensemble sensoriel bien plutôt qu’une mosaïque de sensations locales</i>"(Köhler, <u>Psychologie de la Forme</u>). Et elle l'est surtout chez Proust pour qui la synesthésie n'est plus seulement synchronique (dans le présent) mais aussi diachronique (reliant le présent au passé et au futur) : "<i>une image offerte par la vie nous apporte en réalité, à ce moment-là, des sensations multiples et différentes. La vue, par exemple, de la couverture d'un livre déjà lu a tissé dans les caractères de son titre les rayons de lune d'une lointaine nuit d'été. Le goût du café au lait matinal nous apporte cette vague espérance d'un beau temps qui jadis si souvent, pendant que nous le buvions dans un bol de porcelaine blanche, crémeuse et plissée, qui semblait du lait durci, se mit à nous sourire dans la claire incertitude du petit jour. Une heure n'est pas qu'une heure, c'est un vase rempli de parfums, de sons, de projets et de climats. Ce que nous appelons la réalité est un certain rapport entre ces sensations et ces souvenirs qui nous entourent simultanément</i>"(Proust, <u>le Temps Retrouvé</u>, 2280). Ce qui est commun à ces différentes approches de la synesthésie, c'est que "<i>l'idée selon laquelle nous emmagasinons des représentations de l'environnement ou que nous emmagasinons des informations au sujet de l'environnement ne correspond en rien au fonctionnement du système nerveux. On doit en dire tout autant de notions comme celles de mémoire ou de souvenir</i>"(Varela, <u>la Clôture Opérationnelle du Système Nerveux</u>, ii, <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>).</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Voilà qui répudie le paradigme mécaniste/computationaliste de l'information sensorielle et de l'information mémorisée comme "représentations" nécessairement commandées par un <i>informans</i> et dirigée de manière univoque vers un <i>informandum</i>, l'un et l'autre étant, en fait, mutuellement exclusifs et, en droit, hiérarchiquement ordonnés : "<i>pour le paradigme de l'ordinateur, l'information est ce qui est représenté, et la représentation est une correspondance entre les éléments symboliques d'une structure et les éléments symboliques d'une autre structure. [Tandis que] lorsque nous passons de la perspective de la commande [allopoïétique] à celle de l'autonomie [auto-poïétique] toute information renvoie à l'identité du système et ne peut être décrite que par rapport à cette identité, puisqu'il n'y a pas d'architecte qui ait conçu ce système. [Dès lors], les événements informationnels n'ont pas de qualité substantive, […] ils sont littéralement </i>in-formati<i>, c'est-à-dire formés à l'intérieur</i>"(Varela, <u>l'Autonomie et la Commande</u>, i, <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). Ce qui ne veut pas dire que le paradigme mécaniste-computationaliste idôlatré par l'Occident soit nécessairement dépourvu de toute pertinence mais seulement que "<i>c'est à partir du lié que j'ai, secondairement conscience d'une activité de liaison, lorsque, prenant l'attitude analytique, je décompose la perception en qualités et en sensations et que, pour rejoindre à partir d'elles l'objet où j'étais d'abord jeté, je suis obligé de supposer un acte de synthèse qui n'est que la contre-partie de mon analyse</i>"(Merleau-Ponty, <u>Phénoménologie de la Perception</u>, II, i). Dans la mesure où, ce qui est originaire, c'est l'"acte total", global, circulairement perceptif et/ou pro-actif, rien n'interdit, en effet, à un organisme doté de structures neuronales néo-corticales suffisantes de faire retour sur cet acte et de le décomposer. Mais alors, de même que ce n'est pas le point qui est originaire mais la ligne dont le point n'est qu'une abstraction, de même que ce n'est pas le mot qui est originaire mais la phrase dont le mot n'est qu'une abstraction, de même ce n'est pas la sensation ou le souvenir qui est originaire mais un phénomène sensori-moteur global dont la matière sensorielle ou mémorielle n'est qu'une abstraction. Finalement, l'analyse <i>a posteriori</i> d'un complexe perceptif en de, soi-disant, données sensorielles ou mémorielles élémentaires n'a pas pour but de montrer que la perception ou le souvenir sont causés linéairement par des <i>sense data</i> élémentaires mais d'établir une simple corrélation entre une série de conditions nécessaires à un phénomène (les stimulations sensorielles à l'instant <i>t-n</i>) et la manifestation effective dudit phénomène (un comportement adaptatif à l'instant <i>t</i>). Il convient donc de considérer que "<i>ce sont là des descriptions qui relèvent du domaine de l'observateur et non du domaine d'opération du système nerveux</i>"(Varela, <u>la Clôture Opérationnelle du Système Nerveux</u>, ii, <i>in</i> <u>Autonomie et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u>). Du coup, évoquer des <i>sense data</i> élémentaires comme préalables nécessaires à toute perception ou à toute remémoration, cela suppose un passage aux limites dans le sens où il s'agit de répondre à la question "que se passerait-il si, à la limite, de telles conditions venaient à manquer ?" et non à la question "quelle est la relation régulière entre de telles conditions et leurs conséquences comportementales ?". Il est clair qu'en l'absence de sensations élémentaires, il n'y aurait en effet ni perception, ni mémoire, de même qu'en l'absence d'anti-corps, il n'y aurait pas de défense immunitaire. Mais cela ne veut pas dire que le système perceptif est implémenté par des sensations, pas plus que le système immunitaire n'est implémenté par des anti-corps.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Mais ce que le modèle auto-poïétique du vivant met le plus radicalement en question, c'est la sacro-sainte évidence occidentale de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler "la conscience" comme version laïcisée de l'"âme" ou de l'"esprit", c'est-à-dire comme substantialisation de l'intentionnalité. Notons que si l'évidence de l'existence spécifiquement humaine d'une faculté spirituelle transcendant la vile matière corporelle remonte à la plus haute antiquité (notamment grecque et hindoue), sa consécration, voire sa fétichisation métaphysiques en Occident ne datent que du XVII° siècle. En gros, à partir de Descartes ("<i>avoir conscience, certes, c’est penser et réfléchir sur sa pensée</i>", <u>Entretien avec Burman</u>) et de Locke ("<i>[</i>consciousness is the perception of what passes in the man’s own mind<i>] la conscience, c’est la perception de ce qui se passe dans le propre esprit d’un homme</i>", <u>Essai Philosophique concernant l’Entendement Humain,</u> II, i, 19). Aujourd'hui, définie dans les termes du computationnalisme <i>main stream</i>, la conscience devient "<i>une opération computationnelle, un calcul […] soit la capacité à traiter des informations sur soi-même que l’on peut appeler également méta-cognition […]. La conscience est un petit vernis supplémentaire [</i>sic !<i>] , très important, qui nous permet d’accéder à l’information, d’y réfléchir posément, longuement et de partager cette information avec d’autres personnes</i>"(Stanislas Dehaene, <i>in</i> <u>Entretien à "Sciences et Avenir" du 27/10/2017</u>). Or, premièrement, nous avons montré que la perception, fût-elle artificiellement abstraite de la motion, n’est pas un processus uni-directionnel de calcul mais une série circulaire et stochastique de potentiels d'action (d'influx nerveux) tous à la fois néguentropiques (fournisseurs d'énergie) et entropiques (consommateurs d'énergie) que l'organisation vivante canalise et dirige intentionnellement vers le maintien de son invariance globale. Deuxièmement, tout processus cognitif est, par nature, pour reprendre les termes de Dehaene, "métacognitif" dans la mesure où l’in-formation/dé-formation "circule" (de <i>circulus</i>, "petit cercle") entre plusieurs récepteurs distals d'in-formation et un collecteur central, entre lesquels pôles, l’in-formation est en temps réel révisée et implémentée. Troisièmement, ce qui permet la circulation de l'in-formation/dé-formation, c'est, justement, la clôture topologique du système global par la coopération intentionnelle des sous-systèmes partiels intégrés (acides aminés en cellules, cellules en tissus, tissus en organes, organes en individus, individus en sociétés, sociétés en espèces), coopération qui, chez les individus humains, est majoritairement médiatisée par le langage au point que, in fine, "<i>toute pensée consciente n’est possible qu’avec l’aide du langage</i>"(Nietzsche, <u>Werke</u>, II, 2) : on (se) "rend compte'' de ce qui est perçu, on en fait un compte rendu, bref, on (se) parle et, en particulier, on (se) parle de ce dont on a déjà parlé. Ce qui est rendu possible, non parce que nous posséderions ce mystérieux "petit vernis supplémentaire" qui s'interposerait entre un stimulus cognitif uni-directionnel et une réaction motrice univoque, ce qui nous octroierait, comme par miracle, des propriétés transcendantes inouïes, mais parce que nous nous montrons simplement capables d'être in-formés relativement à une classe de dé-formations (perturbations, affections) sonores et/ou visuelles et/ou tactiles qui joue, dans l'espace inter-individuel, le même rôle de clôture opérationnelle que l'influx nerveux dans le corps individuel. Que nous autres humains l'ayons baptisée "langage" ne saurait nous faire oublier que cette classe d'affections est commune à toutes les organisations vivantes, même si la spécificité du langage humain semble résider dans une puissance de signification sans doute infinie (sur le modèle de la composition et de la récursivité des fonctions en mathématiques : f(x) ; g(f(x)) ; h(g(f(x)) ; etc., en particulier, f(f(x)) ; f(f(f(x))) ; etc).</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bref, si la "conscience" est "ce petit vernis supplémentaire", ce cablage neuronal spécifique dont parle Dehaene, il est clair que celui-ci ne modifie en rien la nature circulaire du processus d'in-formation/déformation mais seulement qu'il lui ajoute, en quelque sorte, une boucle supplémentaire, celle, en l'occurrence, qui nous permet d'être auto-affectés par notre langage. Donc, on a beau admettre que l'humanité possède une couche neuronale et un système de communication sociale bien spécifiques (mais de quelle organisation vivante ne pourrait-on pas en dire autant ?), de fait, ce qu'on appelle "<i>la conscience est originairement non pas un “je pense que”, mais un “je peux”. [Car] la motricité n’est pas comme une servante de la conscience qui transporte le corps au point de l’espace que nous nous sommes d’abord représenté. […] L’expérience motrice de notre corps n’est pas un cas particulier de connaissance</i>"(Merleau-Ponty, <u>Phénoménologie de la Perception</u>, I, 3). Nietzsche disait que le danseur pense avec ses pieds, voulant dire par là que la pensée "consciente", le fait de (se) rendre compte intentionnellement de ce que l'on perçoit n'est, pour le danseur, que l'autre nom de la synesthésie dont il a été question plus haut et par laquelle le mouvement du danseur résulte de la clôture opérationnelle de son auto-poïèse. Cela dit, encore une fois, il n'y a aucun mal à conserver cette notion qui n'est encombrante que si et seulement si on l'hypostasie en lui conférant des pouvoirs extraordinaires. Il suffit, pour faire cesser cette fascination malsaine, de la circonscrire, par exemple, à sa définition médico-légale, d'ailleurs synonyme de "connaissance", dont le défaut, chez un être vivant, consiste en une perte de coordination des différents sous-systèmes assurant la fonction perceptive et, conséquemment, en une incapacité à se mouvoir. On peut tout aussi bien décréter la synonymie de l'expression "être conscient" avec celle d'"être humain" ("<i>tous les êtres humains [...] sont doués de raison et de conscience</i>", <u>Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l'Homme de 1948</u>, art.1), ou avec celle d'"être responsable de ses actes" <i>("il n’y a ni crime ni délit lorsque le prévenu est atteint au moment des faits d’un trouble ayant aboli son discernement ou le contrôle de ses actes</i>", <u>Code Pénal</u>, art.122-1), ou encore avec celle d'"être moral" ("<i>la conscience est toujours implicitement morale</i>", Alain, <u>les Arts et les Dieux</u>). En dehors de ces définitions, on ne voit pas bien pourquoi la "conscience" devrait être le privilège exclusif de la seule espèce humaine puisque, comme le disent les phénoménologues, "<i>toute conscience est conscience de quelque chose</i>", autrement dit que tout ajustement énergétique d'une organisation vivante par in-formation/dé-formation est foncièrement intentionnel au sens étymologique de ce terme : l'organisation vivante concernée reçoit (par accommodation) et/ou envoie (par assimilation) de l'in-formation en étant littéralement, <i>in tensione</i>, c'est-à-dire dans un état de tension vitale (intention, attention, intensité, etc. ont le même radical). <em><span style="font-style: normal;">À la limite, </span></em>nous pourrions qualifier de "conscient" tout comportement vivant intentionnel en ce que celui-ci est en permanence confronté au problème crucial de la compensation de son entropie et, pour cela, met primordialement "en tension" sa fonction perceptive (en chinois, "prendre conscience" se dit 意识, yì shí, "percevoir l'intention"). En ce sens, nous généraliserions à l'ensemble du règne vivant le propos de Bergson lorsqu'il dit que "<i>les variations d’intensité [</i>cf. étymologie <i>supra] de notre conscience semblent donc bien correspondre à la somme plus ou moins considérable de choix ou, si vous voulez, de création que nous distribuons sur notre conduite. Tout porte à croire qu’il en est ainsi de la conscience en général. Si conscience signifie mémoire et anticipation, c’est que conscience est synonyme de choix</i>"(Bergson, <u>l’Énergie Spirituelle</u>), de choix, c'est-à-dire d'intensité critique d'hésitation dans le chaos des circonstances vitales. Dès lors, dire que toute perception est intentionnelle et/ou méta-cognitive et/ou consciente et/ou spirituelle et/ou …, c'est dire tautologiquement que toute perception est … une perception. Sauf que, pour Bergson comme pour Spinoza ou Wittgenstein, dire que telle organisation est consciente <span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>nous ne
pouvons l’affirmer que de l’homme et de ce qui lui
ressemble</i></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Wittgenstein,
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Recherches
Philosophiques</u></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
§360). Et</span></span> encore, le fait qu'on continue de parler de personnes "conscientes" n'implique-t-il nullement qu'il doive exister quelque chose comme LA conscience.</div></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/08/portee-et-limites-du-paradigme-varelien.html">(à suivre ...)</a></div></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-57980405031970711102023-08-31T07:34:00.032+02:002023-12-21T07:03:11.715+01:00PORTÉE ET LIMITES DU PARADIGME VARÉLIEN DE L'AUTO-POÏÈSE (suite et fin).<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/08/portee-et-limites-du-paradigme-varelien_31.html#more">(suite de ...)</a><div><br /><span><a name='more'></a></span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; break-after: auto; break-inside: auto; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Après
avoir destitué la "conscience" de quelques-unes de ses
prétentions, qu'en est-il à présent de la </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">plus
exorbitante de toutes, celle qui prétend instituer un "soi"
dans une </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">prétendue</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"conscience (ou perception, ou ...) de soi" ? Si la conscience n'est </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">autre
chose </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
la perception résultant de la clôture sensori-motrice de tout
système auto-poïétique </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
tant qu'il est </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">capable
d'opposer </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">intentionnellement
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">son
invariance organisationnelle à l'entropie dont il est incessamment
l'objet, il semblerait que nous nous complaisions à nouveau dans la
tautologie : la "conscience de soi" ne serait alors
que la conscience de la conscience au sens de la réflexivité
mathématique que nous avons évoquée plus haut, c'est-à-dire,
derechef, la perception elle-même. Hegel, pourtant l'un des piliers
de la philosophie </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">idéaliste
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">occidentale
ne dit pas autre chose : "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
vérité de la conscience, c'est la conscience de soi [</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">die
Selbstbewusstsein] </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
celle-ci est le fondement de celle-là, en sorte que dans
l'existence, toute conscience d'un autre objet est conscience de soi.
Je connais l'objet comme mien (c'est ma représentation), donc en
lui, je me connais. L'expression de la conscience de soi c'est
Moi=Moi, liberté abstraite, idéalité pure. Elle est donc sans
réalité, car elle-même, étant son objet, n'en est pas un
puisqu'il n'y a pas de différence entre lui et
elle</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Hegel, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Encyclopédie
des Sciences Philosophiques</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§424). L'argument logique deviendra plus tard un argument
phénoménologique : "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mon
acte de perception m'occupe et m'occupe assez pour que je ne puisse
pas, pendant que je perçois effectivement la table, m'apercevoir la
percevant. [...] Dans la perception, nous ne pensons pas l'objet et
nous ne pensons pas le pensant, nous sommes à l'objet et nous nous
confondons avec ce corps</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Merleau-Ponty, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Phénoménologie
de la Perception</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, i). Voilà qui va à l'encontre du mythe d'un "soi"
immatériel, immuable, indestructible très largement partagée en
Occident depuis l'antiquité et selon laquelle la conscience de soi
consiste réellement à "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
tourne[r] en quelque façon vers soi-même</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
considère[r] quelqu’une des idées qu’[on] a en soi, [notamment]
une claire et distincte idée de moi-même en tant que je suis
seulement une chose qui pense et non étendue [c'est-à-dire </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">non
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">matérielle
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
non corruptible</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Descartes, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Méditations
Métaphysiques</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
VI, 18) au motif que "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
serait vraiment terrible [...] si en nous, comme en des chevaux de
bois, étaient installés plusieurs sens, mais que tout cela ne
converge pas dans une forme unique, que ce soit l’âme ou quelque
autre nom qu’on lui donne</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Platon, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Théétète</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
185d). Cependant, il y a un point commun entre les partisans d'un "soi" substantiel et leurs adversaires : l'emploi </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">courant</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des notions de "je", "soi", "moi",
"nous", </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">etc</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
On se souvient que, chez Proust, non seulement l'unité</span></span></span></span></span> du "moi"<span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> mais aussi son identité ne résiste pas à l'épreuve de la
mémoire volontaire : "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>comment
[en se réveillant] cherchant sa pensée, sa personnalité comme on
cherche un objet perdu, finit-on par retrouver son propre moi plutôt
que tout autre ? Pourquoi, quand on se remet à penser, n’est-ce
pas alors une autre personnalité que l’antérieure qui s’incarne
en nous ? On ne voit pas ce qui dicte le choix et pourquoi, entre les
millions d’êtres humains qu’on pourrait être, c’est sur celui
qu’on était la veille qu’on met juste la main. Qu’est-ce qui
nous guide, quand il y a eu vraiment interruption (soit que le
sommeil ait été complet, ou les rêves entièrement différents de
nous) ?</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Proust, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>le
Côté de Guermantes</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
II, i, 1012). Or nous avons vu que le propre du vivant, c'est
l'auto-poïèse par l'intégration fonctionnelle d'un certain nombre
de "soi" cognitifs coopérant au maintien d'une invariance
organisationnelle globale. Ce que confirme Varela : "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>chaque
moment de l’expérience prend la forme d’une conscience
particulière ayant un objet particulier auquel elle est attachée
par des relations particulières. Par exemple, un moment de
conscience visuelle est composé d’un être voyant (le sujet) qui
voit (la relation) une image (l’objet) ; un moment de conscience
auditive est composé d'un auditeur (le sujet) qui entend (la
relation) un son (l'objet) ; dans un moment de conscience caractérisé
par la colère, celui qui est fâché (le sujet) fait l'expérience
(la relation) de la colère (l'objet)</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Varela, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>l'Inscription
Corporelle de l'Esprit</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>). Varela, comme Proust, prend acte de l'existence d'un certain nombre
de pronoms personnels sujets dans le langage ordinaire (et que nous avons tendance à
substantialiser : </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>LE moi, LE soi, etc.) pour conclure qu'il existe non pas UN "soi-conscience" unique et toujours identique à lui-même mais DES "soi-conscience" dont la
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>convergence</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
dans le temps évoque la vieille problématique humienne selon
laquelle "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>nous
feignons l’existence continue des perceptions de nos sens pour en
supprimer la discontinuité et nous aboutissons aux notions d’âme,
de moi et de substance</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Hume, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Traité
de la Nature Humaine</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
I, iv, 6). Et si Varela parle parfois d'"identité" de
l'organisation auto-poïétique, c'est, nous l'avons vu, au sens non
pas de l'immuabilité, mais, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>tout</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
au contraire, de la </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>muabil</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>ité locale d'une certaine unité topologique moyennant son invariance
fonctionnelle globale. C'est l'"identité" </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>au
sens </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>de
ce "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>navire
à trente rames sur lequel Thésée s’était embarqué avec les
jeunes enfants, et qui le ramena heureusement à Athènes, fut
conservé par les Athéniens jusqu’au temps de Démétrius de
Phalère. Ils en ôtaient les pièces de bois, à mesure qu’elles
vieillissaient, et ils les remplaçaient par des pièces neuves,
solidement enchâssées</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Plutarque, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Vie
des Hommes Illustres</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>).
Bref, l'expression "conscience de soi", même comprise
comme "perception de soi", est apparemment dépourvue de signification
puisqu'"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>il
n’y a pas de sujet véritablement existant (de soi) qui persiste de
manière inchangée à travers une série de
moments</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Varela, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>l'Inscription
Corporelle de l'Esprit</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; break-after: auto; break-inside: auto; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lorsque le maître de <i>yoga</i> ou de </span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì
gōng</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> nous demande de "prendre conscience de", de "nous concentrer sur" notre respiration, il ne nous demande rien d'autre que de percevoir notre respiration en dirigeant intentionnellement notre influx nerveux sur le complexe synesthésique relatif à la respiration et donc, en isolant par l'imagination cet "objet intentionnel" (le <i>sankalpa </i>des hindouistes) qu'est la respiration dans ce que les phénoménologues appellent l'<i>épokhè</i>, c'est-à-dire la suspension, la mise entre parenthèses provisoire, bref, l'abstraction </span></span>du flux spontané de dé-formations/in-formations, en l'occurrence, la parfaite circularité du processus expir/inspir (les Chinois ne parlent d'ailleurs pas de "respiration" mais d'"expir-inspir", <span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">呼吸</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span>hū
xī</span>)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">. Or, en quoi consiste cette injonction de "prendre conscience de" ou de "se concentrer sur" sinon dans le fait, comme nous l'avons développé <i>supra</i>, d'être </span></span>affectés par une séquence de langage qui, dans un premier temps, nous dé-forme, donc nous fait consommer de l'énergie en ralentissant le rythme spontané du processus, voire en le suspendant momentanément, pour, dans un second, nous in-former en nous procurant l'énergie manquante dans une sorte de jubilation, de bien-être qui, comme le souligne Spinoza, est la marque irrécusable d'un surcroît d'énergie (Spinoza dit "puissance", mais la puissance n'est que de l'énergie par unité de temps). Mais allons plus loin : en quoi consiste alors ce "soi" qui serait censé être l'objet intentionnel implicite ("ma" respiration, le chinois, comme le latin, dit "la respiration de moi") de cette séquence ? Il est désormais clair, nous semble-t-il, qu'il s'agit du pôle 阴, yīn, du pôle de stabilité provisoire de notre 道, dào, de notre <i>dharma</i>, bref, de notre organisation vivante en mutation perpétuelle. Donc, le "moi" ou le "soi" n'est, au fond, rien d'autre que ce pôle éphémère de stabilité, d'équilibre, par opposition au pôle 阳, yáng, d'instabilité, de déséquilibre, bref de "non-moi", de "non-soi". En disant cela, nous donnons donc un sens précis à "moi" ou à "soi" mais en déréalisant LE "moi" ou LE "soi". <span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">La première
des quatre Nobles Vérités (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>catvâri
âryasatyâni</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
du bouddhisme est, sur ce point, des plus catégoriques :
la disharmonie (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>duhkha</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
littéralement "roue désaxée", par opposition à </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>sukha</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
"roue bien centrée") est, précisément, redevable à
l'attachement (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>trishnâ</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">) à un "soi" fantasmé, attachement qui se traduit
par le tarissement progressif </span></span>du flux des énergies vitales <span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">pour un milieu corporel humain abusé par la grammaire substantialisante de son langage. Les cinq <i>klesha </i>("nœuds", "impuretés", "obstructions", "obstacles") énumérés par </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Patañjali dans les <u>Yoga-Sûtra</u> vont dans le même sens en ce qu'ils trouvent leur origine dans l'</span><i>asmitâ </i>ou attachement à soi, elle-même consécutive à l'<i>avidyâ </i>ou ignorance.<span> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sur
ce point, il semble d'ailleurs que toutes les sagesses et la plupart des
philosophies considèrent l'attachement au "moi", à l'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>ego</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> comme
LA source première du rétrécissement pathologique de
l'organisation vivante à tout ou partie de sa seule enveloppe
corporelle. Toutefois, la philosophie occidentale va confondre l'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>ego</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> avec
le corps et ses "passions" (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>passio</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> et </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>πάθος</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> appartiennent
au même champ lexical de la maladie et de la souffrance) et, par
conséquent, traiter celui-là et celles-ci en ennemis du bien au
point d'assigner à une substance immatérielle (un "soi"
substantiel et réputé impassible) la tâche d'assurer seule la
conduite de la personne humaine vers la vie bonne. Tandis que l'Inde
et la Chine vont plutôt considérer le corps,
non comme la fatale manifestation de l'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>ego</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
mais comme ce "champ de l'alchimie" (</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;">丹田</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, dān tián,
le </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>hara</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> des
Japonais) qui est le centre de gravité (</span></span><em style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: maroon;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">中心</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, zhōng </span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">xīn, littéralement "centre pour la pensée"</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">), lieu par définition toujours provisoire et abstrait pour toutes les transitions énergétiques vitales. Et, à
supposer que ce </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>hara</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> fût
l'otage de l'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>ego</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
la tâche de l'en délivrer ne serait pas confiée à un principe
immatériel comme dans la pensée occidentale, mais, bien au contraire, à une pratique corporelle
(</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>yoga</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì
gōng</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">tài
jí quán</span></span></span></em>,
etc.). </p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; break-after: auto; break-inside: auto; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ce qui semble paradoxal c'est que, sans vouer le corps aux gémonies, la pensée hindouiste va néanmoins postuler l'existence d'un "soi" (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>âtman</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
immatériel par-delà le "moi" ou l'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>ego</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>ahamkâra</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">).
En fait, il lui fallait un substrat immuable et éternel qui
supportât l'impermanence des renaissances perpétuelles
(</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>samsâra</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">) pour, dans l'idéal, en être libéré (<i>moksha</i>) :
"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>regarde
notre corps d'aujourd'hui, il a déjà subi tant de métamorphoses
depuis l'enfance. Notre essence, cependant, notre âme [</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">âtman</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>],
est demeurée immuable. […] Le conducteur change de véhicule et
assume d'autres formes au cours du cycle interminable des morts et
des renaissances [</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">samsâra</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>]</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Bhagavad
Gîtâ</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
II, 12-13). Tout aussi paradoxalement, le bouddhisme, bien que partageant avec
l'hindouisme le dogme du </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>samsâra</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (en
chinois, </span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;">轮回</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, lún
huí, "roue perpétuelle"), rejette pourtant l'existence
nécessaire d'un "soi" indestructible. Une raison probable
en est peut-être que le bouddhisme originel, bien que né en Inde </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">au
VI° siècle av. J.-C.</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
a été fortement infléchi par son passage en Chine </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">au
IV° siècle</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
et donc par son interprétation à travers le prisme déformant de la
langue chinoise, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">notamment
à travers </span></span><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamaka" style="text-decoration-line: none;">le
courant Madhyamaka</a><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
(ou "école du Milieu", dont Varela revendique
explicitement l'héritage)</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Nous avons vu que parler d'un "je", d'un "moi" ou
d'un "soi" comme "sujet" de la vie n'est qu'un
abus de langage ou, comme le diront notamment Nietzsche ou
Wittgenstein, une illusion engendrée par notre mécompréhension de
la logique de la langue. Donc, en toute rigueur, la notion de "sujet"
(</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>sub
jectum</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
quelque chose qui serait "jeté sous", </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>sub
stans</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
qui se "tiendrait sous" ce qui est dit, c'est-à-dire
qui y serait présupposé, sous-entendu) appartient au domaine, non
de l'ontologie, mais de la grammaire et ce, par convention sur,
encore une fois, le modèle mathématique implicite, comme l'a fait
remarquer Frege, de la relation d'une fonction avec son argument
(dire "César conquit les Gaules", c'est faire
respectivement de "César" le </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>x</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> et
de "conquérir les Gaules" le </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>f</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> de </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>f</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>x</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">)).
Or, il se trouve que la grammaire chinoise, cas unique dans
l'histoire de l'humanité, ne connaît pas la notion de sujet
grammatical à quoi elle substitue celle de "thème" (</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;">主题</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
zhǔ tí, "problème principal"). De fait, la phrase
descriptive chinoise ne commence pas par l'énonciation d'un agent de
l'action mais par celle des circonstances spatio-temporelles du
mouvement évoqué par le verbe, mouvement dont l'éventuel
agent n'est qu'une circonstance parmi d'autres. Quant au verbe
chinois, il ne risque pas de "s'accorder" avec son sujet
puisqu'il n'y est jamais conjugué. C'est pourquoi les bouddhistes
ont pu dire que "</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>seule
la souffrance existe, mais on ne trouve aucun être souffrant. Les
actes existent mais on ne trouve pas d'acteur</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Walpola
Rahula, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>l'Enseignement
du Bouddha</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
ii) et que la libération (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>moksha</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
ou l'éveil (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>nirvâna</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
passent nécessairement par l'acceptation de l'impermanence (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>sûnyatâ</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
de toute réalité et, en particulier, de l'impersonnalité (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>anâtman</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
humaine. D'où le peu de cas que la pensée chinoise fait de
l'individualité en général (on le lui a assez reproché !) et le
fait, frappant par sa convergence, que les trois "sagesses
chinoises" rejettent conjointement l'idée qu'il y ait quoi que
ce soit comme un "sujet" de la vie : "</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>pas
d'idée, pas de nécessité, pas de position, pas de
moi</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Confucius, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Entretiens</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
IX, 4) ; "</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>sortir
(du je/moi/soi), c'est vivre, y entrer, c'est mourir</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Lǎo
Zǐ, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Dào
Dé Jīng</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
50). Et, s'il n'y a pas de sujet, il n'y a pas non plus d'objet
(sauf, encore et toujours, d’un strict point de vue
grammatical). Pour le dire autrement, là où la pensée
occidentale, tout comme la pensée indienne, diraient que telle
organisation possède (ou ne possède plus) la vie, dans le sens où
l'organisation est le sujet et la vie l'objet, pour le bouddhisme en
revanche et la pensée chinoise en générale, la vie est
auto-suffisante, auto-subsistante. </span></span><em><span style="font-style: normal;">À notre connaissance, b</span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">ien que
n'écrivant pas en chinois, Spinoza,
pour qui le seul "sujet" grammatical susceptible
d'engendrer une affirmation vraie est le grand Tout (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Deus
sive Natura</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">),
est sans doute l'un des rares philosophes occidentaux (peut-être avec Hegel) à adopter une position similaire.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; text-decoration: none; widows: 2;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mais,
si l'on doit renoncer à l'idée d'un sujet de la vie, comment alors
comprendre αὐτός formant préfixe pour des expressions comme
"auto-poïèse" ou "autonomie" ? Il est
temps, nous semble-t-il de pointer à cette occasion une difficulté
importante dans la conception varélienne de la vie. Nous avons vu
que l'auto-poïèse d</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">'une
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">organisation
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">vivante
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">suppose
une double clôture tout à la fois topologique </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">qui
lui fournit son unité </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
fonctionnelle qui </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">lui
confère son identité ou, plus exactement, son invariance</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Pour Varela, il semble que l</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">'unité</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
topologique s'entende exclusivement comme celle d'un milieu corporel
invaginé et borné par une enveloppe continue déterminée par de
l'in-formation génétique, enveloppe qui va optimiser la lutte
contre l'entropie à la fois en limitant l'entropie (perte de
chaleur, impact des agressions diverses, etc.) et en formant une
riche interface </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
dé-formation et </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">d'in-formation : par accommodation sensorielle, l'organisation située en-deçà de cette enveloppe est </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dé</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">-formée </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">(perturbée,
affectée) </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">par
des éléments situés au-delà </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">puis</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
en retour, assimile quelques-uns de ces éléments (les </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dé-forme) </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">et donc s'in-forme (compense son entropie) en modifiant les conditions de l'accommodation sensorielle
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">qui
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">influence</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">ro</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">nt celles de l'assimilation motrice, etc. La notion de "frontière topologique" semble donc indissociable de celles de "soi" et de "pour-soi", quelque acception qu'on en ait. Mais nous ne pouvons plus suivre Varela lorsqu'il réfute la
notion d'"organisme social vivant" au motif que "</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>les
frontières de l'unité [d'une société quelconque] ne sont pas
topologiques et il semble saugrenu de décrire les interactions
sociales en termes de production de composants</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Varela, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>la
Clôture Opérationnelle</u></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, ii, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>in</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">).
Il nous semble d'abord que </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la topologie est</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la branche des mathématiques qui étudie les déformations continues des objets géométriques. </span><em style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">À cet égard, </span></span></span></em><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qu'y a-t-il de géométriquement plus déformable, plus souple, plus plastique qu'un banc de poissons, qu'un essaim d'abeilles, qu'une nuée d'oiseaux ? Par ailleurs, il nous semble </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">que tous les groupes sociaux, "</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>sont
des corps animés d’une sorte de </i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">conatus </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>au
sens de Spinoza, c’est-à-dire d’une tendance à perpétuer leur
être social, avec tous ses pouvoirs et ses privilèges, qui est au
principe des stratégies de reproduction</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Bourdieu, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Raisons
Pratiques</u></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
ii). En effet, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">après avoir assimilé de </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
dé</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">-formation
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">provenant
de </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">son
environnement proximal, tout groupe social accommode celui-ci en
produisant, au sens </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">littéral</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
tous les éléments nécessaires à s</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">on
invariance</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
néguentropi</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">qu</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">e (par exemple, de même qu'il existe un système immunitaire individuel, de même, il existe un système immunitaire social ; armée, police, justice, etc.).
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Toute
société "produit" d'elle-même sa propre organisation
(les institutions humaines, par exemple) qui n'est pas faite que de
structures sociales entre ses membres (biocénose), mais comprend
aussi la "re-production" (au sens littéral et non métaphorique) desdites structures par la "production" (encore une fois au sens littéral) de son propre biotope dans un
écosystème élargi</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Toute
l'analyse marxiste de l'histoire comme processus d'invariance </span></span>des classes sociales <span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">ou, au contraire, de rupture de cette invariance (révolution) repose précisément sur la possibilité pour
chacune d'elle</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
de "produire" littéralement </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">ses propres conditions d'existence et de les défendre. En particulier, p</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">lus la vie d'un "corps" individuel dépend, </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>de facto</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, de ses interactions avec ses congénères conviviaux (</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>cum viventes</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, "ceux qui vivent ensemble") et plus fréquentes et importantes seront les dé-formations de ce "corps" par la présence desdits congénères. Et puis, comment décrire adéquatement l'évolution biologique d'une société animale ou végétale quelconque sans mentionner l'échange d</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e dé-formations/</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">in-formations caractéristiques de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler la "communication" ? En quoi la communication intra-individuelle entre tissus diffère-t-elle de la communication inter-individuelle ? En quoi un code linguistique diffère-t-il par nature d'un code génétique ? Pourquoi ne pourrait-on pas considérer la circulation de la parole dans un groupe humain comme analogue à la circulation de l'influx nerveux dans un corps individuel et l'institution langagière comme un "soi cognitif" pour le groupe social exactement dans le même sens que le système nerveux pour le corps individuel ? </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">D'une manière générale,
toute organisation auto-poïétique, en tant qu'elle "produit"
les conditions de son invariance, "produit" aussi celles de
sa dé-formation topologique comme, nous l'avons vu, oscillation entre deux <i>extrema</i>. </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal;">À</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> tout niveau d'intégration fonctionnelle d'une organisation vivante, l'existence du niveau
supérieur </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">(le tissu par rapport aux cellules, l'individu
par rapport aux tissus</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
société par rapport à l'individu, etc.) </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">est
conditionnée par l'invariance relative du niveau inférieur dont la subsistance dépend en retour de la possibilité, pour le milieu supérieur, de se dé-former, d'encaisser les chocs de son entropie. Il semble évident que l'une des propriétés fondamentales du vivant, c'est sa ductilité, autrement dit sa capacité à se dé-former (réversiblement, de manière élastique, ou irréversiblement, de manière plastique) sans rompre, </span></span>comme l'a pertinemment souligné Bergson et comme toutes les sagesses du monde n'ont eu de cesse de le répéter. Certes, tout ce qui est ductile n'est pas vivant. Mais lorsque cette ductilité n'est pas seulement celle de ses structures moléculaires mais aussi celle de l'organisation fonctionnelle auto-poïétique de celles-ci, alors cette clôture fonctionnelle est bien celle d'une organisation vivante conforme à la définition que Varela donne de la vie. Or cette organisation, tout à la fois présuppose et implique une unité topologique déterminée par une frontière d'autant plus souple qu'elle est plus complexe et d'autant plus floue qu'elle est plus souple. Car l'organisation auto-poïétique est indissolublement <span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"pro-poïétique" (πρός </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ποίησις</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, "produ</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ction</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">vers l'</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">avant</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"), </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"para-poïétique" (</span><em style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">παρά</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ποίησις, "production à côté</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">") et </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"cata-poïétique" (</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">κατα</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ποίησις, "production </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">vers l'</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">arrière</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">") lorsque son invariance fonctionnelle exige respectivement la production, la réparation ou la destruction de tout ou partie d'une des structures qu'elle intègre. </span>Il n'y aurait donc pas d'auto-poïèse sans cette sorte de "ruse" du vivant qu'est la souplesse de sa frontière topologique comme évaluation et réévaluation en temps réel de ce qui relève du "pour-soi" et de ce qui n'en relève pas. Il nous semble qu'il n'y a d'évolution possible pour une espèce que si et seulement si celle-ci est une organisation vivante dotée d'une unité topologique suffisamment "rusée" pour se dissimuler, se disséminer, se multiplier en créant là (ou plus tard) ce qui a été détruit ici (ou maintenant) et ce, de la même manière que notre système nerveux reconstitue tout ou partie d'un circuit neuronal endommagé ou détruit par quelque lésion.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">En bref</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
tout groupe social quelque nom qu'on lui donne, qu'il soit animal ou
végétal, est une organisation auto-poïétique de plein exercice
doté d'une double clôture à la fois fonctionnelle mais aussi
topologique qui intègre des corps individuels au même sens que
ceux-ci intègrent des niveaux inférieurs d'organisation tels que,
par exemple, des cellules vivantes. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nous inclinons donc à penser que l'enveloppe génétiquement in-formée
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">(celle
qu'on appelle peau ou cytoplasme, ou écorce, etc.) </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">qui
entoure le "corps" individuel ne possède aucun privilège
de clôture topologique, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">même
si,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
comme nous l'avons </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">déjà</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
dit, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">celle-ci
est </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">un
"soi" cognitif parfaitement cohérent et efficient. Et</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, mis à part le fait que la
présence d'une </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">surface</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
épidermique continue favorise l'identification macroscopique de
l'individu par les organes visuels et tactiles </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
l'être humain</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">et, mise à part sans doute aussi cette habitude de la pensée
occidentale de </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">faire
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
l'"individu" </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'alpha
et l'oméga de toute analyse topologique, habitude </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">à
laquelle Varela succombe sans autre forme de procès lorsqu'il dit</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> qu'"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>à
tout moment, l'espèce [par exemple] n'est, concrètement, qu'une
collection d'individus capables de se reproduire</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Varela, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>l'Individu
et les Conséquences de l'Autopoïèse</u></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, ii, 2, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>in</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</u></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">), </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">il n'y a cependant </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">aucune</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> raison de confier </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à une enveloppe corporelle </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'exclusivité de la clôture topologique du vivant</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mieux
encore, même en ne considérant que le niveau </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dit
de l'"individu" au sens évoqué </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>supra</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
nous allons voir à présent qu'il n'y a aucune raison de réduire sa
clôture topologique à ce que Didier Anzieu appelle le "moi-peau".
Encore une fois, lisons et relisons Proust : "</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>notre
vie n'est pas toute réunie en un même endroit et que, comme il
arrive pour les peintres dont l'œuvre est dispersée dans divers
musées, dont tel tableau, préféré peut-être, est à des milliers
de lieues dans la salle à manger d'un bourgeois d'Amsterdam ou de
Vienne, tel souvenir de notre vie, tel portrait de notre caractère
est resté dans la maison d'un pêcheur, dans la mémoire d'une
servante d'auberge où il serait bien extraordinaire que vous alliez
le découvrir. Il y est pourtant</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Proust, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Jean
Santeuil</u></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
408-409). </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Du
coup, u</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">ne
clôture topologique dont les contours spatio-temporels ne sont que
probables </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
l'espace et </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans
le</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
temps et dont le contenu fonctionnel est à la fois globalement invariant et localement stochastique nous semble l'expression adéquate de la ductilité entropique/néguentropique de toute organisation vivante dont
l'enveloppe corporelle, elle même perméable et déformable, n'est
qu'un cas particulier. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">L'intégration
du caractère flou et probabiliste à</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
la notion de clôture topologique de l'organisation auto-poïétique
permet, semble-t-il, de conférer à cette clôture une propriété
tout à fait remarquable : </span></span><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modèle_de_Hartle-Hawking" style="font-style: normal;">le
modèle dit de Hartle-Hawking</a><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
même </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">qu'il
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">conçoit
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'univers
tout entier </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">comme
spatialement fini mais sans</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
"bord", </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">sans</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
frontière </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans
le temps, nous amène à conjecturer la possibilité qu'une
organisation vivante puisse être contenue dans un espace déterminé
sans pour autant avoir de commencement ni d'achèvement </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Stephen
Hawking propose une analogie spatiale avec la sphère qui est finie dans
un espace à trois dimensions mais sans bord dans un espace à deux
dimensions)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
L'inventivité sans bornes de la vie que Bergson a si bien comprise
et décrite en </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">assimilant
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">créativité
vitale et créativité artistique </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">semble
tout à fait correspondre à une telle intuition</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Et, en effet, il nous semble que l</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">'aspect</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
fractal de la vie emboîtant à l'infini les composants physiques
élémentaires (quarks, atomes, molécules) dans des composants
chimiques (acides aminés) puis </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">strictement
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">biologiques
(mitochondries, cellules, tissus, organes, "corps") enfin
sociaux (société, culture, civilisation, espèce) pour aboutir au
grand Tout de la Vie </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">(cf.
la notion de </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>prat</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>î</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>tyasamutp</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>â</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>da</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"origine
conditionnée", </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans
le</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">bouddhisme
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Madhyamaka)
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">nous
interdit de borner la clôture topologique du vivant. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Celle-ci</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">devrait
bien plutôt</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
s'entendre, à quelque niveau qu'on la place, comme une limite au
sens mathématique du terme, en l'occurrence, une limite asymptotique
et non pas comme un "bord" ou une "frontière" </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">1
est la limite que la somme 1/2+1/4+1/8+1/16+ … +1/2</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><sup><span style="font-size: small;">n</span></sup></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
ne dépassera jamais et que, même, elle ne "touchera jamais, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>n</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
tendît-il vers +</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">∞</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">).</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">De
là, une approche nouvelle de la génération et de la mort. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Proust,
à nouveau : "</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>si
je mourais et que [la servante de l'auberge] l'apprît, sans doute,
sans que cela pût projeter une tristesse véritable sur sa vie dont
j'étais trop détaché [...] elle parlerait de moi honorablement,
rappelant parfois de mieux souvenirs</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Proust, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Jean
Santeuil</u></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
409). Ce que la pensée chinoise a fort bien compris, c'est que les
personnes mortes n'ont pas brutalement cessé de vivre pour se dissoudre dans le néant, mais ont
littéralement "disparu". C'est-à-dire qu'on ne les perçoit plus, cependant qu'elles continuent de vivre dans le souvenir des vivants qu'elles continuent par là
d'in-former </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans
le vide infiniment productif de l'espace des possibles</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">De
la même manière, dans le processus d</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">'apoptose
ou dégénérescence cellulaire programmée, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">non
seulement c'est de leur disparition locale que dépend la subsistance globale des
cellules vivantes (cf. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
a contrario </i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
menace létale qui plane sur elles dans un </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">processus
de prolifération cancéreuse</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">),
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">mais
encore</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">les
cellules mortes laissent le témoignage de leur existence dans la
mémoire génétique des cellules vivantes, que ce soit en perpétuant un ADN viable ou, au contraire, en ne perpétuant pas un ADN non-viable. Et il en va de même
aussi pour la mort des civilisations ou des espèces qui ne
font, en réalité, que se trans-former, c'est-à-dire subsister en quelque manière dans
l'in-formation qu'elles laissent dans la mémoire des civilisations
ou espèces ultérieures sous forme de traces mémorielles, de
souvenirs épars, sans qu'une telle in-formation soit pour autant l'expression d'une essence immuable, mais plutôt celle d'une ductilité de l'in-formation. Et dans tous les cas, c'est toujours asymptotiquement que de
telles organisations s'effaceront progressivement de la mémoire des organisations vivantes. D'une manière générale, que l'apparition et la
disparition de nouvelles organisations fonctionnelles soit
topologiquement localisées sans être bornées est un réquisit de
leur clôture opérationnelle. De même que la vérité de
certaines propositions vraies dans un système formel de niveau <i>n</i>
n'est démontrable que dans un système de niveau <i>n+1</i> (premier
théorème de Gödel), de même, c'est dans son intégration à une organisation de niveau
supérieur <span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">que </span></span>l'auto-poïèse d'une organisation vivante va trouver les éléments matériels de nature à
perpétuer sa lutte vitale contre l'entropie</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">. L'auto-poïèse n'est pas l'héauto-poïèse : la production de soi-même n'est pas la production de soi-seul (en termes spinoziens, nous dirions que le vivant n'est pas <i>causa sui</i>, "cause de soi"). C'est pourquoi font partie intégrante du processus auto-poïétique,
donc de la vie, d'une part ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler
"procréation", </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"génération"
ou</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
"reproduction" (et que nous préférons nommer "pro-poïèse"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">),
d'autre part, et corrélativement, le phénomène de l'apoptose ou de
la mort </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">(ce
que nous nommons, par souci de symétrie "cata-poïèse"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Dans les deux cas, l'effort néguentropique de telle structure
vivante étant localisé, l'auto-poïèse
(la vie) se perpétue</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans
une structure de même niveau selon des modalités </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">déterminées</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
par le niveau supérieur (par exemple l'organe pour les cellules
vivantes, ou bien la société pour un corps individuel, ou encore
l'espèce pour une société </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">etc.</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">).
Et c'est ce niveau supérieur d'organisation qui </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dé</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">-forme
jusqu'à la supprimer la structure de niveau inférieur qui, pour une
raison ou une autre, augmente dangereusement l'entropie du niveau
supérieur (cf. le film admirable de Shohei Imamura intitulé </span></span><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ballade_de_Narayama_(film,_1983)">la
Ballade de Narayama</a><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">).
De là, l</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">a
cata-poïèse</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
C'est ce niveau supérieur encore qui in-forme le niveau inférieur
en lui confiant la tâche de pourvoir à son prochain remplacement
par une nouvelle structure plus efficiente dans la lutte contre
l'entropie. De là, la pro-poïèse. Et c'est ce niveau supérieur enfin qui nourrit, répare et régénère en tant que de besoin le niveau inférieur. De là, la para-poïèse. Dans le cadre d'une conception
fractale (invariante à quelque échelle que ce soit) de la vie,
celle-ci, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">tout
en étant spatialement localisée et, en ce sens finie</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
n'a donc ni début, ni fin. Comme l</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">'explique</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Wittgenstein </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">avec
une autre analogie</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>notre
vie n’a pas de fin, tout comme notre champ de vision n’a pas de
frontière</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Tractatus</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
6.4311). </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Quant
à l'analogie favorite des </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">bouddhistes,
c'est, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">comme
pour les hindouistes, celle d'une</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
roue (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>samsâra</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">转轮</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, zhuàn
lún, "roue perpétuelle"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">) spatialement finie mais dont le mouvement n'a pourtant ni début ni fin</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">. D'où l'importance capitale que revêt, pour la pensée asiatique, la perpétuité de la circulation du </span></span> 气, qì, le souffle-énergie : "<i>dans tout processus, l’essentiel est qu’il n’y ait pas d’obstruction. Toute obstruction produit étranglement, arrêt des fonctions, lésion de la vie</i>"(Zhuāng Zǐ , <u>Zhuāng Zǐ</u>, xxvi).</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; break-after: auto; break-inside: auto; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bref,
ce qui sera réputé "auto...", </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sui-référentiel,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
le processus auto-poïétique, c'est cette tendance diffuse, floue,
chaotique, qu'a toute organisation vivante à s'étendre d'elle-même
par elle-même au-delà d'elle-même, mais toujours pour elle-même, en visant le "soi" comme pôle de stabilité, d'équilibre. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C'est
pourquoi nous répétons que toute organisation vivante est dotée
d'"intentionnalité" dans le sens où elle s'auto-organise
POUR minimiser ce qui reste indéfectiblement accidentel dans les
processus d'échanges énergétiques. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nous
proposons à présent de nommer "monde" cette tendance
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sui-référentielle</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à l'extension de la vie par la vie au-delà de la vie, ce que ce
grand indianiste que fut Schopenhauer nommait </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">der
Wille zum Leben</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"la volonté tendue vers la vie" (cf. aussi les notions
d'"élan vital" chez Bergson ou de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">libido</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> chez
Freud). D'une manière générale, "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
monde est ma représentation [</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">die
Welt ist meine Vorstellung</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">],
voilà une vérité qui vaut pour tout être vivant</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Schopenhauer, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Monde comme Volonté et comme Représentation</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
En d'autres termes, puisqu'il n'y a pas, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans l'espace et dans le temps,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de "représentation" </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du réel perçu qui soit <span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>causalement </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>distincte</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> du </span></span></span></span></span>réel </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
lequel se meut le vivant</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
allons dire que</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
monde et la vie sont une seule et même chose </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Die
Welt und das Leben sind Eins</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
5.621). Concrètement, si être vivant, c'est percevoir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout
en </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
se mouvant ou se mouvoir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
percevant, alors, pour toute organisation auto-p</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">oïétique,
"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
signaux perceptifs d'un groupe de cellules perceptives se réunissent
en dehors de l'organe de perception, en dehors du corps animal, en
des unités qui deviennent les caractères des objets situés en
dehors du sujet animal dans son monde propre</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">seine Umwelt</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(J.
von Uexküll, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mondes
Animaux et Monde Humain</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Dit encore autrement, l'être-perçu par le vivant ne se fractionne
pas en un objet physique dans le monde extérieur au vivant plus le corps propre du vivant plus un objet
mental dans le corps propre du vivant, mais se trouve être
indissolublement constitutif de ce "monde propre" qui
englobe tout à la fois le vivant et l'objet perçu par le vivant. La notion de "monde propre" (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Umwelt</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
est permet donc de donner un contenu précis à la
notion varélienne de "clôture" </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(en
confirmant au passage le peu de pertinence à cet égard de
l'enveloppe corporelle individuelle) </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
qui autorise à jeter définitivement aux oubliettes l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fastidieuse</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dichotomie</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
entre "sujet" et "objet" d'une part, entre "objet physique" et "objet mental" d'autre part. Mais, pour mieux saisir
encore cette notion, von Uexküll nous propose d'abandonner le modèle
humain, pour celui, beaucoup plus simple, du monde de la tique :
"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
richesse du monde qui entoure la tique disparaît et se réduit à
une forme pauvre qui consiste pour l’essentiel en trois caractères
perceptifs [acide butyrique, poils, chaleur] et trois
caractères actifs [se laisser tomber, fouiller, piquer] –
son </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Umwelt</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Mais la pauvreté de l'</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Umwelt</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> conditionne
la sûreté de l’action, et la sûreté est plus importante que la
richesse</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(J.
von Uexküll, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mondes
Animaux et Monde Humain</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Le propre (l'efficacité) du "monde propre", c'est, en
effet, la simplification, l'appauvrissement nécessaire d'un réel
dont seuls ne sont perçus et ne sont de nature à être modifiés
que les éléments (les "objets") pertinents pour
l'organisation vivante qui y exerce </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">intentionnellement
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sa
perception/motion relativement à l'urgence néguentropique </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">hic
et nunc</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Par exemple, s'agissant du "monde propre" de la grenouille,
Jacques Bouveresse relate le fait suivant : "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
grenouille présente la particularité de ne pas voir le détail des
parties immobiles du monde qui l'entoure, ou, en tout cas, de ne pas
être concernée par elles. Elle peut mourir de faim au milieu d'une
provision de nourriture parfaitement accessible mais qui n'est
affectée d'aucun mouvement. Son choix de nourriture n'est déterminé,
en fait, que par la dimension et le mouvement</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Langage, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Perception
et Réalité</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, iii).
L'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Umwelt</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> de
la grenouille ne contient donc que des "objets" comestibles
en mouvement. Des "mêmes" objets immobiles, on ne peut même pas
dire que la grenouille les dédaigne </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que,
littéralement, elle ne les voit pas. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">E</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
elle ne les voit pas parce que de tels "objets" n'en sont pas </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
elle, bien qu'ils existent pour nous autres humains </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">!
Le "monde" de la grenouille </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
clairement distinct du</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nôtre. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
pourrait en dire autant du</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"monde" de l'abeille qui "voit" des "objets"
réfléchissant la lumière ultra-violette, ou </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celui
du reptile qui "voit" l'infra-rouge, ou </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celui
de la chauve-souris qui "entend" les ultra-sons, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
encore de celui de l'oiseau migrateur qui possède la carte mentale
d'un continent comme nous de notre pâté de maisons, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">etc.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; break-after: auto; break-inside: auto; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mais
(re-)venons-en à </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">homo
sapiens</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> dont
les fonctions sensori-motrices spécifiques sont le résultat de
millions d'années d'histoire évolutive mais dont la pertinence
vitale de l'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Umwelt</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> est
fortement atténuée par l'accumulation d'innombrables strates
successives de civilisation plus ou moins récente, au point que
"percevoir", "penser", "prendre conscience",
"agir", etc. réfèrent souvent à des actes réputés
volontaires, donc libres de toute urgence vitale. Justement, l'un des
théoriciens de la soi-disant liberté existentielle humaine,
lui-même phénoménologue, illustre ce en quoi consiste l'intentionnalité humaine en matière de perception du monde : par
exemple, "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">lorsque
j’entre dans ce café pour y chercher Pierre, il se fait une
organisation synthétique de tous les objets du café, sur fond de
quoi Pierre doit apparaître</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Sartre, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’Être
et le Néant</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, i, 2), voulant dire par là que je n'isole dans le réel que
l'"objet" que je DOIS percevoir en fonction de quelque
niveau </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
priorité</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui,
sans être vitale, a néanmoins pour moi de la "valeur"
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(une
"valeur" qui soit une priorité sans être urgemment
vitale, voulons-nous dire)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et,
circulairement, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">je
ne DOIS percevoir que l'"objet" que j'ai la faculté
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">axiologique
(ce qui "vaut" pour moi en raison de ma constitution
physiologique et de mes priorités, de mes "valeurs")
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'isoler
dans le réel. Mais allons plus loin : dans la mesure où,
avons-nous dit, la clôture en temps réel des facultés et
donc aussi des structures sensori-motrices d'une organisation
auto-poïétique soumet celles-ci à des apprentissages (facteurs de
mémoire comme de modification </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">motrice
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aléatoire),
le "monde propre" d'une organisation donnée peut différer
et même, DOIT différer, si peu que ce soit, de celui d'une
organisation de même type située au même niveau dans l'échelle de
l'évolution (deux corps individuels de la même sous-espèce, deux
sous-espèces de la même espèce, etc.). On en déduit que non seulement la clôture topologique mais aussi la clôture organisationnelle du vivant est dénuée de
frontière puisque, par le truchement de l'apprentissage,
"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’expérience
motrice [du] corps […] fournit une manière unique d’accéder au
monde et à l’objet qui doit être reconnue comme originale et
peut-être comme originaire. [Le] corps a son monde ou comprend son
monde</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Merleau-Ponty, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Phénoménologie
de la Perception</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, 3). Du coup, en raison de la variabilité aléatoire des
expériences sensori-motrices de chaque niveau d'organisation
auto-poïétique relativement au chaos du réel, on voit à
quel point peut devenir problématique le confinement en un même lieu, fût-ce à m'échelle d'une planète, d'une myriade de "mondes"
vivants, tous dépourvus de bornes et qui, s'in</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fluencent
en cohabitant harmonieusement (commensalisme)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais
souvent</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> en s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'exploitant
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(parasitisme,
prédation, colonialisme, capitalisme, impérialisme, etc.)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
et parfois </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">même</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> en se détruisant </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(cataclysme naturel, tarissement des ressources, pollution, révolution,
lutte des classes, etc.)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Même s'agissant de la seule espèce humaine, et sans développer ici
les vertigineux enjeux </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">logiques,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">psychologiques,
moraux, éthiques, esthétiques, juridiques, écologiques,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">historiques</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
politiques que recèle le problème de la multiplicité de ces
"mondes propres", qu'on réfléchisse à ce qu'implique le
simple fait que s'"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
n'y a pas d'autre monde que celui formé à travers les expériences
qui s'offrent [à l'organisation auto-poïétique] et qui font [que
celle-ci est] enfermée dans un domaine cognitif dont [elle ne peut]
échapper</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Varela, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'Histoire
Naturelle de la Circularité</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, iv, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
alors, nécessairement, toute perso</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nne
humaine peut dire : "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
monde est MON monde. […] J</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
suis mon monde (le microcosme) </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">die
Welt MEINE Welt ist. […] </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ich
bin meine Welt. (Der Mikrokosmos)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstei</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
5.62-</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5,63</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
au sens où, notamment, "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
monde de l’homme heureux est un autre monde que celui de l’homme
malheur</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">eux
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Die
Welt des Glücklichen ist eine andere als die des
Unglücklichen</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
6.43). </span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; break-after: auto; break-inside: auto; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Malgré tout, Bergson, tout comme Proust, ont montré à quel point l’œuvr</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
d'art </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
le moyen privilégié</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de diffracter en une infinité de "mondes", chacun étant
"propre" à l'artiste, le réel réduit à sa seule
dimension humaine. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>Ce
qui incline à penser que, même en l'absence de frontière de chacun
des "mondes propres", il existe une limite, celle-ci
fût-elle asymptotique, à la variabilité et donc à l'extranéité mutuelle de chacun de ceux-ci.
Rappelons d'abord qu'une entité "fractale" (et nous avons
vu en quoi une organisation vivante est une telle entité) est,
théoriquement, un objet mathématique doté d'une aire finie mais
d'un périmètre infini (on dit aussi d'un nombre non-entier de
dimensions). On pourrait donc dire que la surface d'un tel objet est
la limite finie de son contour infini. Mais une célèbre expérience
de pensée proposée par Quine illustre humainement l'oscillation du
"monde propre" entre absence de frontière et présence
d'une limite. Supposons un linguiste qui s'aventure dans une tribu
indigène complètement inconnue de lui et dont il
entreprend d'établir un lexique de traduction. Ce linguiste
remarque que, à de certains moments de la journée, les indigènes
s'écrient "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>gavagaï</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> !"
tandis qu'un lapin apparaît dans le champ visuel de
l'explorateur. La question que se pose le linguiste est :
ai-je le droit de traduire </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>gavagaï</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> par
"lapin" ? Le linguiste, qui est humien, sait que
corrélation n'est pas causalité et donc que la perception de
l'événement que, lui, nomme "lapin" n'est pas
nécessairement la perturbation qui, chez les indigènes, justifie
l'énonciation "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>gavagaï</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> !".
Après tout, même s'il est fort probable que l'objet que le
linguiste nomme "lapin" est corrélé à cette énonciation,
il se pourrait tout aussi bien que l'événement pertinent soit, pour
les indigènes, une partie du lapin, ou alors le lapin plus autre
chose que le linguiste n'a pas encore remarqué, ou, pourquoi pas,
tout autre chose que ce lapin qu'ils pourraient, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>in
situ</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
ne pas percevoir du tout. Une seule certitude pourtant : le
linguiste doit admettre comme un postulat que la variation de leur
"monde" par rapport au sien propre admet une limite. En
l'occurrence, que, même si le "lapin" n'est pas perçu par
les indigènes dans le contexte d'énonciation de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>gavagaï</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
ceux-ci ont néanmoins la même capacité physiologique que lui de
percevoir ce qu'il nomme "lapin" et que, inversement, même
si le linguiste n'a pas encore perçu ce qui, dans le "monde"
des indigènes, s'accompagne de "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>gavagaï
!</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>",
il a néanmoins la capacité physiologique de le percevoir. Il est
clair que, sans ces deux assomptions au sujet de la limite de
variabilité des "mondes" respectifs du linguiste et des
indigènes, aucune hypothèse de traduction ne serait possible et il
faudrait alors conclure qu'on est en présence de deux "mondes"
sans commune mesure, donc non inter-compréhensibles, tant il semble
vrai que "comprendre" (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>cum
prehendere</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
"prendre avec soi") consiste à être co-affecté d'une
perturbation commune. Dans le cas particulier des "mondes"
humains, il faut bien admettre que la compréhension est très
largement favorisée par l'existence d'un langage, c'est-à-dire par
un mode de communication d'in-formations exemptes de toute urgence
vitale immédiate. En fait, "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>nous
apprenons la plupart des choses, la plupart des traits
caractéristiques du soi-disant monde extérieur par l’intermédiaire
du langage</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Quine, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>le
Domaine et le Langage de la Science</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
ii). Bref, lorsqu'il s'agit de pénétrer dans un "monde"
qui, tout en étant humain, ne nous est pas familier, "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>nous
sommes à la recherche des habitudes linguistiques qui lui ont été
inculquées socialement, donc de ses réponses à des conditions
normalement sujettes à une évaluation par les membres du
groupe</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Quine, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>le
Mot et la Chose</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
§8). Prenons, par exemple, l'apprentissage du langage par
le petit d'homme : "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>on
présente simultanément à l’enfant des émissions du mot et des
exemples d’objets rouges ; on applaudit aussi à son propre
babillage lorsqu’il émet un son qui ressemble à ‘rouge’ en
présence du rouge ; au bout du compte, l’enfant acquiert l’art
d’utiliser le mot conformément au goût de la société</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Quine, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>le
Domaine et le Langage de la Science</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
ii). De sorte que "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>la
vérité ou la fausseté de chaque proposition change assurément
quelque chose à la constitution générale du monde […]. Les
frontières de mon langage sont les frontières de mon
monde</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
5,5262-5.6). LE monde, au sens d'une concaténation d'objets réputée
objective et indépendante de toute aperception par quelque niveau
d'organisation vivante que ce soit, est une illusion source
de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>duhkha</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
de disharmonie. Et ce, exactement au même titre que l'illusion d'un
"soi" substantiel. Dès lors, le présupposé objectiviste
(rebaptisé "universalisme" par les Lumières)
caractéristique du paradigme scientifique occidental et selon
lequel il n'y aurait, par définition, pas de connaissance
objective sans objet, donc sans observateur d'un objet extérieur
qui serait, en droit, sinon en fait, indépendant de
celui-ci, pose un grave problème. Y compris dans les
sciences. Comme le dit Kuhn à propos de ce qu'il appelle le
"paradigme" pour parler de l'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>Umwelt</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> d'une
classe de scientifiques historiquement et géographiquement située,
"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>dans
la mesure où ils n’ont accès au monde qu’à travers ce qu’ils
voient et font [...] après un changement de paradigme les
scientifiques réagissent à un monde différent</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Kuhn, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>la
Structure des Révolutions Scientifiques</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>).
Et de citer l'exemple de l'avènement de la chimie daltonienne :
dans quelle mesure peut-on dire que ceux qui attribuaient la
combustion à la présence d'un fluide "phlogistique"
partagent un "monde" commun avec ceux qui ont compris que
la combustion est le résultat de la réaction chimique d'un
combustible avec un comburant (par exemple O2) ? Ce qui
n'implique nullement que le "monde" de ceux-ci soit plus
réel ou plus vrai que le "monde" de ceux-là, car "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>pour
autant qu’on peut parler de déterminer comme correctes les
versions qui « nous apprennent quelque chose sur le monde » - « le
monde » étant, suppose-t-on, celui que toutes les versions
correctes décrivent -, tout ce que nous apprenons du monde est
contenu dans les versions correctes élaborées à son
sujet</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Goodman, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Manières
de faire des Mondes</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>) :
ce n'est pas parce qu'un paradigme est vrai et qu'un autre est faux
qu'il y a glissement du faux vers le vrai, mais c'est, au contraire
parce qu'il existe un tel glissement, toujours justifié par des
avantages pragmatiques significatifs dans un contexte géo-historique
donné (concrètement, parce que la néguentropie sociale s'en trouve
améliorée) que l'un sera réputé vrai et l'autre faux et qu'il y
aura glissement. N</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>ous sentons donc qu'il DOIT, idéalement, exister quelque chose comme un
"monde humain moyen" qui est ce qu'il est parce que les
individus humains et les sociétés humaines sont des organisations
vivantes convergeant vers une limite commune : l'humanité.
C'est, en gros, ce que dit le "principe anthropique faible" (le
"principe anthropique fort" suppose une création divine
et, à ce titre, participe du paradigme mécanique causal que nous
dénonçons). Que "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>l’homme
de bien trouve la paix dans la vertu d’humanité [</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>en
chinois</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>人 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>rén</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>, </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>homophone
à </span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>仁 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>rén,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span> </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"bonté,
bienveillance"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>]</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Confucius, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Entretiens</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
IV, 1-2) est l'un des grands invariants de toutes les sagesses. C'est aussi ce que certains philosophes occidentaux (Hanlon, Quine, Davidson) appellent le "principe de charité" (<i>charity principle</i>) . </span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; break-after: auto; break-inside: auto; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>Cela dit, nous sentons aussitôt que ce plus grand dénominateur commun, qui
est la limite que nous cherchions à la variabilité des "mondes"
humains, est encore bien modeste, bien théorique, presque un vœu pieux. Mais alors, combien plus problématique encore
doit être la compréhension d'une limite commune à la variabilité
de TOUS les "mondes" vivants, autrement dit la
compréhension d'un destin inter-spécifique commun de TOUS les vivants. Wittgenstein dit
que "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>si
un lion pouvait parler, nous ne pourrions le
comprendre</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Recherches
Philosophiques</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
II, xi), car, même en supposant qu'il eût un langage articulé
semblable au nôtre, nous n'aurions d'in-formations que sur la
manière dont lui serait affecté de perturbations vitales qui, pour
certaines d'entre elles en tout cas, ne nous affecteraient pas, nous
autres humains. Que les "mondes" respectifs des humains et
des non-humains ne soient pas inter-compréhensibles rend
difficilement concevable cette "compassion universelle"
(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>karunâ</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>)
à l'égard de tous les vivants que prônent les bouddhistes dans la
mesure où le fait de com-patir (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>cum
pati</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
"souffrir ensemble") suppose encore une commune sensibilité
exclue par hypothèse (il ne suffit pas que je postule que "les
bêtes sont des êtres sensibles" pour que je puisse être
sensible à </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>what
it's like to be a bat</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
pour reprendre le titre d'un célèbre article de Thomas Nagel).
Faut-il alors renoncer à la compréhension, fût-elle seulement
abstraite, "intellectuelle" (dénuée d'urgence vitale
immédiate), d'un monde commun à tous les vivants qui, à défaut
d'être la conjonction (le produit logique) de tous les "mondes"
particuliers, ce qui n'a évidemment aucun sens dès lors qu'on part
de l'hypothèse que ces "mondes" sont nécessairement
disjoints, n'en soit justement que la disjonction (la somme
logique) ? Or, si nous pratiquons une telle disjonction, à quoi
aboutissons-nous sinon à la conclusion que tous les "mondes"
vivants ont ceci de commun qu'ils sont … vivants et qu'ils
coexistent sur … la même planète ? Tautologique ?
Voire. Et pourtant, nous autres humains, en raison, précisément, de
la formidable quantité d'in-formations "intellectuelles"
corrélée à la formidable extension topologique possible de
n'importe lequel des "mondes" humains ("</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>l’esprit
humain est apte à percevoir un très grand nombre de choses, et
d’autant plus apte que son corps peut être disposé d’un plus
grand nombre de façons</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"
- Spinoza, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Éthique</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>,
II, 14), sommes sans doute les seuls vivants aptes à percevoir cette
limite comme une in-formation pertinente. Et même à supposer que
cette pertinence ne soit nullement vitale (ce qui est manifestement
de moins en moins vrai), le simple fait que nous soyons </span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>天地之间 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>tiān
dì zhī jiān, "médiateurs entre le Ciel et la Terre",
comme le dit Lǎo Zǐ, confère à l'humanité une très lourde et
unique responsabilité. Loin que les humains soient fondés à se
considérer avec arrogance "<i>comme maîtres et possesseurs de la
nature [...] </i></span></span></span></span></span></span><i style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif;">pour
l'invention d'une infinité d'artifices, qui feraient qu'on jouirait,
sans aucune peine, des fruits de la terre et de toutes les commodités
qui s'y trouvent</i><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>"(Descartes, <u>Discours de la Méthode</u>, vi), tout au contraire, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>il
faut que les hommes cherchent sous la conduite de la Raison ce qui
leur est réellement utile. [Or] les hommes ne peuvent rien souhaiter
de supérieur [...] que de conserver leur être et chercher tous en
même temps ce qui est utile à tous, composer pour ainsi dire un
seul esprit ou un seul corps qu’ils s’efforcent tous de
conserver</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Spinoza, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Éthique</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
IV, 18). Et, là encore, les pensées hindouistes, bouddhistes et jaïnistes nous éclairent avec leur notion d'<i>ahimsâ </i>qui consiste concrètement en ce "<i>que je n'inspire [moi, humain] aucune crainte à aucun être vivant</i>"(<u>Narada Parivrajaka Upanishad</u>). Il en résulte, comme nous le suggérions </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>supra</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
que la seule acception recevable d'une soi-disant "conscience"
humaine se trouve dans la construction grammaticale non-substantivée
"être conscient de …", en l'occurrence de la
responsabilité morale/éthique/juridique de chacune des
organisations humaines à l'égard de la diversité des "mondes",
que ceux-ci soient humains ou non-humains. C'est là le fondement
même de la sagesse taoïste : "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>ne
pas agir mais s'imposer à tous, voilà le </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>ào</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>
du Ciel. Agir mais être lié par ses actes, voilà le </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>ào</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>
de l'Homme […]. C'est pourquoi il est dit : ne pas détruire
le céleste par l'humain, ne pas détruire l'ordre naturel par
l'action humaine</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(Zhuāng
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Zhuāng
Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>,
xi-xvii). Et de la sagesse hindouiste : "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>sous
l'inspiration de la patience</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>[</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>kshama</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>],
l'homme se comporte envers toutes les créatures vivantes, que
ce soit en pensée, en parole ou en acte, de la même façon qu'il
aimerait qu'on se comporte envers lui ; si on y ajoute un mental
voué au service de l'humanité au meilleur de ses capacités, on
parvient à la</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>bienveillance [</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>maïtrî</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>]</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u><span>Jabala
Darshana Upanishad</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>).
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>À
cet égard, l'histoire récente de l'humanité montre qu'un obstacle, pour le moment insurmontable, à la bienveillance à l'égard de la vie (faut-il que l'humanité soit dégénérée pour que l'expression "<i>pro life</i>" désigne tout à la fois les adversaires de l'avortement et les partisans de la peine de mort !)<i> </i>réside dans </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>l'existence
d'une organisation vivante humaine telle que la classe sociale
capitaliste dont l'extension </span></span></span></span></span>parasitaire et prédatrice <span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>de l'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>Umwelt
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>ne
connaît effectivement pas de bornes</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; break-after: auto; break-inside: auto; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;">
<em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">La</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
conception </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">occidentale
du vivant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
est profondément ancrée dans un paradigme historiquement et
géographiquement situés de la vie et, en particulier, de la
perception. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
paradigme, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">guère</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
varié depuis Hippocrate et Celse, est celui d'un étrange et
embarrassant intermédiaire dans un processus mécanique dont les
rouages sont tous mus par une chaîne causale commençant dans
un événement extérieur au vivant (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">stimulus</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
et se terminant dans un événement extérieur au vivant (réaction).
Comment s'étonner alors que, dans les conceptions occidentales du
vivant, le mythique le dispute au sophistique et le mysticisme au
scientisme ? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ignorantes
du dogme occidental du mécanisme causal, les pensées
traditionnelles indienne et chinoise s'accordent avec la physique
moderne pour considérer toute entité comme un champ énergétique
instable en interaction stochastique et probabiliste (non-causale)
avec d'autres champs énergétiques, les uns comme les autres étant
sujets à l'entropie, c'est-à-dire à la perte tendancielle mais
aléatoire d'énergie. À cet égard, les entités vivantes ne sont
nullement des exceptions mystérieuses dans le cours naturel des
choses mais des systèmes physiques qui doivent leur existence à
l'auto-régulation des flux d'énergie dont ils sont le théâtre.
Plus précisément, les entités vivantes sont un cas particulier
d'organisations auto-catalytiques dotées de structures capables de
retenir et d'optimiser la circulation de l'in-formation
néguentropique. Il existe cependant une rupture de symétrie entre
les entités inertes et les entités vivantes. Comme le suggère
Francisco Varela, seules celles-ci en effet sont pourvues d'une
double clôture topologique et fonctionnelle leur garantissant, d'une
part une auto-poïèse par intégration fractale dans des structures
de plus en plus complexes allant des acides aminés au grand Tout de
la vie, d'autre part, pour chaque niveau d'intégration, une
invariance organisationnelle globale sous une muabilité permanente
des structures en fonction des variations énergétiques aléatoires
générées par le chaos du réel. Est vivante, en conséquence,
toute organisation auto-poïétique se décomposant en organisations
auto-poïétiques de niveau inférieur et faisant partie intégrante
d’une organisation auto-poïétique de niveau supérieur. La
clôture fonctionnelle de chaque niveau d’organisation consiste en
une parfaite circularité entre d'une part l'accommodation
sensorielle afférente qui "apprend" en temps réel ce qui
est susceptible de dé-former l'organisation et, d'autre part,
l'assimilation motrice efférente de la dé-formation entropique sous
la forme d'un mouvement qui affecte l'organisation totale en la
maintenant opérationnellement invariante. Du coup, il ne
pré-existe pas de "soi" vivant, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
fortiori </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
"soi" conscient, au sens d’un sujet centralisateur
émetteur/récepteur exclusif de l'in-formation vitale, mais
seulement des organisations cognitives tout à la fois indépendantes
et coopérantes, inter-connectées par leur intégration
fonctionnelle dans des organisations de niveau supérieur, lesquelles
construisent, instruisent puis détruisent du "soi" au gré
des variations aléatoires des quantités d’énergie disponible.
Ou, si l'on préfère, le "soi" vivant n'est rien d'autre
que le monde propre (l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Umwelt</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
de l'organisation vivante considérée, c'est-à-dire son propre
champ d'interaction énergétique fonctionnellement et
topologiquement clos. Toutefois, la créativité, la variabilité de
cette </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Umwelt</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
tout en se heurtant à des limites (d'ailleurs évolutives) imposées
par sa configuration physique, n'a cependant pas de bornes. Ce qui
pose évidemment, et à tous les niveaux d'organisation, le problème
de leur cohabitation mutuelle. À cet égard, s'il doit exister
quelque chose comme une "conscience" humaine, celle-ci ne
réside nullement en une mystérieuse faculté cognitive aux pouvoirs
transcendants et universalisants, mais plutôt, en raison de
l'étendue spatio-temporelle supérieure des </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Umwelten</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> humaines
par rapport à tous les autres "mondes", plutôt en une
responsabilité fondamentale de la limite de celles-ci (l'"humanité")
dans la régulation et la préservation de la multiplicité des
"mondes". "Conscience" et "responsabilité"
que la marchandisation des mondes par l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Umwelt</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> capitaliste
rend probablement impossibles.</span></span></span></span></p></div></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-21830123028844378352023-07-01T10:50:00.006+02:002023-12-21T07:03:33.956+01:00SENSATION/PERCEPTION : UNE DISTINCTION PROBLÉMATIQUE.<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.5cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">Pour
Jean-Pierre Changeux, "<i>le terme "sensation" a été
employé, à dessein, pour désigner le résultat immédiat de
l'entrée en activité de récepteurs sensoriels [et le terme
"perception</i><i>"</i><i>] pour l'étape finale qui, chez
le sujet alerte et attentif, aboutit à l'identification et à la
reconnaissance de l'objet</i>"(<u>l'Homme Neuronal</u>, iii). À
quoi Jacques Bouveresse rétorque : "<i>l</i><i>’œil</i><i>
n'a pas simplement, comme on le croit généralement, des sensations,
il a pour ainsi dire de véritables perceptions, ce qui signifie que
la distinction usuelle que l'on fait entre sensation (non
interprétée) et perception (interprétation) devient elle-même
très contestable</i>"(<u>Langage, Perception et Réalité</u>,
iii). Derrière le problème de savoir si la relation entre la
sensation et la perception serait celle du matériau brut à l'objet
élaboré, c'est-à-dire trans-formé, in-formé ou, tout simplement,
formé, se glisse, de manière subreptice, celui de la cause
(sensation) à l'effet (perception) et celui de l'information
(sensation) à l'informé (sujet percevant). Nous allons essayer de
montrer que, dans tous les cas "<i>nous en </i><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background: transparent;">arrivons
à être obsédés par notre symbolisme : nous sommes plongés dans
la perplexité par une analogie qui nous entraîne
irrésistiblement</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background: transparent;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background: transparent;">le
Cahier Brun</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background: transparent;">,
108)</span></span>.<span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.5cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Tout
commence avec Platon qui se demande, déjà, comment la diversité
des sollicitations sensibles dont nous sommes l'objet peuvent
posséder cette (relative) stabilité qui nous fait adhérer à leur
représentation et qui nous fait croire faussement que c'est la
réalité éternelle et immuable qui y est représentée : "</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ce
serait vraiment terrible [...] si, en nous comme en des chevaux de
bois, étaient installés plusieurs sens mais que cela ne converge
pas vers une forme unique, que ce soit l'âme ou quelque autre nom
qu'on lui donne</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">" (Platon, </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Théétète</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, 185d).
Platon est donc le premier à postuler l'existence nécessaire d'une
forme (</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">eïdos</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">) intelligible et unique qui mette de l'ordre
dans nos impressions sensibles diverses et variées, lesquelles,
d'emblée, pour Platon, posent un problème de fiabilité
: "</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">(Socrate) : moi, avoir des opinions, j’appelle cela
parier, et l’opinion, je l’appelle un langage, prononcé non pas
à l’intention d’autrui ni par la voix, mais en silence à
soi-même. [Par exemple], il arrive souvent, quand un homme a aperçu
de loin quelque objet qu’il ne distingue pas nettement, qu’il
veuille juger ce qu’il ne voit pas, n’est-ce pas ? (Protarque) :
je le crois. (S) : alors, ne s’interroge-t-il pas ainsi ? (P) :
comment ? (S) : qu’est-ce que peut bien être ce qui apparaît
debout près du rocher, sous un arbre ? N’est-ce pas à ton avis la
question qu’il se pose à lui-même en apercevant certains objets
de cette nature qui frappent ainsi sa vue ? (P) : Certainement. (S) :
est-ce qu’ensuite, notre homme, se répondant à lui-même, ne
pourrait pas se dire "c'est un homme" et tomber juste ? (P)
: assurément, si. (S) : il pourrait aussi se tromper et, croyant que
c'est l'oeuvre de certains bergers, appeler image ce qu'il aperçoit.
(P) : parfaitement. (S) : et s'il avait quelqu'un près de lui, il
exprimerait pas la parole ce qu'il s'est dit à lui-même et le
répéterait à son compagnon, et ce que nous avons appelé opinion
deviendrait ainsi discours. (P) : naturellement</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Platon, </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Philèbe</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
38 c). Et c'est bien parce que la diversité et la mutabilité de nos
impressions sensibles posent un problème cognitif, qu'au-delà du
sentir, il est nécessaire de penser : "</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la pensée est
une</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">discussion que l'âme poursuit tout du long avec
elle-même à propos des choses qu'il lui arrive d'examiner [...] car
voici ce que me semble faire l'âme quand elle pense : rien d'autre
que dialoguer, s'interrogeant avec elle-même et répondant,
affirmant et niant ; et quand [...] elle parle d'une seule voix, sans
être partagée, nous disons là que c'est sont opinion
[</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">pistis</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">]</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Platon, </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Théétète</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, 189e). Les
informations fournies par les sens sont donc tout à la fois, pour
Platon, ce qu'il s'agit de corriger par la pensée et ce qui, en tout
état de cause, donne à penser.</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">Aristote,
dans son <u>de Anima</u>, va s'évertuer, quant à lui, à
expliquer et approfondir la nature et l'origine de l'erreur
sensible qu'il appartiendrait à la pensée de redresser. En effet,
si, comme le suppose Platon, la matière sensible amorphe de nos
impressions sensibles est façonnée par la forme éternelle et
immuable de notre pensée, comment peut-elle alors errer ? En termes
platoniciens : comment l'opinion (<i>pistis</i>) peut-elle être
fausse ? Aristote répond en deux temps. D'abord "<i>il est
clair que sentir [</i>aïsthanomaï<i>] et penser [</i>phroneïn<i>]
ne revient pas au même. Car si tous les animaux ont en partage la
première faculté, peu en revanche ont la seconde. [...] Si la
</i><i>sensa</i><i>tion [</i>aïsthèsis<i>] des sensibles propres
est toujours vraie et appartient à tous les animaux, en revanche, la
réflexion [</i>dianoïa<i>] admet aussi l'erreur et n'appartient à
aucun animal qui ne possède aussi la raison</i>"(Aristote, <u>de
Anima</u>, 427b 6-14). Donc, premier élément de réponse :
contrairement à ce que prétend Platon, la perception des sensibles
propres (autrement dit la sensation, <i>hè aïsthèsis, </i>produite
par "l'âme sensitive") ne conduit pas, par elle-même, à
l'erreur parce qu'elle est l'empreinte immédiate et passive des
accidents du monde extérieur, tandis que seule peut conduire à
l'erreur la réflexion (<i>hè dianoïa</i> qui manifeste la
présence de "l'âme intellective") sur ces sensations. Et
pourquoi donc, demandera-t-on ? Comment peut-il se faire que la forme
inférieure de l'âme sensitive que possèdent tous les animaux
s'applique sans défaut à la matière sensible, tandis que la forme
supérieure de l'âme intellective qui ne concerne que les animaux
rationnels soit sujette à errer ? Eh bien parce que "<i>la
représentation [</i>phantasia<i>] semble être, pour sa part, une
sorte de mouvement qui ne va pas dans le sens, mais, au contraire,
implique des sujets sentants et des objets qui sont ceux du sens. Or
il peut y avoir un mouvement déclenché par l'activité sensitive.
Et ce mouvement doit nécessairement ressembler à la
sensation</i>"(Aristote, <u>de Anima</u>, 428b 10-15).
Aristote intercale donc, entre la sensation qui est pure passivité
et la réflexion qui est pure activité, un mouvement intermédiaire
: celui de la représentation (<i>hè phantasia</i>) qui, précise
Aristote, doit normalement produire une imitation (<i>mimèsis</i>)
de la sensation qui soit suffisamment fidèle pour que la réflexion
(<i>dianoïa</i>) puisse s'y déployer, mais qui, comme tout
mouvement, n'est jamais exempt de perturbations, de sorte que la
représentation comme résultat final (<i>phantasma</i>) laisse
parfois à désirer.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">Descartes
va quelque peu simplifier le modèle aristotélicien. "<i>Il n'y
a aucune de nos actions extérieures, qui puisse assurer ceux qui les
examinent, que notre corps n'est pas seulement une machine qui se
remue de soi-même, mais qu'il y a aussi en lui une âme qui a des
pensées, excepté les paroles, ou autres signes faits à propos des
sujets qui se présentent, sans se rapporter à aucune passion</i>.
(Descartes, <u>Lettre au Marquis de Newcastle</u>, 23 nov.
1646). Autrement dit, nous seuls, humains, pensons puisque nous
seuls, humains, parlons. Donc, si les animaux ne parlent pas, c'est
parce qu'ils ne sont que corps dotés de fonctions vitales et que ces
fonctions vitales ne sont qu'une variété de fonctions mécaniques
puisqu'elles "<i>suivent [...] de la seule disposition de ces
organes ni plus ni moins que font les mouvements d’une horloge ou
autre automate</i>"(Descartes, <u>Traité de l’Homme</u>).
Tandis que, par contraste, "<i>qu’est-ce donc que je suis </i><i>[moi
en tant qu'homme] </i><i>? Une chose qui pense. Qu’est-ce qu’une
chose qui pense ? c’est-à-dire une chose qui doute, qui conçoit,
qui affirme, qui nie, qui veut, qui ne veut pas, qui imagine aussi,
et qui sent</i>"(Descartes, <u>Méditations Métaphysiques</u>,
II, 9). Bref, la sensation n'est qu'une modalité de la pensée et
donc les animaux ne sentent pas plus qu'une machine. Mais alors,
pourquoi devrions-nous douter de ces impressions sensibles,
toujours réputées potentiellement trompeuses, nous autres, êtres
pensants et donc, en particulier, sentants ? Eh bien parce que
"<i>tous les objets tant des sens extérieurs que des appétits
intérieurs excitent quelques mouvements en les nerfs, qui passent
par leur moyen jusqu’au cerveau [...] ils prennent leur cours vers
certains muscles plutôt que vers d’autres et ainsi meuvent les
membres</i>"(Descartes, <u>Traité des Passions</u>,
art.13). C'est-à-dire que les impressions sensibles sur quoi notre
entendement ou raison va exercer son jugement sont réputées
n'avoir, <i>de jure</i>, aucune ressemblance avec les événements
internes ou externes qui les ont causées, contrairement à ce que
prétend Aristote. D'où la nécessité où nous sommes de donner ou
de refuser notre assentiment à l'utilisation de ces impressions
sensibles par notre raison, et ce, dans un acte exprès de jugement.
Pour Descartes, comme pour Aristote, l'origine de l'erreur n'est pas
l'impression sensible, mais la manière dont elle est traitée. Sauf
que, pour Descartes, c'est là une faculté de la <i>res
cogitans</i>, de la volonté, qui traite l'information sensible et
qui donc, est responsable de l'erreur : "<i>la volonté est
absolument nécessaire à ce que nous donnions notre consentement à
ce que nous avons aperçu</i>"(Descartes, <u>Principes de
la Philosophie</u>, I, art.34). Finalement, pour Descartes, nous
sommes, nous autres humains, ou bien dans un état passif dans lequel
notre âme se contente de sentir, ou bien dans un état actif par
lequel l'âme se met à juger de la pertinence de ce qui a été
préalablement senti. Nous avons ainsi deux termes (contre trois pour
Aristote), la sensation et le jugement, le sentir et l'assentir, qui
sont, tous les deux, du côté de l'activité consciente.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pour
Kant, la position cartésienne dogmatique consiste en un face à face
entre, d'une part, le sujet pensant éclairé par la lumière
naturelle de la raison et, d'autre part, l'objet </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">sensible
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">pensé
comme une </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">collection
d'</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">apparence</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
voire </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">d'</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">apparition</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">
fantasmatique</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">
qui, de plus, n'aurai</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">en</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">t
aucune relation de ressemblance avec son substrat </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">d'origine</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Cette position est intenable, notamment lorsqu'il s'agit de
rendre compte des progrès de la connaissance scientifique qui,
depuis Vésale et Copernic, fait manifestement usage de l'expérience
sensible en ce qu'elle lui accorde un </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">certain
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">degré
de fiabilité incompatible avec le doute méthodique cartésien. La
fonction perceptive de représentation de l'objet extérieur en vue
d'une connaissance scientifique est, pour Kant et d'ailleurs pour
toute la philosophie des Lumière</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
tout à fait centrale. Donc, à la connaissance scientifique,
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>appartiennent
deux éléments : premièrement le concept par lequel, en général,
un objet est pensé (la catégorie) et deuxièmement l'intuition par
laquelle </i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>le
concept</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
est donné ; car si une intuition correspondante ne pouvait pas du
tout être donnée au concept, il serait une pensée quant à la
forme, mais sans aucun objet, et absolument aucune connaissance de
quelque chose ne serait possible par lui</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Kant, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Critique
de la Raison Pure</u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
AK III, 117). Toute la théorie de la connaissance de Kant peut donc
se réduire à la question de savoir quelles sortes de
transformations formelles subissent nos impressions sensibles
particulières et contingentes pour devenir, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>in
fine</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
des connaissances expérimentales universelles et nécessaires. En
langage kantien : </span></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/4205631674593131367/769541004374721196#" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"comment
des Jugements Synthétiques </a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/4205631674593131367/769541004374721196#" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>a
priori</i></span></span></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/4205631674593131367/769541004374721196#" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> sont-ils
Possibles ?"</a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pour
Kant, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
"traitement" qui conduit de l'information brute fournie par
l'affection directe de nos récepteurs sensoriels et que Kant appelle
"l'intuition" auxdits "jugements synthétiques </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>a
priori</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">opère
en plusieurs</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">
étapes. Première étape : la synopsis (ou appréhension) </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>a
priori</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> du
divers sensible par les sens eux-mêmes. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">À</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">
ce stade, les données sensibles qui parviennent à nos récepteurs
sensoriels ont déjà été unifiées </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>a
priori</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> par
les formes de notre sensibilité que sont l'espace et le temps. Toute
intuition, en effet, est donnée dans un cadre spatio-temporel bien
déterminé. On voit que dès le tout premier stade du traitement de
l'information, il n'y a déjà plus, pour Kant, d'information
sensible brute </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">mais
une perception déjà élaborée quoique non-conceptualisée</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
D</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">e
là, on peut passer à une d</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">euxième
étape : la synthèse de la synopsis représentée dans et par
l'imagination. L'imagination, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>fonction
aveugle quoique indispensable de l'âme sans laquelle nous n'aurions
absolument aucune connaissance, mais dont nous n'avons que rarement
conscience</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Kant, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Critique
de la Raison Pure</u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
AK III, 91) est une fonction d'autant plus importante que, souligne
Kant, elle travaille dans l'ombre. Sa fonction n'est rien moins que
de fournir à la synopsis du divers présentée par les sens, une
forme conceptuelle schématisée qui peut être empirique au moyen
des concepts fournis par l'histoire personnelle du sujet (auquel cas
on obtient un "jugement de perception") ou </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>a
priori</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> au
moyen des concepts mathématiques, voire "pure"
(absolument </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>a
priori</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
au moyen des catégories pures de l'entendement. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Par
là, la perception se fait jugement, plus précisément, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">jugement
d'expérience. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Puis,
éventuellement, une t</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">roisième
étape : l</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">'</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">uni</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">versalisation
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
la</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">synthèse
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">déjà
conceptualisée </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">par
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">une
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">aperception
transcendantale </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">nécessaire</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Son utilité est la suivante : </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>toute
nécessité a toujours pour fondement une condition transcendantale.
Il faut donc trouver un principe transcendantal de l'unité de la
conscience dans la synthèse du divers de toutes nos intuitions.
[...] Or, cette condition originaire et transcendantale n'est autre
que l'aperception transcendantale</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Kant, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Critique
de la Raison Pure</u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
AK IV, 81). Grâce à l'aperception transcendantale, le jugement
d'expérience devient un authentique jugement de connaissance
universel et nécessaire, bref, un authentique jugement scientifique.
On voit aisément que, pour Kant dont le problème principal, dans sa
période critique en tout cas, est de penser à nouveaux frais le
rapport entre le sujet pensant et l'objet pensé </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">afin
de justifier les progrès de la science expérimentale</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
le problème de savoir comment les objets du monde se donnent à nous
est loin de se réduire à la dichotomie simpliste de la sensation et
de la perception. On pourrait presque dire qu'entre la donnée
intuitive brute et la conscience pure d'une connaissance universelle
et nécessaire, il existe, chez Kant, une espèce de </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>continuum</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> dans
la mise en forme de la matière sensible. Kant nous donne
l'impression d'une sorte de traitement continu de l'information
sensible brute et donc d'une élaboration continue du concept à
partir de cette source originaire. Dès la synopsis (Kant use de
plusieurs termes : </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Synopsis</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Apprehension</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Auffassung</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
du divers par les sens il semble qu'il ne soit plus question déjà
de données brutes. Et pourtant, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>le
premier fondement formel de la possibilité d'une intuition, spatiale
par exemple, est seul inné et non la représentation spatiale
elle-même. Toujours, en effet, il faut des impressions pour éveiller
notre pouvoir de connaître et déterminer avant tout la
représentation d'un objet</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Kant, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Réponse
à Eberhard</u></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
p.72). Kant affirme explicitement qu'"</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>il
faut des impressions pour éveiller notre pouvoir de connaître</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">"
et donc, implicitement, que celles-là sont antérieures à celui-ci
qui, autrement, demeurerait une simple potentialité non actualisée.
Bref, sans quelque chose comme des sensations brutes, la perception
n'aurait jamais lieu </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
le concept n'aurait pas d'objet</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tel
n'est pas le point de vue de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
phénoménologie : </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">celui
qui perçoit [...] a une épaisseur historique, il reprend une
tradition perceptive et il est confronté avec un présent [</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cf. </span></span></span></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/4205631674593131367/769541004374721196#">le
Bleu en Peinture</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">].
Dans la perception, nous ne pensons pas l'objet et nous ne pensons
pas le pensant, nous sommes à l'objet et nous nous confondons avec
ce corps qui en sait plus que nous sur le monde, sur les motifs et
les moyens qu'on a d'en faire la synthèse [...]. L'acte du regard
est indivisiblement prospectif, puisque l'objet est au terme de son
mouvement de fixation et rétrospectif puisqu'il va se donner comme
antérieur à son apparition, comme le stimulus, le motif ou le
"premier moteur</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Merleau-Ponty, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Phénoménologie
de la Perception</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, i). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ontrairement
à ce qu'affirme une longue tradition intellectualiste, la perception
n'est pas l'effet mécanique d'un </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">stimulus </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sur
des récepteurs sensoriels qui auraient pour fonction de synthétiser,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">autrement
dit de traiter</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ce </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">stimulus </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">afin
de préparer l'intellect à le penser. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
perception est</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">originairement
synthétique </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
perception est première, à la fois dans l'espace et dans le temps.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mais
il y a plus : la perception est originairement</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
synesthésique </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sun
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">aïsthanomaï</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"sentir ensemble"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c’est
un lieu commun de dire que nous avons cinq sens et, a première vue,
chacun d'eux est comme un monde sans communication avec les autres.
La lumière ou les couleurs qui agissent sur l’œil n'agissent pas
sur les oreilles ni sur le toucher. Et cependant on sait depuis
longtemps que certains aveugles arrivent à se représenter les
couleurs qu'ils ne voient pas par le moyen des sons qu’ils
entendent. Par exemple un aveugle disait que le rouge devait être
quelque chose comme un coup de trompette. Mais on a longtemps pensé
qu’il s’agissait là de phénomènes exceptionnels. En réalité
le phénomène est général. Dans l'intoxication par la mescaline,
les sons sont régulièrement accompagnés par des taches de couleur
dont la nuance, la forme et la hauteur varient avec le timbre,
l'intensité et la hauteur des sons. Même les sujets normaux parlent
de couleurs chaudes, froides, criardes ou dures, de sons clairs,
aigus, éclatants, rugueux ou moelleux, de bruits mous, de parfums
pénétrants. Cézanne disait qu'on voit le velouté, la dureté, la
mollesse, et même l'odeur des objets. Ma perception n'est donc pas
une somme de données visuelles, tactiles, auditives, je perçois
d'une manière indivise avec mon être total, je saisis une structure
unique de la chose, une unique manière d'exister qui parle a la fois
à tous mes sens</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Merleau-Ponty, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sens
et Non-sens</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Donc,
non seulement il est abusif de parler de sensations brutes détachées
des perceptions mais il semble tout aussi abusif de parler de
sensations ou de perceptions "visuelles" ou "auditives"
ou "olfactives", etc. puisque la </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">synthèse
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
s'opère dans la perception effective est d'emblée spatio-temporelle
en ce qu'elle est indissolublement synesthésique. Ce que confirme </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
psychologie de la forme (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gestaltpsychologie</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">selon
laquelle</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
lieu de réagir à des </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">stimuli</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
locaux par des événements locaux et sans rapports mutuels,
l’organisme répond au </span></i></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">modèle</span></i></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> de
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">stimuli</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
auxquels il a été exposé et cette réponse est un processus
unitaire, un tout fonctionnel qui donne, dans l’expérience, un
ensemble sensoriel bien plutôt qu’une mosaïque de sensations
locales. </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[…]
L</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
nom «</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gestalt </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">»
a deux sens : outre la signification de forme, comme attribut
des choses, il a celle d’entité concrète </span></i></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">per
se</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> qui
a, ou peut avoir, une forme comme l’une de ses
caractéristiques</span></i></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Köhler,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Psychologie
de la Forme</span></u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Là
encore, il n'y a pas d'antériorité de la sensation brute sur la
perception élaborée pour la bonne raison que, lors de son
apprentissage, l'être sensible n'a jamais été confronté à des
sensations brutes mais toujours à des objets concrets dont la
fréquence de rencontre aura permis, à la longue, l'abstraction
d'une "forme" (</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gestalt</span></span></i></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
commune à des objets ressemblants. De sorte que, par la suite, ce
qui est primitif dans l'acte de percevoir, c'est </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">toujours
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'appréhension
de cette "forme" qui est déjà un complexe indissoluble,
un peu comme la synopsis kantienne, à part le fait qu'elle soit
donnée d'emblée, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'elle
soit originaire, donc </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sans
synthèse préalable du divers des sensations </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
l'espace et dans le temps</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pour
Merleau-Ponty </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
p</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Köhler</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la perception est immédiatement synthétique </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
synesthésique</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire immédiatement adaptée à l'organisation du sensible </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
laquelle </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">no</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tre
expérience passée nous a </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">confronté</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
une</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"manière d'être indivise", comme dit Merleau-Ponty, et
qui consiste à réagir globalement à une série </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">toujours
déjà construite </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">stimuli</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> extérieurs
pertinents. </span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
sait que Proust affinera à l'extrême ce primat de la forme sensible
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pertinente</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">brouillant l</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
frontières entre perception actuelle et mémoire d'une part, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entre perception et émotion d'autre part</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ce</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
dit, ce</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que la phénoménologie ajoute à l'idée de synthèse perceptive
originaire et synesthésique des </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">stimuli
</span></span></i></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sensibles,
c'est l'idée que cette perception est intentionnelle :</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dans
la perception, nous ne pensons pas l'objet et nous ne pensons pas le
pensant, nous sommes à l'objet et nous nous confondons avec ce corps
qui en sait plus que nous sur le monde, sur les motifs et les moyens
qu'on a d'en faire la synthèse [...]. L'acte du regard est
indivisiblement prospectif, puisque l'objet est au terme de son
mouvement de fixation et rétrospectif puisqu'il va se donner comme
antérieur à son apparition, comme le stimulus, le motif ou le
"premier moteur"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"(Merleau-Ponty,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Phénoménologie
de la Perception</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
II, i). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Voir
ne commence </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donc
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pas
par un sentir mais par un regarder. C'est le regard, en tant qu'acte
intentionnel, c'est-à-dire acte orienté d'un corps tendu vers
quelque chose d'autre que lui-même, qui perçoit, ce n'est ni l'œil,
ni le cerveau. Comme le dit </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aussi
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sartre,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lorsque
j'entre dans ce café pour y chercher Pierre, il se fait une
organisation synthétique de tous les objets du café, sur fond de
quoi Pierre doit apparaître</span></span></i></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Sartre, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'Être
et le Néant</span></u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, i, 2). </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
d'autres termes, je </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">perçois
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
que je cherche. </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Je
perçois Pierre parce que je le cherche. Et je le cherche parce qu'il
est pertinent pour moi de l'y trouver. Entendons-nous bien :
"chercher" ici ne veut pas dire "rechercher", ce
n'est pas nécessairement un acte de volonté réfléchie. Raison
pour laquelle je puis aussi y </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">reconnaître</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
autre </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">personne</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
bien que je ne l'y recherche p</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">oint</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ou des tas d</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'autres</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
choses </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(l'odeur,
la décoration, la densité de population, l'atmosphère enfumée,
etc.), </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
la seule condition qu'à des degrés divers, ces "choses" soient pertinentes
pour moi</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Par
ailleurs, il est intéressant de remarquer que malgré le maintien du
primat historique (depuis Platon) de la vision sur les autres sens,
la phénoménologie pense </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">désormais
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celle-ci
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
analogie avec le toucher, le goût ou l'odorat qui, à des degrés
divers, supposent toujours un acte d'orientation préalable vers
l'objet à percevoir. D'où, effectivement, l'importance accordée à
la synthèse synesthésique </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
données sensorielles</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Mais, intentionnalité ou non, c</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'est
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
présent</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
question de savoir ce qui fonde </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
pertinence de tel ou tel complexe indivis de sensations qu'il faut se
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pos</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">er.</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Soient
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
présent </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'expérience
du </span></span></span></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/4205631674593131367/769541004374721196#">cube
de Necker</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
celle </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du </span></span></span></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/4205631674593131367/769541004374721196#">canard-lapin
de Jastrow</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
question que je veux poser est la suivante : en quoi consiste le fait
de voir la figure tantôt d’une façon, tantôt de l’autre ? –
Est-ce que je vois effectivement chaque fois quelque chose d’autre,
ou ne fais-je qu’interpréter de façon différente ce que je vois
? – Je pencherais pour la première réponse</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Leçons
sur la Philosophie de la Psychologie</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, §1). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il
semblerait donc </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
voy</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ons
immédiatement</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le cube comme ayant le carré de droite en guise de face frontale, ou
bien ayant le carré de gauche comme face frontale. De même, dans
l'expérience du </span></span></span></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/4205631674593131367/769541004374721196#">canard-lapin
de Jastrow</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
voy</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ons
immédiatement l</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
forme</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> un
canard ou bien comme un lapin. "Immédiatement" veut dire,
dans les deux cas, "sans la médiation d'aucune interprétation".
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pour
Wittgenstein,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
a très influencé par la </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gestalttheorie</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
tout "voir" (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sehen</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
est d'emblée un "voir-comme" (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sehen-als</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
d'autres termes, c</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
qui rend pertinente une "forme" (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gestalt</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">plutôt
qu'une autre</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
n'est donc pas un acte préalable de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">décod</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">age</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">interprét</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ation</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comparable, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
traduction </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sa</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
langue familière, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
l'occurrence </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celle
de la perception (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
renvoie à la problématique de l'impossibilité d'un langage privé
que Wittgenstein à longuement développée dans ses </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Recherches
Philosophiques </span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rien,
en tout cas, de ce qu'on pourrait qualifier de "synthèse"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pourtant,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
si je vous dis "regardez ce dessin </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
canard-lapin </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
un lapin </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
non comme un canard</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">",
vous pouvez, effectivement, le voir comme tel, et puis, si j'ajoute
"maintenant, regardez-le comme un canard", vous allez, en
suivant, mes consignes, le voir comme un canard. Cela ne </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">prouv</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e-t-il
pas qu</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'il
y a, de quelque manière, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">élaboration
du matériau </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sensible
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">brut
sous l'effet de ma consigne verbale, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
quelque chose semble subsister lorsque </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
règle </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
modifie, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
peu comme une réserve de possibles</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
la </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(re-)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">combinaison
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ultérieure
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
matériau </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">?
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Et
ce "quelque chose" ne serait-il pas, précisément,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
sensation ou, de quelque nom dont on l'affuble, une sorte de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">datum
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">informe
auquel une forme serait conférée par composition, un peu comme des
lettres sont associées les unes aux autres pour cons</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ituer
des mots puis des phrases </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">?
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pas
du tout, répond Wittgenstein. Car, si tel était le cas, il faudrait
aussi, de temps en temps, avouer, face à une configuration tout à
fait nouvelle, que l'on voit une certaine chose "comme rien
du tout", au sens où nous aurions devant nous une série de
signes cabalistiques que nous serions incapables de lire et de
comprendre. Or, si </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fais</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ons</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
passer l'expérience du cube de Necker à un </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">très
jeune </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">enfant
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
que nous</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
lui demand</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ions
ce que c'est, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y
a des chances pour qu'il </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">soit
dans l'embarras et </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
répond</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rien
ou réponde "rien", ou encore, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">répond</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
vaguement </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"des
traits", "des lignes", "des carreaux", etc</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Bref, de deux chose l'une : lorsque le sujet percevant regarde
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
telles</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
figures</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
bien </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
voit rien du tout, ou bien, s'il voit quelque chose, il le voit
d'emblée comme un objet </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déterminé.
À la limite, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celui
qui </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'a
jamais vu </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">canard
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et/ou
un</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
lapin, dira </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">peut-être
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
dirait un</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">x</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">",
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">x
</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">étant
là</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
nom de quelque objet plus ou moins familier</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Pensez au genre de réaction qu'ont parfois certaines personnes
devant une forme qui les désoriente, l</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
peinture non-figurative</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par exemple. Tout ce que voient les uns et les autres, ils le voient
"comme" quelque chose qu'ils sont capables de reconnaître
et d'identifier : on ne peut pas concevoir de manifestation du "voir"
qui ne soit pas celle d'un "voir comme". Jacques Bouveresse
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">relate
le fait suivant</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
grenouille présente la particularité de ne pas voir le détail des
parties immobiles du monde qui l'entoure, ou, en tout cas, de ne pas
être concernée par elles. Elle peut mourir de faim au milieu d'une
provision de nourriture parfaitement accessible mais qui n'est
affectée d'aucun mouvement. Son choix de nourriture n'est déterminé,
en fait, que par la dimension et le mouvement. [...] On pourrait
croire [...] que le "langage" dans lequel </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’œil</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
s'adresse au cerveau est celui des </span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sense
data</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
des données sensibles élémentaires sur lesquelles est effectué
ensuite un travail de synthèse, d'organisation et d'interprétation
qui aboutit à la perception proprement dite. Or, justement, il n'en
est rien. Ce qui est transmis au cerveau n'est pas le matériau brut
qui est supposé correspondre à la sensation pure</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Langage,
Perception et Réalité</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iii</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Voilà
qui semble bien attester</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
perception est originaire</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ment
synesthésique dans le sens où l'objet perçu l'est toujours dans un
certain contexte pertinent pour la survie de l'organisme percevant et
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
dépasse non seulement l'organe perceptif mais aussi l'objet perçu
et </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cela,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sans
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'il
soit nécessaire de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">parler
de</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"synthèse",
fût-elle originaire, ni d'intentionnalité. Dans tous les cas, il
semblerait donc que la pertinence de la forme perçue soit commandée
par l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">évolution
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">spécifique
et par l'adaptation individuelle à un bio-socio-tope déterminé</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tout le reste n'est, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">stricto
sensu</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ni perçu </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ni
même senti</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Peut-il
y avoir </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sensation
non-perçue ? Q</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uel
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sens
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cela
aurait-il de</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dire que la grenouille sent la présence de l'insecte immobile (dont
elle pourrait se repaître) mais qu'en tant qu'il est immobile, elle
ne le perçoit pas ? De même, si vous n'entendez pas ce qu'on
vous dit parce que vous êtes absorbé par ailleurs, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
quel sens peut-on maintenir que vous avez néanmoins des </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sensation</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
auditives</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
correspondant à ce qu'on vous dit ?</span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">P</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">our
aller plus loin dans l'examen du problème de la discrimination
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sensible
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pertinente,
e</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">xaminons
à présent la valeur de ce </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">paradigme
philosophique </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">moderne
teinté de scientificité et qui correspond, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">grosso
modo</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
au</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
modèle standard de la sélection lamarcko-darwinienne. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
sait que celui-ci</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">met</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en présence, d'une part un être vivant, d'autre part un milieu
hostile. D'où l'idée, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rabâchée
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ad
nauseam</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">struggle
for life</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'idée que</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">la
vie est l’ensemble des fonctions qui résistent à la mort</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"(Bichat,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Recherches
Physiologiques sur la Vie et la Mort</span></span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">).
De là </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">viendrait
la</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
sélection effective des fonctions vitales opérant une adaptation
optimale de l'organisme individuel (les organes inadaptés
s'atrophie</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">raie</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">nt
et dispara</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">îtrai</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ent)
dans un premier temps, de l'espèce toute entière (les lignées des
individus globalement inadaptés fini</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">rai</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ent
par </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e
plus se reproduire) dans un second temps. Ce qui est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">singulier</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
c'est que ce mécanisme supposé "naturel" d'optimisation
du vivant a, jusqu'à la seconde moitié du XX° siècle, été
adopté comme une évidence dans tous les milieux prétendument
scientifiques sans jamais faire l'objet d'un quelconque processus
expérimental. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Manifestement</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">certaines
explications [...] ne sont pas conformes à l’expérience mais sont
simplement satisfaisantes [dans le sens où elles] exercent, à un
moment donné, une attraction irrésistible. Quelqu’un a-t-il pu
expérimenter le processus d’évolution dont parle Darwin [qui]
apparaît comme une évidence ?</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Leçons
sur l’Esthétique</span></span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
III). En l'occurrence, comme une évidence idéologique puisque
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Charles
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Darwin
reconnaît avoir été </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">influenc</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">é
par l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Essai
sur le Principe de Population</span></span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
dans lequel </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Thomas
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Malthus
fait l'apologie de la sélection sociale par la misère ! En
d'autres termes, puisque toute l'histoire de l'humanité </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">peut
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">se
résume</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
à l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">alloc</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ation
optimale des ressources</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
par des dominants </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">réputés</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
parfaitement adaptés à leur milieu qui </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">éliminent</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
sinon physiquement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">parce
qu'ils leur sont nécessaires</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">du
moins socialement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">les
inadaptés </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"inutiles"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
il faut nécessairement que ce soit aussi le cas pour tout le règne
vivant, des virus jusqu'aux primates ! </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Par
là, la nature se voit conférer une sorte d'hyper-rationalité
orientée vers un principe anthropique mettant l'espèce humaine au
centre de l'évolution, ce qui, au fond, n'a rien à envier à la
pensée monothéiste la plus orthodoxe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Or,
ce paradigme de l'élimination </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">rationnelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
de l'"inutile" ou, conversement, de l"utilité"
du conservé</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
à défaut d'expérimentation, contredit </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">que</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">es
observations </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">allant
dans le sens contraire. Comment expliquer, par exemple, la présence
de 95 % de gènes "inutiles" (non-codants) chez
presque toutes les espèces eucaryotes ? Ou, plus simplement, la
perception de l'insecte immobile en plus de celle de l'insecte volant
n'aurait-elle pas une "utilité" adaptative indéniable
pour notre grenouille ? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Et
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">quid
</span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">de
la variabilité génétique aléatoire dans toutes les espèces </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">qui
s'évertuent toutes à "produire" des organismes inadaptés
plutôt qu'à les éliminer </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">?
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Enfin,
doit-on rappeler que l'extraordinaire plasticité du système nerveux
humain vient de ce que chacun de ses 10</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">11</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
neurones peut faire synapse avec 100 000 autres neurones, ce qui
implique 10</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">16</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
connections synaptiques possibles (soit 10 000 fois plus qu'un gros
disque dur d'1 To !) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">?
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Bref,
l'idée que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ce
que</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
les organismes vivants perçoivent </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">leur
environnement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et
la manière dont ils le perçoivent serait le fruit d'une adaptation
sélective</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">est,
au choix, ou bien tautologique </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ou
bien contradictoire. Tautologique </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">s'il
s'agit </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">simplement
de dire que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">si
tel organisme vivant n'était pas adapté à son environnement, il ne
serait pas vivant, or il est vivant donc il est y est adapté et avec
lui toutes ses fonctions vitales, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ce
qui revient à dire, à l'instar d'un Hegel, que tout ce qui est réel
est rationnel</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
Contradictoire </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">s'il
s'agit de prétendre que l'articulation structure
sensorielle-fonction perceptive est, en l'occurrence, l'effet d'un
avantage adaptatif optimal, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ce
que dément le paradoxe de la grenouille incapable de percevoir une
proie immobile</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Par
ailleurs, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">il</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
est furieusement tendance aujourd'hui </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e
traiter</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
le paradigme darwinien </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">à
travers le prisme du </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">paradigme
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">anthropique
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">co</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">gnitiv</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">iste.
Selon ce </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dernier
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">courant,
ce qui explique la complexité du système perceptif des espèces les
plus évoluées (à commencer, bien entendu, par l'humanité), c'est
que des données élémentaires (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">features</span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">)
sont extraites du monde environnant par des organes perceptifs
optimisés par la sélection naturelle pour, à un second niveau,
être </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"traitées"
abstraitement par un</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e
sorte de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
calcul algorithmique afin, dans un troisième temps, être
recomposées en une connaissance pertinente pour l'organisme vivant.
En ce sens, la fonction perceptive serait un système cognitif
autonome qui "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">calcule[rait]
des fonctions cognitives […] de la même manière qu'une machine à
multiplier calcule la fonction de multiplication, c'est-à-dire en
exécutant un algorithme qui opère sur la représentation des
arguments de la fonction pour produire la représentation de la
valeur correspondante de la fonction. [En effet,] calculer</span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">une
fonction </span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">f
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">consiste
à exécuter un algorithme qui donne pour l'entrée </span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">la
sortie </span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">si
et seulement si </span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">f(e)
= s"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(Cummins
et Schwarz, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Connexionnisme,
Computation et Cognition</span></span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">in </span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Introduction
aux Sciences Cognitives</span></span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
V, xiii). Nous avons déjà par ailleurs (cf. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2019/01/necessite-du-dualisme-corps-esprit_16.html">Nécessité
du Dualisme Corps-Esprit</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">)
longuement fait le procès d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">'une
telle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
conception </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">lourdement
entachée de scientisme idéologique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
Aussi nous contenterons-nous ici de souligner qu'il </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
se pourrait bien que la vie en général </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et,
en particulier, la </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">fonction</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
percepti</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ve</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ne
puisse</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
se réduire à un ensemble de mécanismes éliminatifs </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">convergeant,
comme par hasard, vers une sorte de super-paradigme </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">anthropomorphe
lui-même irrésistiblement en marche vers l'horizon indépassable</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">d'une
rationalité </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">computationnelle
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">consistant,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">idéalement,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
à traiter de l'information à la manière d'un logiciel. En ce sens,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">la
sensation </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">serait
donc, en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">input</span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
une sorte de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">pixel
</span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">dont
l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e
traitement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">par
un logiciel </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">traitant
cette donnée élémentaire en la composant avec d'autres </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">data
</span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">du
même genre selon les instructions d'un algorithme,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
serait censé fournir, en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">output</span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
une image numérique optim</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">isé</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">e
à l'usage d'un observateur </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">optimalement
rationnel</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Voilà,
typiquement, une analogie qui a le vent en poupe. D'où "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l’extrême
difficulté [à s'en défaire] qui tient à la fascination que
l’analogie de deux structures semblables [sensation/perception et
pixel/image numérique] est capable d’exercer sur
nous</span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">le
Cahier Bleu</span></span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
27). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Dans
tous les cas, qu'on prétende faire de la philosophie ou bien de la
science, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">il
est manifeste que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">la
façon physiologique de considérer les choses ne fait qu'embrouiller
les choses. Parce qu'elle nous détourne du problème logique,
conceptuel</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Leçons
sur la Philosophie de la Psychologie</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
§1038</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">),
en l'occurrence, celui d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">un
insidieux réductionnisme mécaniste que n'aurait pas, au fond,
désavoué </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">un
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Descartes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2012/03/sentir-et-percevoir-une-distinction.html">(à suivre dans ...)</a></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-7695410043747211962023-07-01T10:40:00.005+02:002023-12-21T07:03:58.200+01:00SENSATION/PERCEPTION : UNE DISTINCTION PROBLÉMATIQUE (suite et fin).<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><p><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2023/07/sensationperception-une-distinction.html">(suite de ...)</a></p><p> <span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><blockquote><div><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Dans</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2022/12/vie-energie-chaos-et-douceur.html">Vie,
Energie, Chaos et Douceur</a><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
et dans </span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/phili/Desktop/Vivre%20:%20Régulation%20et%20Circulation%20des%20Energies">Vivre
: Régulation et Circulation des Energies</a><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
nous avons développé un concept de vie s'inspir</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ant,
tout</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
à la fois </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">du
Tao, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Jakob
von Uexküll,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">d'Henri
Bergson </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">et
de Francisco Varela </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">et
tournant résolument le dos à ce réductionnisme</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">À
la </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">sagesse</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
taoïste, nous avons emprunté l'idée que la vie est un processus
dissipatif, c'est-à-dire un processus matériel d'échange
énergétique permanent </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">entre
l'organisme vivant et</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
le reste de l'univers, au point que "</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>toute
obstruction de ce processus produit étranglement, arrêt des
fonctions, lésion de la vie. Pour leurs actes vitaux, les êtres
dépendent du souffle-énergie</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhu</span></u></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ā</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ng
Z</span></u></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
§26). De ce point de vue, nous avons fait remarquer que, si toute
perception peut, effectivement, s'analyser en un processus
d'information du vivant, l'in-formation dont il est question est,
fondamentalement, comme l'indique l'étymologie du terme, un
processus de (dé)formation perpétuelle de la matière vivante par
la matière inerte et de la matière inerte par la matière vivante,
l'une et l'autre s'évertuant à compenser leur entropie propre en
récupérant tout ou partie de l'énergie dissipée </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">au
cours de leurs interactions mutuelles</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
le propre du vivant consistant, en l'occurrence, en la richesse et la
variété des stratégies néguentropiques là où l'inerte n'oppose,
justement, qu</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">'une</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
force d'inertie </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">conform</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">e</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
au principe de moindre action</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">À
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">von
Uexküll </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ensuite</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
nous avons emprunté la notion d'</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Umwelt.
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S'agissant
de la fonction spécifiquement perceptive, cela consiste à dire que
"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>les
signaux perceptifs d'un groupe de cellules perceptives se réunissent
en dehors de l'organe de perception, en dehors du corps animal, en
des unités qui deviennent les caractères des objets situés en
dehors du sujet animal dans son </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Umwelt"(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">J.
von Uexküll, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mondes
Animaux et Monde Humain</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">).
Bref, l'"objet" de la perception n'est pas symboliquement
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">une
représentation</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">dans
la tête, le système nerveux, les réseaux neuronaux, etc. mais
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">réellement
quelque chose qui est</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
au dehors, dans le monde extérieur à l'organisme limité par sa
frontière naturelle (peau, écorce, membrane, etc.) mais, justement,
dans un monde propre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><b>
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(en
allemand, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Umwelt</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">)
c'est-à-dire un "monde" tel que "</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
richesse du monde qui entoure </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">par
exemple</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
tique disparaît et se réduit à une forme pauvre qui consiste pour
l’essentiel en trois caractères perceptifs [</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">acide
butyrique, poils, chaleur</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>] et
trois caractères actifs [</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">se
laisser choir, fouiller, piquer</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]
– son </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Umwelt"(J.
von Uexküll, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mondes
Animaux et Monde Humain</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Loin</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
de percevoir une myriade de traits (</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>features</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">)
indifférenciés constitutifs de la richesse du monde extérieur </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">et
destinés à être traités rationnellement dans le sens d'une
adaptation optimale, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">il
s'agit</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
tout au contraire, pour </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'organisme
vivant</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">d'en
extraire </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ceux
et </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">seulement
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ceux</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
qui, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>a
priori</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
constituent </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">déjà
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">son
monde propre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><b>
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Umwelt</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Ce
qui, si on veut, constitue une sorte de rationalité minimale très
éloignée de la rationalité occidentale fondée sur
l'accumulation :</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
pauvreté de l'</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Umwelt </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>conditionne
la sûreté de l’action, et la sûreté est plus importante que la
richesse</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(J.
von Uexküll, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mondes
Animaux et Monde Humain</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">À
cet égard</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
nous devons dire aussi que l'</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Umwelt
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
la grenouille est </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(comme
sans doute celle de la chauve-souris, distincte en cela de celle du
caméléon)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">pour
des raisons tenant aux aléas </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(et
non à la rationalité)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
de l'évolution,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
exempte d'insectes inertes. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Et
c'est évidemment pourquoi la grenouille ne les voit pas : </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ce
qu'elle ne voit pas n'est pas ce qui a été occulté au terme d'un
mécanisme compliqué mais, tout bonnement, ce qui n'existe pas</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Et
si </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'homme
moderne </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">moyen</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">perçoit
des</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
représentations de cubes en trois dimensions </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ou</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
de</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">s</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
silhouettes de canards et de lapins en deux dimensions, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">c'est
aussi parce que de tels "objets" existent dans son </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Umwelt</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Puis
à Bergson, nous avons emprunté l'idée que </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>pour
un être vivant, exister consiste à changer, c’est-à-dire à se
créer indéfiniment soi-même</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Bergson, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’Évolution
Créatrice</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
i). Si </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'inerte
subit </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">passivement
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">des
perturbations physiques (gravitationnelles ou fortes) et/ou chimiques
(électro-faibles) qui lui sont imposées brutalement </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">par les circonstances</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
c'est-à-dire immédiatement et sans autre recours possible que le principe de moindre action, le vivant, en revanche "négocie"
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">avec
souplesse</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"> les
conditions de sa trans-formation entropique/néguentropique dans
un va-et-vient permanent entre "milieu interne" (<i>Innenwelt</i>) et monde
extérieur </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>via
un </i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"monde
propre" (</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Umwelt</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">)
qui sert de "tampon" permanent entre les deux. Il
est tentant alors </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">parler,
plutôt que d'adaptation ou de rationalité, d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">'intelligence (au
sens étymologique d'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>intelligere</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
"mettre en relation", "ordonner", </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">en
l'occurrence, les circonstances aléatoires de la vie</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ou
d'intuition (d'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>intueri</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
"voir de l'intérieur", en l'occurrence, de l'intérieur du
monde propre) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">comme
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">caractérisant
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">cette
souplesse, cette créativité</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">infinie
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">du
mouvement vivant en temps réel</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Comme
nous l'avons montré dans </span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2021/06/turing-searle-et-le-probleme-de.html" style="font-family: georgia;">la
Notion d'"Intelligence Artificielle" et le Mystère de la
Chambre Chinoise</a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
</span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'intelligence,
l'intuition, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tout
comme la connaissance, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
mémoire, l'apprentissage</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
et autres substantifs du même champ lexical </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mentaliste</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sont
des prédicats qui à la fois ne qualifient que les vivants et
qualifient tous les vivants. </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">De
ce point de vue, ce n'est qu'en </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">sacrifiant
encore et toujours au principe anthropique consistant à </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">rabatt</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">re
abusivement</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">es
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">intelligence</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
la grenouille ou de la tique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">sur
l'intelligence humaine </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">que
celles-ci peuvent </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">nous
paraît</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">re</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">pauvres
ou </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">paradoxale</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Enfin,
à Varela, nous avons emprunté </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
concept central d'auto-poïèse</span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Et
c</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">'est
ce </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">très
riche </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">concept
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
nous </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">nous
proposons</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
à présent analyser.</span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Varela
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">commence
par </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">une
profession de foi dualiste : </span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ou
bien un système est un système autopoïétique ou bien il ne l'est
pas, […] il n'y a pas et il ne peut pas y avoir de système
intermédiaire</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autopoïèse
et Organisation du Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">v,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Puis
il</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
établi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">t</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
une équivalence stricte entre les prédicats "vivant" et
"auto-poïétique" : tout ce qui est auto-poïétique
est vivant et tout ce qui est vivant est auto-poïétique. En effet,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">un
système autopoïétique est organisé comme un réseau de processus
de production de composant</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">s</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
qui a) régénèrent continuellement par leurs transformations et
leurs interactions le réseau qui les a produits et qui b)
constituent le système en tant qu'unité concrète dans l'espace où
il existe en spécifiant le domaine topologique où il se réalise
comme réseau</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autopoïèse
et Organisation du Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ii,
2</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
où les taoïstes font du vivant une réalité dont la spécificité
est d'être naturellement ouverte en permanence </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">aux
processus transformants de</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
circulation/</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">régulation</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
énergétique, Varela envisage le vivant plutôt comme un réseau
autonome </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">muni
d'une clôture spatiale et opérationnelle</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Physiquement, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">cette
clôture s'entend comme</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
une frontière tout à la fois souple mais étanche qui délimite un
intérieur et un extérieur. </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">O</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">pérationnellement
dans le sens où "</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">si
un organisme est opérationnellement clos, une description de la
finalité de ce système importe peu, car son comportement est tel
que toutes </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
transformations et tous les changements qu'il peut subir sont
subordonnés à la conservation de son identité</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Clôture Opérationnelle</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">v,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">En
d'autres termes, 1) il n'est plus nécessaire de parler de fonctions
biologiques (intentionnellement) tournées vers tel ou tel but,
puisqu'il n'y en a qu'un seul </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">stricto
sensu</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
est, tautologiquement, l'auto-conservation (</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Varela
parle aussi d'"homéostasie", </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">cf.
la notion spinozienne de </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">conatus
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2011/11/information-conatus-et-entropie.html"><span style="font-style: normal;">Information,
Conatus et Entropie</span></a></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
et, 2) l'organisme vivant n'est pas seulement un intérieur </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">matériel
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
interaction physique avec un extérieur mais aussi un "soi"
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">autonome
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui,
tout au long de son existence, s'évertue à connaître et à
reconnaître ce qui lui </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">appartient
en</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
propre en construisant et reconstruisant sans cesse </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">une</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
ipséité </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
butte </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
des</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
perturbations tant internes qu'externes</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">On
voir par là en quoi la position de Varela diffère de celle de
Bergson : contrairement à celle-ci, l'affirmation de l'absence
de finalité et, partant, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
fonction, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>a
fortiori </i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">d'intentionnalité,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">voire
de spiritualité,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">exclut
la présence d'un principe spécifiquement "vitaliste" qui
ne </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">serait</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
pas descriptible en termes de structures. D'ailleurs, tandis que
Bergson oppose clairement le mécanique et le vivant, Varela, pour sa
part, se revendique "mécaniciste" </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">car,
pour lui, le vitalisme se confond avec le finalisme </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">:
"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>on
parle généralement de mécanicisme en opposition au vitalisme,
comme d'un principe d'objectivité en biologie. La nature animale est
dépourvue de fin</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autopoïèse
et Organisation du Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Paradoxalement,
son utilisation d'un lexique </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ouvertement</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
physicaliste, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">voire
techniciste,</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
pour décrire l</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">'organisation
du</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
vivant le distingue de manière flagrante non seulement de Bergson ou
des taoïstes mais aussi des phénoménologues et ferait </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">presque</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
penser au … Descartes du </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Traité
des Passions </span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">!</span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%;"><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Toujours
est-il qu'"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">une
machine autopoïétique engendre et spécifie continuellement sa
propre organisation. Elle accomplit ce processus incessant de
remplacement de ses composants, parce qu’elle est continuellement
soumise à des perturbations externes, et constamment forcée de
compenser ces perturbations. Ainsi, une machine autopoiétique est un
système homéostatique (ou, mieux encore, à relations stables) dont
l</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">'</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">invariant
fondamental est sa propre organisation (le réseau de relations qui
la définit)</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autopoïèse
et Organisation du Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ii,
2</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Pour
Varela, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">donc,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">les
êtres vivants sont </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">bien</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
des machines, mais des machines auto-poïétiques, par opposition à
ce qu'on a coutume d'appeler "machines" pour désigner, en
fait, les </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">seules
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">machines
allo-poïétiques, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">c'est-à-dire
celles dont l'organisation et la ré-organisation sont </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">régies
par des</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
causes </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">externes
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">commandent</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">a
priori </span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">des</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
structure</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">stables
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
qui, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">a
posteriori</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">régénèrent</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
ces structures sous formes de consignes en </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">inputs</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
produisant causalement des </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">réorganisations</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
en </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">outputs</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
En ce sens, l'ordinateur est, typiquement, une machine
allo-poïétique. </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Par
contraste, une machine est auto-poïétique, donc vivante, si </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">seulement
si </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">1)
elle est auto-catalytique, c'est-à-dire qu'elle produit elle-même
ses propres structures par circularité (cette fameuse circularité
génératrice de tant de paradoxes logiques !), étant à la fois ce
sans quoi le processus ne saurait exister et ce processus lui-même
comme résultat du processus, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">2)</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
ce ne sont pas ses structures mais son organisation, autrement dit
les relations entre ses structures qui sont stables. C'est
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">précisément
en cette stabilité auto-catalytique </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
consiste l'"invariance" </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">externe
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du
vivant, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">laquelle
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">est
aussi</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
"identité" </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">interne
dans la mesure où l'auto-catalyse de cette </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">stabilité</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
organisationnelle </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n'est,
au fond, rien d'autre qu'une (re-)</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">connaissance
du "soi" </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">par
lui-même. </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Par
exemple, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
tolérance immunologique dont font preuve les organismes à l'égard
de leurs propres composants [suppose] l'existence d'un mécanisme
d'auto-reconnaissance qui permet à l'organisme d'apprendre à
distinguer les éléments de sa propre structure (le soi) des
éléments étrangers (le non-soi)</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'Organe
Cognitif au Niveau Moléculaire : le Réseau Immunitaire</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">On
pense </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">aussi
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
l'invariance de température interne des animaux homéothermes, ou au
taux de sucre dans le sang, lesquelles valeurs, précisément,
fluctuent autour d'une valeur moyenne en-deç</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
et au-delà de laquelle l'organisation inter-structurelle (entre
tissus ou organes) devient pathologique et, de proche en proche,
menace l'édifice organisationnel tout entier. </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
implique sans ambiguïté </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'il
n'y a, rigoureusement parlant, de connaissance que de connaissance du
"soi" </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">par
lui-même</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">C'est
en ce sens que le système immunitaire, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">le
système cardio-respiratoire, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">le
système digestif et, bien entendu, le système nerveux, sont des
"soi" autonomes et cognitifs.</span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Raison
pour laquelle, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">contrairement
à une croyance très répandue, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>en
tant que réseau neuronal clos, le système nerveux n'a ni entrées
ni sorties ; </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>et
aucune caractéristique intrinsèque de son organisation ne lui
permet de distinguer, par la dynamique de ses changements d'états,
l'origine interne ou externe de ses changements</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Clôture Opérationnelle </span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
Système Nerveux</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Comment
alors expliquer le paradoxe apparent d'un système </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">interactif
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n'ayant
ni entrées ni sorties et qui rappelle l'affirmation leibnizienne
selon laquelle, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tout
en exprimant l'entièreté de l'univers,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
les monades n'ont </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">cependant
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"ni
portes ni fenêtres" ? Sans doute, un même parti-pris
méthodologique holistique et anti-atomiste rapproche-t-il Varela de
Leibniz. Mais le rapprochement s'arrête là : le monde dont le
système nerveux est le "miroir" n'est certainement pas
l'entièreté de l'univers </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mais</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
s'apparenterait plutôt à l'</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Umwelt
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">restreinte</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
de von Uexküll : </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">il
n'y a pas d'autre monde que celui formé à travers les expériences
qui s'offrent à nous et qui font de nous ce que nous sommes. Nous
sommes nous-mêmes enfermés dans un domaine cognitif dont nous ne
pouvons nous échapper</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'Histoire
Naturelle de la Circulatité</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">v</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Voilà
qui n'est pas sans rappeler aussi l'affirmation de Wittgenstein selon
laquelle "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
monde et la vie sont une seule et même chose. Je suis mon monde </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">[</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">die
Welt und das Leben sind Eins. Ich bin meine Welt</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
]</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
5.621-</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">5.63</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cela
dit, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Varela
préfère parler de "comportement propre" que de "monde
propre" : "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">je
propose le terme de "comportement propre" [</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">eigenbehavior</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">]
pour désigner un état global caractérisant une configuration
fondamentale d'un système autonome. En d'autres termes, les
comportements propres sont des invariants engendrés de façon
interne par les processus coopératifs qui définissent la clôture
du système</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Comportement
Propre, Autoréférence et Coopérativité</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Invariance,
coopération </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
clôture </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sont,
en effet, trois aspects complémentaires </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
dynamique</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
l'auto-poièse </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">car
celle-ci, en tant que processus d'auto-(re)constitution perpétuelle,
suppose non pas une lutte à mort contre une extériorité réputée
hostile </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
un univers </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">invariant</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mais,
tout au contraire une coopération souple </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
un monde chaotique </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">générant
l</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">'invariance
de l'organis</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">me
vivant</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
sous les modifications permanentes de structures imposées par
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'interaction
du "soi" avec le "non-soi"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">En
fait, précise Varela avec des accents tout à la fois spinoziens et
merleau-pontyens, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
perception et l'action ne peuvent pas être séparés parce que la
perception exprime la clôture du système nerveux. En termes plus
positifs, percevoir équivaut à construire des invariants par un
couplage sensori-moteur qui permet à l'organisme de survivre dans
son environnement. Par la clôture du système nerveux, le bruit en
provenance de l'environnement devient objet</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Clôture Opérationnelle </span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
Système Nerveux</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ii</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Bref,
l'objet "en soi" (la "chose en soi", </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Ding
an sich</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
kantienne) est une pure fiction : seul est "objet" le
phénomène (le "pour soi" sartrien) </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ce
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui,
dans l'environnement, c'est-à-dire au-delà de la frontière
matérielle qui délimite le soi vivant, produit du "bruit",
c'est-à-dire perturbe l'invariance organisationnelle de celui-ci.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Nous
aurions tendance à qualifier, avec les phénoménologues,
d'"intentionnel" l'objet-pour-soi, c'est-à-dire le fait</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
l'objet n'existe </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
dans le cadre d'une </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">coopération
des multiples structures de l'organisme vivant qui, toutes, sont
tendues vers l'invariance de celui-ci. Toujours est-il que c</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
n</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">'est
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">plus</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
seulement, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
présent,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
la notion de sensation qui, au même titre que celle de finalité du
vivant, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">paraît
superflue</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
mais la notion de perception </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">elle-même</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Soit,
par </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">exemple,
un animal qui marche : "</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">grâce
à ce générateur rythmique interne [</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">celui
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">qui
produit le rythme de la locomotricité, responsable de la contraction
alternée des muscles extenseurs et fléchisseurs], l'animal
déclenche un cycle de pas qu'il répète jusqu'à ce que son
changement d'état arrête l'oscillateur. Chaque phase du pas éveille
un ensemble spécifique d'organes sensoriels de la jambe (des
propriocepteurs tels que les organes de Golgi, les tendons, etc.) qui
produisent un flux afférent d'impulsions nerveuses remontant vers
l'oscillateur central. </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Ainsi,
la boucle est close : l'efférence provenant de l'oscillateur
central est cause d'afférence dans les organes des sens ; cette
afférence modifie à son tour les paramètres spécifiques de
l'oscillateur et ainsi de suite</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Clôture Opérationnelle </span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
Système Nerveux</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ii</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Là
où nous aurions tendance à considérer, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
la manière d'un Descartes,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
un chemin causal univoque allant de la sensation à la perception
puis à l'intention et </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">enfin
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
la motion, Varela nous dit donc qu'il y a circularité entre ces
différentes fonctions conçues, encore une fois, non pas comme des
modules hiérarchisés dans </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
ordre </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">immuable</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
mais comme des </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">structures
intriquées. L'idée d'intrication renvoie évidemment à l'un des
fondements conceptuels de la physique quantique selon lequel la
connaissance d'un objet implique nécessairement sa perturbation par
le processus même de connaissance : "on ne connaît que
les choses que l'on apprivoise", dit le Petit Prince !</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
C</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
n'est pas </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>parce
que</b></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
la grenouille </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sent
et/ou </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">perçoit
la forme (</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Gestalt</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
d'une proie qu'elle f</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ai</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">t
mouvement vers elle. Une description adéquate du phénomène </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
prédation </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ne
peut, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
l'occurrence,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">isoler</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
des moments distincts dans un processus au sein duquel l'</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Umwelt</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
la constitution physi</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ologi</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
globale de l'animal et sa trajectoire </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sont
continuellement intriqués</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Varela
a </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">donc</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
raison de dire que, dans cette intrication des causes et des effets,
nous chercherions en vain des </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">inputs
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
des </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">outputs </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">puisque
la coopération des "fonctions" perceptives et motrices
maintient invariant un système global réputé vivant en ce que
celui-ci réagit aux perturbations vitales de son </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Umwelt
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tout
autant qu'il produit </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
telles perturbations</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">En
fait, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
motion détermine </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tout
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">autant
la sensation </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
la sensation la motion, la physiologie détermine autant l'</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Umwelt</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
que l'</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Umwelt
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
physiologie, la trajectoire détermine autant la perception que la
perception la trajectoire, etc. </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Toutes
les activités physiques humaines, qu'elles soient artisanales,
artistiques, sportives, méditatives, etc. en témoignent : à
partir d'un certain niveau d'expertise, le (la) pratiquant(e) n'est
plus capable de </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dissocier
un agir d'</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un
ressenti, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">une
telle dissociation étant </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">plutôt
caractéristique d'une phase d'apprentissage ou d'un état
pathologique </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(comme
l'expliquent Bergson ou Merleau-Ponty)</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">À
cet égard, le documentaire d'Arte </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">intitulé
</span></span></span></span></em><em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPSRpLZHvhQ"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
Proprioception, notre Véritable Sixième Sens</span></a></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
est </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">une
excellente introduction </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">au
problème de</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
la circularité </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">proprioceptive
(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">synesthésique</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
de ces phénomènes. Par </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">exemple,
le simple fait de se maintenir "en équilibre" n'est
nullement la réponse univoque d'un vivant (y compris </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d'un
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">végétal,
comme le montre très bien le documentaire) à une information
gravitationnelle </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">uni-directionnelle
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">fournie
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">remontant
de la terre au système nerveux central,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
mais le fruit de la coopération d'innombrables structures
sensori-motrices </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">intriquées
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui
corrigent en permanence l'assiette de l'organisme en fonction
d'in-formations reçues de l'extérieur mais aussi, produites de
l'intérieur par le mouvement même de correction (in-formations
cœnesthésique ou kinesthésiques), lequel </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mouvement
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n'a
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">pas
plus de </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">début
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ou
de</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
fin </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
tout cas aussi longtemps que le vivant </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">est</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
vivant</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
qu'un cercle</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">En
tout cas</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'idée
que nous emmagasinons des représentations de l'environnement ou que
nous emmagasinons des informations au sujet de l'environnement ne
correspond en rien au fonctionnement du système nerveux. On doit en
dire tout autant de notions comme celles de mémoire ou de
souvenir</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Clôture Opérationnelle </span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
Système Nerveux</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">On
songe irrésistiblement à l'affirmation proustienne selon laquelle
la mémoire des choses n'est pas </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du
tout </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
la mémoire mais </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">bien
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
les choses. </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ce
qui, derechef, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">répudie
le</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
paradigme mécaniste/computationaliste de l'information </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mémorisée
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">comme
"représentation" </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">nécessairement
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">commandée
par un </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">informans</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
et dirigée de manière univoque vers un </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">inform</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">andum</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'un
et l'autre</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
étant, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
droit comme en fait,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mutuellement
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ex</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">clusif</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">s
: "</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">pour
le paradigme de l'ordinateur, l'information est ce qui est
représenté, et la représentation est une correspondance entre les
éléments symboliques d'une structure et les éléments symboliques
d'une autre structure. [Tandis que] lorsque nous passons de la
perspective de la commande </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">[allopoïétique]
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">à
celle de l'auto</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">nom</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ie
[</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">auto-poïétique</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">]
toute information renvoie à l'identité du système et ne peut être
décrite que par rapport à cette identité, puisqu'il n'y a pas
d'architecte qui ait conçu ce système. </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">[Dès
lors], les événements informationnels n'ont pas de qualité
substantive, […] ils sont littéralement </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">in-formati</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
c'est-à-dire formés à l'intérieur</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'Autonomie
et la Commande</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Doi</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">t-</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">on
alors </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">renoncer
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">définitivement
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
distinction sensation/perception ? </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Doit-on
renoncer à une prise de conscience discriminante de nos processus
vitaux ? </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Mon
acte de perception m'occupe et m'occupe assez pour que je ne puisse
pas, pendant que je perçois effectivement la table, m'apercevoir la
percevant. Quand je veux le faire, je cesse pour ainsi dire de
plonger dans la table par mon regard, je me retourne vers moi qui
perçois et je m'avise alors que ma perception a dû traverser
certaines apparences subjectives, interpréter certaines "sensations"
[...]. C'est à partir du lié que j'ai, secondairement conscience
d'une activité de liaison, lorsque, prenant l'attitude analytique,
je décompose la perception en qualités et en sensations et que,
pour rejoindre à partir d'elles l'objet où j'étais d'abord jeté,
je suis obligé de supposer un acte de synthèse qui n'est que la
contre-partie de mon analyse [...]. L'intellectualisme [...]
distingue alors une matière contingente et une forme nécessaire,
mais la matière n'est qu'un moment idéal et non pas un élément
séparable de l'acte total</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">(Merleau-Ponty, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Phénoménologie
de la Perception</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
II, i). Dans la mesure où, ce qui est originaire, c'est </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">l'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"acte
total", nous dit Merleau-Ponty, rien </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">n'interdit,
en effet, à un organisme doté de structures neuronales
néo-corticales </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">de
faire retour sur cet acte et d'en distinguer des composants
élémentaires. Mais alors, de même que ce n'est pas le point qui
est originaire mais la ligne dont le point n'est qu'une abstraction,
de même que ce n'est pas le mot qui est originaire mais la phrase
dont le mot n'est qu'une abstraction, de même ce n'est pas la
sensation qui est originaire mais la perception totale dont la
matière sensorielle brute n'est qu'une abstraction
"intellectualis</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">é</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">e".
Finalement, l'analyse </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>a
posteriori</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">d'un
complexe perceptif en de, soi-disant, données sensorielles
élémentaires n'a pas pour </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">but</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
de </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">montr</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">er
que la perception est causée par les sensations mais d'établir une
corrélation entre une série de conditions nécessaires </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">à
un phénomène </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">(les
stimulations sensorielles à l'instant </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>t-</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>n</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">)
et </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">la
manifestation effective dudit phénomène (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">un
comportement adaptatif à l'instant </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>t</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">)</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">.
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Après
tout, l'idée d'emboîtement des structures (en l'occurrence, celle
des sensations dans celle des perceptions) est un présupposé
heuristique très courant et expérimentalement très prolifique
caractéristique de l'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">objectivité</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
scientifique au sens </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">où
il n'y a, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">par
définition,</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
pas de connaissance objective sans objet, donc sans observateur de
l'objet </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">extérieur
et, en droit, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">sinon
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">indépendant
de celui-ci, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">du
moins, comme le montre la physique quantique, conscient de sa
dépendance</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">.
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Quine
nous donne </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">d'ailleurs</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">un
bon exemple de l'efficacité pragmatique de cette démarche
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">objectiviste
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">en
supposant un linguiste qui s'aventure dans une tribu indigène
compl</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">è</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">tement
inconnue </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">de
lui</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
et dont il entreprend d'établir un </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">lexique
de traduction</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">.
Ce linguiste remarque que, à de certains moments de la journée, les
indigènes, très excités, s'écrient "</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>gavagaï
!</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"
alors qu'un lapin apparaît dans son </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">propre</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
champ visuel. </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">La
q</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">uestion
que se pose le linguiste </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">est :
ai-je le droit de </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">traduire </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>gavagaï </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">par
"lapin" ? En bon humien, le linguiste sait que corrélation
n'est pas causalité et donc que la perception de ce que, lui,
appelle "lapin" n'est pas nécessairement ce qui </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">cause</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
chez les indigènes, l'énonciation "</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>gavagaï </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">!".
Alors que faire ? "</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Il
est important de comprendre que ce qui pousse à l'assentiment de
l'indigène pour la question "</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">gavagaï</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
?", ce sont des stimulations et non des lapins. La stimulation
peut rester la même bien que le lapin soit remplacé par une
imitation. Inversement, une stimulation peut varier dans son pouvoir
de pousser à l'assentiment à "</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">gavagaï</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
?" à cause de la variation de l'angle de vue, de l'éclairage,
du contraste, de la couleur, bien que le lapin reste toujours le
même. Pour tester expérimentalement l'hypothèse que les
expressions </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">gavagaï</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
et "lapin" ont le même usage, ce sont les stimulations qui
doivent être rendues semblables, non les animaux. Pour le but que
nous visons, mieux vaut peut-être identifier la stimulation visuelle
avec la structure de l'irradiation chromatique de l'œil. Il serait
sans doute inapproprié de regarder très profondément dans la tête
du sujet, même si c'était faisable, car nous ne devons pas nous
préoccuper de ses connexions nerveuses idiosyncrasiques ou de
l'histoire privée de la formation de ces habitudes. Nous sommes à
la recherche des habitudes linguistiques qui lui ont été inculquées
socialement, donc de ses réponses à des conditions normalement
sujettes à une évaluation par les membres du groupe [...]. Nous
pouvons donc définir la signification-stimulus affirmative d'une
phrase comme "</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">gavagaï</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
!" pour un locuteur donné, comme la classe de toutes les
stimulations [...] qui lui dicteraient son acquiescement à la
phrase</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Quine, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>le
Mot et la Chose</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
§8). </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Ce
qui </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">nous
permet de faire l'économie de la notion de perception puisqu'elle
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">nous
autorise à </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">sauter</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
directement de la sensation (</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">stimulation
des récepteurs sensoriels) </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">en
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>input</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">à
un</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
mouvement </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">d'un
certain type </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">(parole)
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">en
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>output</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Comme
on peut le constater, ce genre de </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">réduction
typiquement</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
behavioriste est donc </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">bien</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
plus réducteur </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">encore
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">que
les paradigmes cognitivistes allo-poïétiques que dénonce Varela.
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Pourtant,
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">un
tel réductionnisme </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">biologique
nous engage à focaliser notre attention </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">sur
une classe particulière de perturbations de l'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Umwelt
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">:
celles qu'on peut qualifier de "</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">conditionnement
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">social".
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Or,
un tel </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">conditionnement
social </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">est
déterminant </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">pour
une proportion non négligeable d'organismes vivants </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">en
situation d'apprentissage. Prenons,</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
par exemple, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">l'apprentissage
du langage par le petit d'homme : </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>on
présente simultanément à l’enfant des émissions du mot et des
exemples d’objets rouges ; on applaudit aussi à son propre
babillage lorsqu’il émet un son qui ressemble à ‘</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">rouge</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>’
en présence du rouge ; au bout du compte, l’enfant acquiert l’art
d’utiliser le mot conformément au goût de la société</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Quine,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Domaine et le Langage de la Science</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
ii), </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Quine
jette </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">donc
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">un
peu de lumière sur ce qui est manifestement le point aveugle de la
conception varélienne : à savoir l'articulation entre
l'auto-poïèse de l'organisme individuel délimité par son
enveloppe matérielle et l'auto-poïèse de l'organisme "social"
(colonie, horde, essaim, etc.) à la structure de laquelle
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">l'organisme
individuel</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
appartient (au même titre que les tissus cellulaires qui le
composent </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">constituent
sa propre structure interne) </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">et
qui s'évertue </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">à
maintenir invariante sa propre organisation. </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Nous
ne pouvons</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
suivre Varela lorsqu'il réfute la notion d'"organisme social"
au motif qu</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>à
tout moment, l'espèce n'est, concrètement, qu'une collection
d'individus capables de se reproduire</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'Individu
et les Conséquences de l'Autopoïèse</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">2,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
frontières de l'unité [d'une société animale] ne sont pas
topologiques et il semble saugrenu de décrire les interactions
sociales en termes de production de composants</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Clôture Opérationnelle</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Il
nous semble </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'il
y a</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
là </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">deux
parti-pris aussi arbitraires l'un que l'autre, à savoir, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d'une
part </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">celui
de l</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">'individualisme
méthodologique et, d'autre part, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">celui
d'</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">une
réduction</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">auto-catalyse
à son seul aspect chimique</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">À
cet égard, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">il
nous semble </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">bien
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">plutôt
que </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">la
communication entre congénères </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">co</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">n-viviaux
(au sens étymologique </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>cum-viventes</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"qui
vivent ensemble"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">)</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">est
une classe </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">particulière
de perturbations de l'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Umwelt
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">de
l'organisme vivant </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">individuel</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> en
ce que, non seulement, elles sont engendrées par </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">d</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">es
congénères </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">conviviaux
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">mais
encore en ce que c'est l'invariance organisationnelle d</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">u</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
groupe </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">social</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">constitué
par ces </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">organismes</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">individuels
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">qui
est en jeu dans de telles perturbations. </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">En
ce sens, il nous semble </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">donc
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">qu'il
existe bien des perturbations spécifiquement internes à</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">l</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">'organisme
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">social</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">en
tant que celui-ci est vivant, donc auto-poïétique et </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">qui
sont </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">externes
pour les individus </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">qui
le composent</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
au même titre que la stimulation hormonale, par exemple, est interne
à l'individu mais externe aux tissus qui le structurent. </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Et
que les interactions</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">responsables
de ces perturbations ne soient pas toujours de type
électro-magnétiques (donc chimiques) mais plus généralement
physiques (de quelle sorte </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">d'interactions
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">relève
la répression policière d'une manifestation humaine contre l'ordre
établi, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ou
le simple fait, comme le rappelle Bourdieu, de </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>regere
fines</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
de "tracer des frontières"</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
?). </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Il
nous semble </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">que
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">plus
la vie d'un organisme individuel dépend, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>de
facto</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
de ses </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">interac</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">tions
avec des congénères conviviaux et plus importantes,
quantitativement comme qualitativement, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doivent
être</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
les perturbations de son </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Umwelt</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
engendrées par </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'existence
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">desdits
congénères </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">en
tant que faisant partie de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l'Umwelt</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
social</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Comment</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
décrire </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">adéquatement
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'évolution
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">biologique
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">d'une
société </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">animale
ou végétale</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
quelconque sans mentionner, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">à
titre d'exemple </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">significatif
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
perturbation </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">nécessaire
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Umwelt
</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">social,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
l'échange de signaux sensibles caractéristiques de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ce
qu'il est convenu d'appeler </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">communication</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Au
premier rang desquels les</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
signaux </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">sensibles</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
qui conditionnent les comportement sexuels </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">et
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">dont
dépend </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">littéralement
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">et
non-métaphoriquement</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
la sur-vie de la société considérée, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">c'est-à-dire
la continuité de son auto-catalyse et l'invariance </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(doit-on
dire la "re-production" ?) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
sa propre organisation</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Dans
le cas particulier des sociétés humaines, o</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n
peut </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">donc
parfaitement admettre avec Quine que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">chaque
homme reçoit un héritage scientifique, plus un bombardement
continuel de stimulations sensorielles</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Quine,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d’un
Point de vue Logique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii, 6) et que, dans la mesure où </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">nous
apprenons la plupart des choses, la plupart des traits
caractéristiques du soi-disant monde extérieur par l’intermédiaire
du langage</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Quine,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Domaine et le Langage de la Science</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii), </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">a
matérialité sensible des mots s</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">oit
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">décrite
comme un bombardement de </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">stimuli
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">élémentaires,
ce qu'en toute rigueur</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ils
ne sont pas</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Du
coup</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">moyennant
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'importante</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
réserve </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">c</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">e
sont </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">là
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">des
descriptions qui relèvent du domaine de l'observateur et non du
domaine d'opération du système nerveux</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Varela,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Clôture Opérationnelle </span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
Système Nerveux</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autonomie
et Connaissance, Essai sur le Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">),
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">on
peut </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">même
formaliser la pertinence de la distinction sensation/perception en
disant </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'il
existe, entre la sensation et la perception, une relation, non pas de
cause à effet, donc d'antériorité temporelle </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">suffisante</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
mais </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">raison
à conséquence, donc de priorité logique </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">intemporelle</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">. </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Dire
que</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
l'indigène </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">est</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
stimulé visuellement par des </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sen</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tations
de léporité permet </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">au
linguiste</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
faire l'hypothèse </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'il
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">per</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">çoit</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
un lapin. De même, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dire
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
la grenouille </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">est</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sensible
au </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mouvement
d'un insecte permet d'expliquer </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'elle
perçoit une proie</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Enfin, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dire
que nous sommes </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">visuellement
stimulés par des lignes géométriques </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">disposées
de telle et telle manière </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">permet
d</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
comprendre </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
n ous percevons un cube dans </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'expérience
de Necker. </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Pour
autant, d</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ire
de la perception qu'elle </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">est</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
compos</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>de</b></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
sensations </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n'est
pas dire</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'elle
est composée </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>par
</b></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ces
mêmes sensations </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">puisque
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
"composition-de" n'est </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
fait </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'une
re-composition après coup faisant suite à une dé-composition
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">préalable.
Donc, si l'on tient à sauver à tout prix la dualité
sensation/perception, il faut parler comme Wittgenstein et dire, non
pas que les sensations sont les </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>causes </b></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(matérielles,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ontologiques</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
de la perception mais plutôt qu'elles </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sont
les </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>raisons </b></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(explicatives,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">logiques</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">:
"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">une
confusion s'installe ici entre raison et cause, à laquelle on est
conduit par l'utilisation ambiguë du mot "pourquoi ?". La
différence entre cause et raison peut être expliquée de manière
suivante : la recherche d'une raison entraîne, comme contrepartie
essentielle, l'accord de l'intéressé avec elle, tandis que la
recherche de la cause est menée
expérimentalement</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cours
de Cambridge</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
1932-1935). </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Or,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">comme
le montre Varela</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
il est expérimentalement </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">exclu</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
qu'un complexe déterminé de sensations (de </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">sense
data</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
puisse être la cause, autrement dit, pour parler comme Leibniz, la
"raison suffisante" d'une perception envisagée sous
l'angle d'un comportement </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">animal
déterminé</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
En d'autres termes, les conditions sensorielles nécessaires
(repérage </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">visuel
nécessaire au </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mouvement,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">bon
fonctionnement de l'appareil visuel préalable au repérage visuel,
bombardement de photons nécessaire au bon fonctionnement de
l'appareil visuel, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
à la prédation par la grenouille ne suffisent à décrire
adéquatement, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">c'est-à-dire
complètement,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ladite
prédation, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sauf</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
comme le </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">suggère</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Wittgenstein, à </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">vouloir
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">clore
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">précipitamment
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">le
débat. </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Du
coup, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">évoquer
la sensation comme préalable </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">nécessaire
à la perception, cel </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">suppose
un passage aux limites dans le sens où il s'agit de répondre à la
question "que se passe-t-il si, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
la limite,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
de telles conditions viennent à manquer ?" et non à la
question "quelle est la relation </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">régulière
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">entre
de telles conditions et le comportement animal ?". </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Auquel
cas, en l'absence de sensations élémentaires, il n'y aura en
effet pas de perception, de même qu'en l'absence d'anti-corps, il
n'y aura pas de défense immunitaire. Ce qui ne veut évidemment pas
dire que le système perceptif est implémenté par des sensations,
pas plus que le système immunitaire n'est implémenté par des
anti-corps.</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-44835351910290943232023-04-29T11:18:00.038+02:002023-12-21T07:04:27.219+01:00VIVRE : RÉGULATION ET CIRCULATION DES ÉNERGIES.<p style="text-align: justify;"> <i>(Ceci est le résumé d'une communication que j'ai faite le dimanche 16 avril 2023 au Plan d'Aups dans le cadre d'un stage organisé par <a href="https://institutdeyoga.com">l'Institut de Yoga</a>).</i></p><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Notre
intelligence est incapable de se représenter la vraie nature de la
vie</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Bergson,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’Évolution
Créatrice</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
intro.)</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">. </span><i style="text-align: left;">De facto
</i><span style="text-align: left;">la vie a été, en Occident, soit </span><span style="text-align: left;">réduite</span><span style="text-align: left;">
à un </span><span style="text-align: left;">simple </span><span style="text-align: left;">mécanisme
</span><span style="text-align: left;">biologique</span><span style="text-align: left;">,
soit</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">élevée
au rang de</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">mystère
insondable et, pour cette raison, imputée à un </span><span style="text-align: left;">miracle
divin</span><span style="text-align: left;">. Nous allons </span><span style="text-align: left;">défendre
l'idée</span><span style="text-align: left;"> que la vie </span><span style="text-align: left;">n'</span><span style="text-align: left;">est</span><span style="text-align: left;">
</span><span style="text-align: left;">ni un miracle, ni un
mécanisme mais </span><span style="text-align: left;">un système
</span><span style="text-align: left;">tout </span><span style="text-align: left;">à
la fois chaotique et particulièrement </span><span style="text-align: left;">ingénieux</span><span style="text-align: left;">
d</span><span style="text-align: left;">'auto-</span><span style="text-align: left;">régulation </span><span style="text-align: left;">et de circulation
</span><span style="text-align: left;">des énergies</span><span style="text-align: left;">.
</span><span style="text-align: left;">Pour cela, nous </span><span style="text-align: left;">pointerons
ce qui, dans</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">notre
intelligence</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">"</span><span style="text-align: left;">
</span><span style="text-align: left;">nous empêche de saisir "</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
vraie nature de la vie</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">",
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">puis
nous</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">
nous tourner</span><span style="text-align: left;">ons</span><span style="text-align: left;">
</span><span style="text-align: left;">alternativement </span><span style="text-align: left;">vers
l</span><span style="text-align: left;">a physique</span><span style="text-align: left;">
moderne </span><span style="text-align: left;">(dont physique
quantique) </span><span style="text-align: left;">et vers les
sagesses traditionnelles </span><span style="text-align: left;">(dont
Tao), </span><span style="text-align: left;">deux courants de pensée
aussi éloignés historiquement, géographiquement et méthodologiquement qu'</span><span style="text-align: left;">intuitive</span><span style="text-align: left;">ment
proches </span><span style="text-align: left;">l'un de l'autre</span><span style="text-align: left;">.<span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span></p><a name="more"></a><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>1
– </u></span><span style="font-size: small;"><u>NI
CAUSALITÉ, NI DUALITÉ, NI STABILITÉ</u></span><span style="font-size: small;"> :</span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">La
métaphysique date du jour où Zénon d’Elée signala les
contradictions inhérentes au mouvement et au changement </span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[…].
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Le
principal effort des philosophes anciens et modernes a consisté à
surmonter, par un travail intellectuel de plus en plus subtil, les
difficultés soulevées par la représentation intellectuelle du
mouvement et du changement</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Bergson,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée et le Mouvant</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
intro.). </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Or,
quoi de plus mouvant et changeant que la vie ? Pour tenter de
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comprendre
en quoi ce que Bergson nomme l'"intelligence" fait partie
du problème plutôt que de la solution</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
il va donc falloir commencer par identifier les principaux obstacles
métaphysiques à une représentation adéquate de la vie. En
l'occurrence, la causalité, la dualité et la stabilité.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
relation de cause à effet </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
un </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dogme
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
la rationalité </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">occidentale</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Ce dogme résulte d'un double leg, </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
la fois grec et latin</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Pour les </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Grecs</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
l'idée de cause d'un phénomène dérive du paradigme aristotélicien
selon lequel toute création ou transformation est nécessairement
l'effet d'une cause mécanique conçue comme raison suffisante du
phénomène, de sorte que la nature </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
censée </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
comporte</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">r</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
le bon artisan qui se fixe un but et se donne le</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
moyen</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de l'atteindre<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a>.
Pour les </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Latins</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
l'idée de cause </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
celle d'une imputation </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">juridique
de</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
responsabilité ou </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
culpabilité : le juge met en cause<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>
le prévenu, l'avocat défend la cause de celui-ci. On voit par là
que la pensée mécanique et la pensée théologique ont partie
liée : chercher la cause, puis la cause de la cause, puis la
cause de la cause de la cause, etc., c'est rien moins que chercher le
responsable (ou le coupable) suprême du phénomène considéré, à
savoir (un) Dieu<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a>.
Si on veut éviter cette </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">première</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
ornière pour décrire adéquatement la notion de vie, il convient
donc d'éviter l'obstacle d</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u
déterminisme </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">causal
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
de son corrélat, le mythe de </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
prédictibilité absolue</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
réel </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
droit sinon en fait</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">À
titre de paradigme alternatif, nous disposons, notamment, de </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">notion
de chaos </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous
vient des Grecs<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a> et désigne </span></span>un
état de con-fusion où
ordre
et désordre co-existent</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc" style="font-family: georgia;"><sup>6</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia;">, où
les
contraires étant
co-présents, tout
est encore possible. Sauf
que</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le
Chaos </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">reste,
chez les Grecs, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">un
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">simple
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">mythe</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">des
origines </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>μῦθος</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>,
muthos</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">)
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qui
n'a rien à voir avec </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
science </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">rationnelle</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>λόγος</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>logos</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">).
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">De
même, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">en
Occident, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'idée
de chaos </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
ignorée jus</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qu'au
XIX° siècle</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
(re-)découverte, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">notamment
à travers le</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
mouvement brownien<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Dans
un premier temps, Henri Poincaré</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">puis
Albert Einstein </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">v</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ont</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
analyser le mouvement brownien en un phénomène</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">complexe
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dont
les causes sont non-identifiables car en quantité</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">tendant
vers l'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">infini.
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Mais</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
c'est l'émergence, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dans
les années 1920</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
de l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
physique quantique </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qui
va porter le coup fatal au </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">principe</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
d</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">'intelligibil</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">i</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">té</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">absolue
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">du
réel en établissant<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a>
qu'à l'échelle des constituants fondamentaux de l'univers, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le
réel n'est </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">pas
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
déterminable </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">autrement
que de manière statistique</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">À
cette échelle<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a>,
en effet,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
il n'y a </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">plus
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ni
causalité ni localité </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ni
temporalité </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">mais, dans certaines conditions, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">intrication</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">des
entités et superposition de leurs propriétés. On retrouve ainsi
l'idée primitive de chaos, notamment dans </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">notion
de vide quantique </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">où
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">particules
et anti-particules sont co-présentes<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a>
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et
même l'idée de l'intervention d'un démiurge qui met de l'ordre
dans le désordre, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">sauf
qu'il ne s'agit pas d'une divinité mais de</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
l'observateur-</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">expérimentateur</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
qui, par son intervention </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">technique
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">mécanique
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">causale</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
réduit le champ des possibles à un seul<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a>.
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Nous
voyons par là que l'idée de chaos ne bannit pas </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>ipso
facto </i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">celle
de mécanisme causal<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a>
mais seulement </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">son
hégémonie métaphysique. La conséquence</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">épistémologique de cette perte d'hégémonie est </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">que la connaissance scientifique du réel n'est plus nécessaire (certaine) mais seulement probable</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.</span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Il
est pour le moins singulier que v</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ingt-six
siècles avant la physique quantique, la pensée chinoise nous offre
un modèle convergent, quoique moins formel, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">plus
poétique, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d'intelligibilité
du réel<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote13sym" name="sdfootnote13anc"><sup>13</sup></a> :
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le
Tao dont l'un des grands classiques nous explique qu'</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>il
existe et a toujours existé de l'indéterminé pour procéder à la
génération de la terre et du ciel et que, faute de mieux, on peut
l'appeler Tao</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote14sym" name="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>14</sup></a>.
D'où l'étymologie de "Tao" comme processus de
réinitialisation perpétuelle du réel : </span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">道</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i> dào</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
composé des racines</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">首</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>,
sh</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ǒ</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>u</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
"origine" et </span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">辶</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>chuò</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"mouvement".
Les taoïstes </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ne
goûtant</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
guère les définitions </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et
les démonstrations</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
on trouve beaucoup de descriptions analogiques du Tao dont l'une des
plus intéressante</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
pour notre propos est sans doute celle </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">du
Yi King : "</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>un
Yin, un Yang, voilà le Tao</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote15sym" name="sdfootnote15anc"><sup>15</sup></a>.
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Le
Tao, ce mouvement perpétuel du réel, est donc pensé, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d'emblée,</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
comme </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">oscillation
permanente</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
entre </span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">阴</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yīn</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">pôle
de l'ordre et </span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">阳</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>,
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yáng</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">pôle
du désordre<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote16sym" name="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a>.
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">D'où
l'idée qu'</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>ordre
et désordre s'engendrent mutuellement</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote17sym" name="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a>.
Le Tao </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">offre</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
donc une </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">version</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
du</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
chaos </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d'Hésiode
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ou
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">du</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
vide quantique, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">c'est-à-dire</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d'</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">un
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">perpétuel
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">tourbillon
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">fondamentalement
imprédictible en ce qu'il conjoint tous les possibles, y compris les
contradictoires.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Un
autre dogme qu'il va falloir dépasser : </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'idée
que la vie est une propriété d'un certain type de système physique
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et,
d'une manière plus générale, l'</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">idée
qu'il existe </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">une</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
dualité ontologique entre les choses et les propriétés des choses.
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">D</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ualité
encore une fois héritée de la métaphysique aristotélicienne qui
sépare substance </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">οὐσία,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>ousia</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">)
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">accident
(</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">συμβεβηκός,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>sumbébèkos</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">),
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">elle
même conditionnée par l'ambiguïté syntaxique qui induit
l'équivalence fallacieuse entre "</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>x
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>p</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">("</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>x
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
vivant") et "</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>x
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">possède
la propriété </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>p</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"
("</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>x
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">possède
la vie")</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote18sym" name="sdfootnote18anc"><sup>18</sup></a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Plus
précisément, il convient </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
présent </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
se débarrasser de l'idée, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">classique
en physique </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">classique</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
que </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'énergie
est la </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">propriété
d'un corps accéléré (énergie cinétique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote19sym" name="sdfootnote19anc"><sup>19</sup></a>)
entrant en interaction </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">mécanique
causale </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">avec
un autre corps.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">D</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ès</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
en effet, la théorie de la relativité restreinte, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Einstein</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
établit l'équivalence de la masse et de l'énergie<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote20sym" name="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>20</sup></a>,
de telle sorte qu'on peut considérer, désormais, la masse comme de
l'énergie "froide" ou "au repos" et,
corrélativement, l'énergie comme de la masse "chaude" ou
"fortement accélérée". </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Puis,
à partir de la relativité généralisée, tous les corps, y compris
les plus massifs (planètes, étoiles, trous noirs, etc.) seront
considérés comme des champs </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d'énergie
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">gravitationnel</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
Par ailleurs</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
après la </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">découverte</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
de la nature corpusculaire de la lumière (les "photons" de l'effet photo-électrique)
par Einstein et la mise en évidence des franges d'interférence </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qui
trahissent, paradoxalement, la nature</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ondulatoire
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">des
photons</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
la physique quantique va admettre l'équivalence onde-particule du
réel sub-atomique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote21sym" name="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a>.
Dès lors, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">toutes
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">les
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">entités</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">peuvent</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
être </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">appréhendées</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">que
ce soit à l'échelle quantique, à l'échelle macroscopique ou à
l'échelle astro-physique</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">soit
comme des agrégats de </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">parties
gouvernées par </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">un
déterminisme mécanique causal</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
soit comme des champs énergétiques </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
interaction non-mécanique non-causale</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">C</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">hez
les Chinois, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qui</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">connaissent
et utilisent depuis le V° siècle avant l'ère commune le magnétisme
comme modèle d'interaction non-mécanique non-causale, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
notion d</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">'énergie
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">occupe
une place centrale</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Un
paragraphe très important du Tao Te King (attribué à Lao Tseu)
résume en quelque sorte le processus de création continue du Tao en
disant que </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>l'Un
(le Tao) crée le Deux (le Yin et le Yang), que le Deux crée le
Trois (c'est-à-dire un </i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>troisième</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>
terme)</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">".
Ce troisième terme, c'est</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
le </span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zh">气</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>qì</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">que
l'on traduit généralement par "souffle" ou par "énergie".
Après quoi, est-il précisé, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>ce
souffle énergie infuse en toute chose</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote22sym" name="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a>.
Bref, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">tout</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">entité
peut</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
s'analyse</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">r</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
en un champ énergétique, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">autrement
dit un </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">processus</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">transition</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
énergétique </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">entre
un pôle ordonné (</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zh">阴</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">)
et un pôle désordonné </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zh">阳</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">)
et réciproquement. Donc, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dans
le </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">mouvement
perpétuel du </span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zh">道</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>,
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">c'est
la</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">circulation
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">u</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zh">气</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zh">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qui
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">assure
et </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">exprime</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">transition.
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Là
encore, la frontière entre sujet actif et objet passif se brouille
puisque l'énergie n'est p</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">lus
une</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
propriété </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dont
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">une
chose </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">serait
passivement affectée </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">mais
la chose </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">elle-même
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">en
tant qu'elle se modifie<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote23sym" name="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a>.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Troisième
dogme dont s'accommode très mal le phénomène vital : la
notion d'équilibre énergétique local comme expression
microcosmique d'un postulat d'équilibre énergétique macrocosmique
global de l'univers tout entier. Les lois de Leibniz ou de Lavoisier
d'après lesquelles "<i>rien ne se perd, tout se transforme</i>",
ne sont que l'effet de la récupération métaphysicienne du constat
de la réalité du changement et du mouvement que la métaphysique a
bien dû concéder aux sciences expérimentales. En supposant, en
effet, que tout ne soit que devenir et que tout ce qui devient ne
soit qu'énergie, il resterait néanmoins, <i>in fine</i>, quelque
chose d'éternel et d'immuable : la quantité totale d'énergie
dont serait doté l'univers. Et ce, au mépris d'un autre constat que
les physiciens font depuis l'antiquité : à savoir que <span>toute
énergie mécanique </span><span>ordonnée
</span><span>(travail) </span><span>est
convertible</span><span> </span><span>en</span><span>
</span><span>énergie thermique </span><span>désordonnée
</span><span>(chaleur)</span><span>
</span><span>mais, </span><span>apparemment,</span><span>
non réciproquement.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Or,
au XIX° siècle, Carnot va montrer que si le passage du travail à
la chaleur, donc de l'ordre au désordre, se fait sans dépense
supplémentaire d'énergie, la réciproque n'est pas vraie. </span><span>C'est
l'objet du </span><span>second principe de la
thermodynamique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote24sym" name="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a> :
pour rétablir l'équilibre énergétique d'une entité quelconque
qui a perdu de l'énergie sous forme de chaleur, il va falloir puiser
de l'énergie dans </span><span>son
</span><span>environnement, </span><span>puis
dans l'environnement de cet environnement, etc. de sorte que, de
proche en proche, c'est l'univers tout entier qui va perdre de
l'énergie. Clausius puis Boltzmann<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote25sym" name="sdfootnote25anc"><sup>25</sup></a>
vont nommer "entropie" le fait que tout échange
énergétique soit tendanciellement déficitaire, c'est-à-dire le
fait que toute entité, à la limite, l'univers tout entier, tende
vers son propre désordre<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote26sym" name="sdfootnote26anc"><sup>26</sup></a>.
La physique quantique va confirmer la réalité de l'entropie </span><span>en
montrant que </span><span>tout </span><span>échange
énergétique tend vers un état de moindre excitation ou de moindre
énergie </span><span>car si,</span><span>
</span><span>pour tout</span><span>e
entité</span><span> sub-atomique, la
permanence suppose, dans un premier temps l'absorption (gain d'énergie), dans un second temps il y a émission </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">de particules donc perte d'énergie</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">. Et,
corrélativement, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">pour
observer un phénomène </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">(y</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">mettre de l'ordre</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">)</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">à l'échelle sub-atomique, la physique quantique montre qu'il
faut lui fournir un surcroît d'énergie</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">sous forme de photons </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">donc</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
accroître l'entropie ambiante. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Notons
enfin, que si les sagesses orientales </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">traditionnelles
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">ne se sont guère étendues sur ce
point, les allusions à la notion d'entropie </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">comme
négation d'un équilibre énergétique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote27sym" name="sdfootnote27anc"><sup>27</sup></a>
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">ne manquent pas : ainsi, ce
passage du Tao Te King selon lequel </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>le
Tao infuse en toute chose sans jamais la </i></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>combler
d</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>e son </i></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>énergie</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote28sym" name="sdfootnote28anc"><sup>28</sup></a></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">; ou encore, dans la mythologie
hindouiste, la figure de Shiva, le dieu à la dans</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>e</span><span>
d</span><span>évasta</span><span>trice<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote29sym" name="sdfootnote29anc"><sup>29</sup></a>.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Désormais,
si l'on admet qu'il existe des phénomènes chaotiques, c'est-à-dire
non-entièrement descriptibles et non-entièrement prédictibles en termes de causalité
mécanique, que ces mêmes phénomènes concernent non pas des choses
mais des champs énergétiques en interaction permanente, enfin que
ces champs énergétiques </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">sont tendanciellement entropiques, c'est-à-dire</span> déficitaires en énergie,
nous avons quelques chances d'appréhender plus adéquatement le
phénomène vital.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>2</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>
– </u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>LA
VIE COMME PROCESSUS D</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>'
AUTO-</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>RÉGULATION
</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>DES
ÉNERGIES</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> :</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Nous
allons montrer que la diversité, la variabilité et la créativité
de la vie est la preuve d'une souplesse adaptative dont n'est capable
aucun phénomène mécanique, celui-ci fût-il transcendant.</span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Pour
cela, revenons d'abord sur un sophisme corrélé aux mythes de la
causalité, de la dualité et de la stabilité que nous avons
précédemment dénoncés. S</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">i tout le monde admet que l'ordre puisse dégénérer en désordre, en revanche, l'inverse paraît contre-intuitif. De là l</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">'un des arguments favoris de ceux qui
prétendent "prouver" que la vie procède nécessairement
d'un </span><i style="font-family: georgia;">intelligent design</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">, autrement dit d'une intervention
providentielle est le suivant : 1) le phénomène vital va se
perfectionnant depuis l'apparition des unicellulaires jusqu'à celle
d'</span><i style="font-family: georgia;">homo sapiens sapiens</i><span style="font-family: georgia;">, or 2) le perfectionnement, comme toute
mise en ordre, suppose toujours l'existence d'un ordre supérieur</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote30sym" name="sdfootnote30anc" style="font-family: georgia;"><sup>30</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia;">,
donc 3) l'ordre vital, de même que tout ordre, ne peut procéder que
d'un ordre supérieur.</span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Or
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Boltzmannn
et Gibbs ont établi, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">à
l'orée du XX° siècle,</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
une relation statistique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote31sym" name="sdfootnote31anc"><sup>31</sup></a>
entre l'entropie </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">probable</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
d'un phénomène (S) et le nombre de ses
configurations possibles (Ω) disant, en gros, que moins
nombreux sont les états possibles de ce corps, plus faible en est
l'entropie, mais selon une progression logarithmique qui fait
que l'entropie n'augmente que faiblement lorsque le nombre de
configuration s'accroît fortement, tandis qu'elle diminue
fortement au fur et à mesure que l'on s'approche de Ω
= 1<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote32sym" name="sdfootnote32anc"><sup>32</sup></a>. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ce
phénomène, connu depuis longtem</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">p</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">s
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">sous
le nom de "principe de moindre action" explique que, lors
d'un changement physique quelconque, les éléments du système qui
se modifie et qui, pour cela, perd de l'énergie, adoptent néanmoins
toujours le profil le moins coûteux en énergie : par exemple, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">lorsqu'on
verse de la farine dans un saladier, celle-ci adopte vaguement la
forme d'un cône, jamais celle d'une sphère ou d'un cube.</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Tout
se passe donc comme si l'entropie ou perte d'énergie </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">s'</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">auto-régul</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">ait
spontanément</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> :
plus elle est forte, moins vite elle augmente<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote33sym" name="sdfootnote33anc"><sup>33</sup></a>.
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">U</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">n
peu comme le Père Goriot qui, plus il perd d'argent, </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">plus
il se restreint et </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">moins
vite il en perd.</span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Bref,
tout se passe comme si tout processus physique, en tant qu'il est
sujet à l'entropie, recevait une in-formation lui ordonnant<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote34sym" name="sdfootnote34anc"><sup>34</sup></a>
de modérer son entropie et
ce, d'autant plus fortement
que
le processus est plus complexe, donc moins probable et, partant, plus
coûteux en énergie nécessaire à sa réalisation.
Voilà
pourquoi, dans
le sillage de Boltzmann et Gibbs, vers
le milieu du XX° siècle, Shannon
et Weaver vont
définir
la quantité d'in-formation<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote35sym" name="sdfootnote35anc"><sup>35</sup></a>
comme
l'entropie
négative (néguentropie)
H d'un
phénomène dont
la probabilité de l'état
<i>p</i>(E)
est
l'inverse du nombre de ses configurations possibles (Ω).
On
peut considérer par analogie que c'est
donc cette
néguentropie
qui va in-former le
phénomène,
c'est-à-dire, littéralement, lui
conférer
une forme nouvelle et
donc
dé-former sa
forme ancienne en
vertu du principe de moindre action<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote36sym" name="sdfootnote36anc"><sup>36</sup></a>.
Bref,
plus l'état d'un système est improbable et plus ce
système a
besoin d'être in-formé pour parvenir
à l'existence et à la subsistance. Sauf que, en vertu du principe de moindre action, l'in-formation
est
inhérente
à son improbabilité même et n'a
donc nul besoin d'une
intervention extérieure<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote37sym" name="sdfootnote37anc"><sup>37</sup></a>.
Le
Tao nous avait déjà prévenus : "<i>dans
le flux perpétuel, </i><i>si
toute chose naît de ce qui existe, en revanche ce qui existe naît
de ce qui n'existe pas</i>"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote38sym" name="sdfootnote38anc"><sup>38</sup></a>.
En d'autres termes, il
se pourrait bien
que "<i>la
vie </i><i>[soit]</i><i>
de l'ordre engendré par de l'ordre </i><i>provenant
du désordre</i>"
(Schrödinger,
<u>qu'est-ce que la Vie ?</u>).</span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nous
voilà à présent en possession de tous les éléments qui nous
permettent de décrire </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">plus
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">adéquatement
le phénomène vital. Car si </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">tous
les êtres, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">en
tant qu'ils existent,</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
sont porteurs d'in-formation néguentropique, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">les
corps inertes, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">dont
l'existence est la plus probable </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">car</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
la moins complexe et, partant, la moins dispendieuse en énergie,</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">n'ont
que leur propre inertie </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">à
opposer </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">à
leur entropie pour satisfaire la condition de moindre action. Or, des
êtres dont l'existence serait </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">plus
improbable car </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">tributaire
d'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">un
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">beaucoup
plus </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">grand
nombre de configurations possibles</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
tels êtres requerraient une beaucoup plus grande quantité
d'in-formation(s) afin de compenser la dépense d'énergie nécessaire
à leur existence et à leur subsistance. Et tels sont, précisément, les êtres vivants
qui </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">opposent
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">à
leur entropie</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
un foisonnement d'in-formations </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">concentrées
dans l'espace et dans le temps</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">On
peut distinguer, dans ce foisonnement deux niveaux d'in-formations
vitales : le niveau génétique et le niveau sensible ou
intentionnel.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Au
niveau génétique trois classes d'in-formations se superposent simultanément :
celles qui sont dirigées vers ce que Varela appelle "l'auto-poïèse", c'est-à-dire
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">l'auto-formation
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">de
l'être vivant, celles qui visent la pro-poïèse ou pro</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">pag</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">ation
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">de
la vie</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">,
celles enfin qui concernent l'apoptose ou </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">dégénérescence</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
cellulaire aboutissant à la mort. Dans tous les cas, les in-formations sont des phénomènes
chimiques<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote39sym" name="sdfootnote39anc"><sup>39</sup></a>
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">concentrés</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
dans </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">l'espace
(</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">ce
qu'il est convenu d'appeler l'ADN ou, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">à</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
défaut, l'ARN) </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">et
dans le temps (celui, précisément, de durée de la vie) afin </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">d</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">'</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">aménager,
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">diffuser</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">,
enfin détruire un milieu </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">corporel
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">interne
capable de glaner de manière autonome de l'in-formation, autrement
dit, avons-nous vu, de l'énergie destinée à compenser l'entropie
générée par sa propre existence. </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">À
cet égard, la photosynthèse chlorophyl</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">l</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">ienne
est le plus parfait exemple de l'auto-régulation des in-formations
vitales dans un processus chimique d'une grande simplicité<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote40sym" name="sdfootnote40anc"><sup>40</sup></a>. Comme tout processus d'in-formation génétique, la photosynthèse synthétise de l'ATP (adénosine tri-phosphate) qui est l'in-formation énergétique de base dont a besoin tout être vivant pour compenser son entropie. </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ajoutons que les in-formations génétiques en général sont, au sens propre du terme, des
codes (génétiques) destinés à être auto-interprétés </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">de
manière circulaire </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">en
fonction d'un contexte </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">chaotique </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">et
non pas des programmes linéaires au sens informatique du terme qui seraient
destinés à être appliqués </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">mécaniquement</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">. La circularité (la non-linéarité) du processus vital signifie que l'organisme vivant n'est pas seulement modifié par le code (génétique) mais, qu'à la manière d'un bon lecteur, il en modifie le sens en retour selon le contexte. D</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">e
là</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
la grande </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">souplesse,
la grande </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">variabilité,
la grande mutabilité </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">et,
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>in
</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">fine,
la grande adaptabilité </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">génétique
du vivant (sélection darwinienne).</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Mais
cette souplesse d'adaptation du milieu corporel interne aux
variations énergétiques chaotiques du milieu externe est encore
amplifiée </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">au
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">niveau,
sensible ou intentionnel<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote41sym" name="sdfootnote41anc"><sup>41</sup></a>
d'in-formation. Celui-ci consiste en ce que </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ce
milieu corporel interne va </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">optimiser
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">lutte
contre l'entropie </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">en
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s'</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">adapt</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ant</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">en
temps réel </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">au</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
chaos </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ambiant à la fois par accommodation et par assimilation (cf. Piaget) sensori-motrice de l'in-formation. P</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ar accommodation sensorielle, le milieu corporel interne est
in-formé par le monde extérieur de certains traits génétiquement
sélectionnés comme pertinents<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote42sym" name="sdfootnote42anc"><sup>42</sup></a>.
P</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ar assimilation motrice (nutrition, respiration, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">déplacement</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">) :
le milieu corporel interne in-forme </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">en retour </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le
monde extérieur en </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">aménageant</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
un </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">monde
pro</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ximal</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote43sym" name="sdfootnote43anc"><sup>43</sup></a>
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et,
au-delà, en trans-formant le monde extérieur distal<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote44sym" name="sdfootnote44anc"><sup>44</sup></a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">. Il va de soi que l'assimilation motrice modifie, en retour, les conditions de l'accommodation </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">sensorielle, lesquelles</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> influencent à leur tour celles de l'assimilation, etc. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">C'est en ce sens que l'in-formation, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qu'elle
soit génétique (spécifique) ou intentionnelle (individuelle),</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
est toujours l'effet circulaire d'un apprentissage (spécifique ou individuel) chaotique </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">car toujours en relation bi-directionnelle avec un milieu externe lui-même chaotique. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Bref,
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">il
se pourrait bien que </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>la
vie </i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>[soit]</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>
</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>la
création de soi par soi</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote46sym" name="sdfootnote46anc"><sup>46</sup></a></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"(</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">B</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ergson,
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><u>l'Évolution
Créatrice</u></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">),
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">c'est-à-dire l'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">invention
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">immanente (auto-catalytique) </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d'un
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">processus
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">physique
auto-régulateur (homéostatique) qui ne nécessite </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">donc aucune intervention </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">extérieure (</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">mécanique
ou </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">transcendante). Et comme une invention, par définition, ne se programme pas, l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e moment et la forme exacte de la manière dont l'in-formation va influencer ce que Prigogine nomme l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a "structure dissipative<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote45sym" name="sdfootnote45anc"><sup>45</sup></a>" du milieu interne </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">sont </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">donc </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">imprédictibles </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">autrement que de façon statistique.</span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mais
que la vie, </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">en
particulier la vie humaine,</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
soit </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">le</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">phénomène
énergétique </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">auto-</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">régulé</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">d'un
milieu corporel interne </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">en</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
négociation permanente avec le chaos externe </span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>via
</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'aménagement
d'un monde proximal, n'est-ce pas, au fond, ce que n'ont cessé de
</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">rappeler</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
depuis la nuit des temps, toutes les sagesses de l'humanité ?</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>3</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>
– </u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>LA
</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>SAGESSE
</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>COMME
</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>CIRCULATION
</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>OPTIMALE
</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>DES
ÉNERGIES </u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>VITALES</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u> </u></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">:</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">En
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">général,
il y a présomption de vie lorsqu'il y a constat d'un mouvement
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">continu
</span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(croissance,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">transformation,</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
déplacement), </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">lequel,
avons-nous dit, s'analyse en un effort génétique/intentionnel</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
visant à compenser l'entropie générée </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">par
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">un
milieu corporel interne<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote47sym" name="sdfootnote47anc"><sup>47</sup></a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Aristote constatait déjà que </span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>l'âme [</i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ψυχή, </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">psukhè</span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>]</i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
</span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>la
réalisation première d'un corps naturel qui a potentiellement la
vie [</i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ζωή, </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">zôè</span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>]</i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Aristote, </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>de
l’Âme</u></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
II, 412a)</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Par
la suite, c'est la traduction latine de </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ψυχή, </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">psukhè</span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
par </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>anima
</i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui
a donné d'une part "âme" et, d'autre part, "animer",
"animal", "animation". Autrement dit, le vivant
est, avant tout, </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">un
être animé, voire agité par le chaos des circonstances. D'où
vient alors que, dans toutes les civilisations du monde, le Sage est
représenté sous les traits (humains) d'un être </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">équanime
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">modère
son </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">animation
et </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">répugne
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">à
l'agitation ?</span></span></em></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Sans
doute la figure du </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">vieux
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Sage
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">paisible
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">doit-elle
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">faire
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">contraste,
avec celle du vulgaire, </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
l'occurrence, celle de l'homme de sexe masculin jeune et </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">entreprenant</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
qui, dit-on, constitue la force vive de la Cité<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote48sym" name="sdfootnote48anc"><sup>48</sup></a>.
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Mais
si tel est le cas, c'est que toutes les civilisations ont constaté
que l'espèce humaine est la seule espèce vivante dont
l'intentionnalité est si créative<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote49sym" name="sdfootnote49anc"><sup>49</sup></a>
qu'elle en arrive à prendre le contrôle de la régulation
naturelle<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote50sym" name="sdfootnote50anc"><sup>50</sup></a>
des énergies vitales jusqu'à </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
devenir problématique, sinon pathologique</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Voilà
le danger : </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">entraver
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">voire
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">bloquer
la libre circulation du </span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>qì</i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">du
souffle-énergie qui infuse et régénère en permanence toute vie<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote51sym" name="sdfootnote51anc"><sup>51</sup></a>.
Ce que souligne Z</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">huāng
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Z</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ǐ
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Tchouang
Tseu) : </span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>toute
obstruction produit étranglement, arrêt des fonctions, lésion de
la vie. Pour leurs actes vitaux, les êtres dépendent du
souffl</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>e-énergie</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>.
Si ce souffle-</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>énergie</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>
n’est pas abondant dans un homme, la faute n’en est pas au ciel,
qui jour et nuit l’en pénètre ; elle est en lui, qui obstrue
ses voies, par des obstacles c</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>orporels</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>
ou spirituels</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"(</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><u>Zhu</u></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>ā</u></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><u>ng
Z</u></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>ǐ</u></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
§26). </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Le
Sage taoïste exprime </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">par
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">là
ce que tous les Sages de toutes les civilisations ont toujours </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et
partout </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">exprimé :
résoudre les problèmes qui se posent au vivant humain passe par l</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
garantie d'une</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
libre circulation des énergies.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Commençons
donc par </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">en
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">lever
les obstacles</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
spiritue</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ls
tant il est vrai que </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">1)
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'esprit
comme </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">forme
intentionnelle du vivant<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote52sym" name="sdfootnote52anc"><sup>52</sup></a>
est un </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">processus
</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">阳</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yáng</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">subtil,
éthéré</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">donc
coûteux en énergie,</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
compensation de l'entropie et 2) </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">échauffement
des esprits </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
toujours le</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">signe
avant-coureur d'un </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">gaspillage,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qui
peut s'avérer catastrophique,</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
d'énergie </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">humaine.
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Raison
pour laquelle </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
Sagesse </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">se
pose comme</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
tentative </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">intentionnelle
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">limitation
de l'intentionnalité </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dans
la régulation des énergies, </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
commencer par </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">une</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
limitation </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">prioritaire
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">du
recours à la parole<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote53sym" name="sdfootnote53anc"><sup>53</sup></a>.
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Par
exemple </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Lǎo
Zǐ </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(Lao
Tseu) : </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>c</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>elui
qui sait ne parle pas, celui qui parle ne sait pas</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote54sym" name="sdfootnote54anc"><sup>54</sup></a>
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ou
encore "</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>beaucoup
de paroles est extrême pauvreté, cela détruit l'équilibre</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote55sym" name="sdfootnote55anc"><sup>55</sup></a>.
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">De
là </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">vient
qu</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e
la sagesse </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
avant tout </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">une
ascèse<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote56sym" name="sdfootnote56anc"><sup>56</sup></a>
spirituelle qui engage à ne pas faire plutôt qu'à </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(trop)
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">faire.
On songe alors au</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">为无为</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>wéi
wú wéi</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote57sym" name="sdfootnote57anc"><sup>57</sup></a>,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">taoïste,
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">bienveillance-</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">humanité<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote58sym" name="sdfootnote58anc"><sup>58</sup></a></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">confucianiste</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">compassion
universelle (<i>karunâ</i>) bouddhiste </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et,
bien entendu, </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">toutes
les formes de </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">prière
ou de </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">méditation.
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Mais
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">aucun</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e
sagesse</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
ne va aussi loin </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">que
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yoga
</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Patañjali
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dans
la description de ce que peut être une ascèse </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">du</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
renoncement<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote59sym" name="sdfootnote59anc"><sup>59</sup></a>
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
ce qui fait</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
obstacle à la libre circulation des énergies vitales. Le </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yoga
</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
défini d'emblée comme </span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>cessation
de l'agitation mentale</i></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"(</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><u>Yoga-Sûtra</u></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, i, 2).
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Puis
</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">la
notion de renoncement est présente dans chacun</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">e</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">
des huit </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">étapes</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">
(</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i>angâni</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">)
du </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i>yoga</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">
de Patañjali </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">jusqu'à
ce </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">que
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">"</span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">les
énergies fondamentales [</span></span></em><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">guna</span></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">]</span></span></em><em style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote60sym" name="sdfootnote60anc"><sup>60</sup></a></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">
retournent à leur état latent originel</span></span></em><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">"
(Patañjali, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><u>Yoga-Sûtra
(B.O.)</u></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">, iv, 34),
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">bref,
circulent librement</span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx">.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Méditer,
c'est, dans tous les cas de figure, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"faire
le vide" en concentrant, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">en
dirigeant intentionnellement</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
son énergie vers l'essentiel<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote61sym" name="sdfootnote61anc"><sup>61</sup></a>,
à savoir, la libre circulation des énergies vitales qui constituent
et entretiennent le milieu corporel interne en adéquation avec son
monde proximal. C'est pourquoi t</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">outes
les Sagesses </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">du
monde </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">préconisent
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
non-adhérence<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote62sym" name="sdfootnote62anc"><sup>62</sup></a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
intentionnel</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
l'</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>ego</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qui
n'est autre qu'un</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">enfermement</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
du </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">milieu
vital interne sur lui-même<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote63sym" name="sdfootnote63anc"><sup>63</sup></a>.
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">L</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">première
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Noble
Vérité du bouddhisme </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est,
sur ce point, on ne peut plus catégorique </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">:
la souffrance (</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>duhkha</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">) est
due à l'attachement </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
soi-même</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
(</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>trishnâ</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">)
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">'un</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
milieu corporel interne dé</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">connecté</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">du
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">monde</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
externe </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et
donc fermé à la circulation des énergies. </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Et
c'est à </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">partir
de là que les sagesses divergent</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Certaines,
essentiellement en Occident, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">vont
assimiler l'</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>ego
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">au
corps et, par conséquent, traiter celui-ci en ennemi au point,
paradoxalement, d'enfermer la sagesse dans les strictes limites de
l'esprit, donc de la maîtrise de l'intentionnalité. </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">D'autres</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">orientales
pour la plupart</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
vont </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">au
contraire revenir au </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
corps, non </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">comme</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
la </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">fatale
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">manifestation
de l'</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>ego</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
mais </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">comme
ce milieu corporel interne (</span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">丹田</span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>dān</i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>tián</i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">littéralement
"champ de l'alchimie", </span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">le
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>hara
</i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">des
Japonais</span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">)
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qui
est le </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">théâtre
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">中</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">zhōng</span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"centre"</span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">)
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
toutes </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">nos</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">transitions</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
énergétiques,</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">On
a vu </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
quel point le </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yoga</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
de </span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Patañjali
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">insiste
sur </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">es
conditions corporelles préalables </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
la méditation</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dont
la principale est l'assise (</span><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i>âsana</i></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">)</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
Il en va de même dans le bouddhisme </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>za-zen</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote64sym" name="sdfootnote64anc"><sup>64</sup></a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
et le taoïsme où l'on commence par "s'asseoir et oublier
tout<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote65sym" name="sdfootnote65anc"><sup>65</sup></a>".
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">On
sait, par ailleurs, que la </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">médecine
chinoise est un art de la </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(ré-)activation
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">des
canaux </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">énergétiques
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">经</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>jīng</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">littéralement
"méridiens"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">).
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">L'idée
est toujours la même, à savoir que c'est</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">lorsque</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le
</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">气</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>qì</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
nous traverse sans entrave, que nous autres, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">vivants
qui sommes "intermédiaires entre la Terre et le Ciel"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote66sym" name="sdfootnote66anc"><sup>66</sup></a>,
autrement dit entre </span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">阴</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yīn</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et
</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">阳</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>,
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yáng,</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">connaissons
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">vraiment
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"l'art
de nourrir notre vie"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote67sym" name="sdfootnote67anc"><sup>67</sup></a>.</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">D'où
le soin </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">particulier
que </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
sagesse taoïste </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">accorde
à la fonction nutritive</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">养</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>y</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ǎ</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>ng</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">)
et </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">à
la fonction </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">respirat</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">oire</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">呼吸</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>hū
xī</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote68sym" name="sdfootnote68anc"><sup>68</sup></a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">).
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Pour
autant, lever les obstacles proprement corporels à la libre
circulation des énergies ne se borne pas, y compris chez les
taoïstes, à bien manger et à bien respirer.</span></span></p>
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">D'une
manière générale, le Tao </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">nous
enjoint</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
de lier le renoncement méditatif à une intentionnalité </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">délétère</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
donc l</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
recherche du</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
"vide" spirituel<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote69sym" name="sdfootnote69anc"><sup>69</sup></a>,
au mouvement du milieu corporel interne. Ou, du moins, à certain</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
mouvements. L'exigence, à cet égard, est double : d'une part
il s'agit de mouvoir intentionnellement des organes ou des tissus
dont l'immobilité a tendance à les </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">priver
d</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e
la précieuse </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">énergie
vitale et, d'autre part, il s'agit </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
faire circuler intentionnellement cette énergie en </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">accompli</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ssant</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">es
mouvements souples et naturels. </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Raison
pour laquelle ces pratiques spirituelles-corporelles qui ont nom
</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">气功</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>qì gōng,</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">太极 拳</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>tài
jí quán</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ou
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yoga</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s'inspirent
de quelques</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
vivants qui nous ressemblent sans </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">pour
autant </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">être
aussi mal conditionnés </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">que
nous</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">D'où
le nom de certaines postures du </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>yoga
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(sauterelle,
chat, crocodile, serpent, chameau, cobra, grue, etc.) </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ou</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
de certains enchaînements de </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>qì gōng
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">(</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">五禽戏</span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>wǔ
qín xì</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"le
jeu des cinq animaux", en l'occurrence tigre, cerf, ours, singe,
grue<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote70sym" name="sdfootnote70anc"><sup>70</sup></a>).
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">D'où
également, dans le Tao, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'idée
du</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">corps
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">enfantin
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">comme</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">modèle
d</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">'harmonie</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
corporelle : </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><i>connaître
la créativité désordonnée</i><i> </i><i>masculine,
conserver la réceptivité</i><i> </i><i>ordonnée féminine, tel
est le flux universel. Étant le flux universel, il adopte la
souplesse enfantine</i><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote71sym" name="sdfootnote71anc"><sup>71</sup></a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Voilà
qui nous rappelle que </span>la
fluidité, la
souplesse, l'aptitude au changement sont
les
principaux caractères du vivant<span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.</span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">B</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ref,
</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>suivez
la règle du Sage, videz votre esprit, remplissez votre
ventre, affaiblissez votre volonté, renforcez vos os. […] En ne
faisant rien de plus, vous vivrez </i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>longtemps</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote72sym" name="sdfootnote72anc"><sup>72</sup></a>.</span></span></p>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>Au
V° siècle avant l'ère commune, les partisans de Zénon et de
Parménide s'opposent à ceux d'Héraclite qui professe le mouvement
et le changement perpétuels. Bergson veut donc dire que la
philosophie n'a eu de cesse, depuis vingt-cinq siècles, d'illustrer
de mille manières le triomphe des premiers sur le second,
c'est-à-dire, la victoire de l'intelligence sur l'intuition.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote2">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>Que
l'"<i>art imite la nature</i>" doit donc se comprendre
tautologiquement comme le fait que "<i>l'art imite la nature </i><i>en
tant que </i><i>pensée sur le modèle de l'art</i>".</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote3">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>Accuser
vient du latin <i>ac-causare</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote4">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>C'est
d'ailleurs exactement ce que font, entre autres, Descartes ou
Newton : se réfugier dans ce que Spinoza appelle "<i>asile
de l'ignorance</i><span style="font-style: normal;">".</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote5">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" name="sdfootnote5sym">5</a></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">Chez Hésiode le Chaos, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Χάος,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"> est le tourbillon originel indifférencié d'où a surgi l'univers ordonné, le </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">κόσμος, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>cosmos.</i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote6">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a>E</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">n dehors du concept mathématique de relation d'ordre, l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">es notions corrélatives d'ordre et de désordre sont, par elles-mêmes, très confuses. Un matériau amorphe qui n'a donc pas, par définition, de forme définie, possède en même temps le plus haut degré possible de symétrie donc, d'une certaine manière, d'ordre</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span>. Inversement, l'état aussi parfaitement ordonné que l'état cristallin n'est obtenu que par brisure spontanée de symétrie donc, d'une certaine manière, par introduction du désordre. </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote7">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a>Le
botaniste Robert Brown remarque que les trajectoires des grains de
pollens dans une goutte d'eau sont complètement erratiques et,
partant, imprédictibles.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote8">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a>C'est
le cas, notamment, avec le principe d'indétermination (et non
d'"incertitude") de Werner Heisenberg.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote9">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a>Il
va de soi que les découvertes de la physique quantique ne
concernent que l'échelle sub-atomique.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote10">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a>On
parle, métaphoriquement, de la "mer de Higgs" ou "mer
de Dirac", pour désigner cette soupe fondamentale assez
ressemblante au Chaos d'Hésiode.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote11">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a>D'où
la métaphore du "démon" de Maxwell qui peut être
n'importe quel objet macroscopique et pas nécessairement un
observateur doté de conscience (par exemple, le compteur Geiger
dans l'expérience de pensée dite du "chat de Schrödinger").</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote12">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a>Le
chaos de Poincaré ou d'Einstein, contrairement à celui de la
physique quantique, est clairement déterministe. De même, des
modèles mathématiques du chaos à l'échelle macroscopique
(notamment en sciences humaines et en météorologie) relient
l'imprédictibilité des phénomènes non pas à leur
indétermination mais, au contraire, à leur sur-détermination par
un très grand nombre de causes..</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote13">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote13anc" name="sdfootnote13sym">13</a>Nombreux
sont les physiciens quantiques à l'avoir souligné (cf. par
exemple, Fritjof Capra, <u>le Tao de la Physique</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote14">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote14anc" name="sdfootnote14sym">14</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">有物混成先天地生</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[…],
</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">字之曰道</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǒ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">wù
hún chéng xiān tiān dì shēng, </span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[…]
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">zì
zhī yuē dào</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote15">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote15anc" name="sdfootnote15sym">15</a>
<span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">一阴一阳之谓道</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ī
yīn yī yáng zhī wèi dào</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">易经</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">系辞</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">yì
jīng x</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ì
cí</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote16">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote16anc" name="sdfootnote16sym">16</a>À
noter que <span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">yīn</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">yáng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1)
désignent, à l'origine, respectivement l'ubac (</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阝</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fù</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"colline" et </span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">月
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">yuè</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"lune</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
et l'adret (</span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阝</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fù</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"colline" et </span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">日
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rì</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"soleil") </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une
montagne </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
2) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">connotent
respectivement l'ordre terrestre (</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
et le désordre céleste (</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
au rebours donc de l'idée grecque de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">κόσμος,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cosmos</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">perfection
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">céleste
immuable </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opposée
à l'imperfection du monde sub-lunaire agitée par le devenir</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote17">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote17anc" name="sdfootnote17sym">17</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">故有无相生</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gù y</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǒ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">wū
xiāng shēng </span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote18">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote18anc" name="sdfootnote18sym">18</a>Cf.
Descartes qui déclare ne faire pas plus de différence entre un
organisme vivant et un organisme mort qu'entre une horloge qui
fonctionne et une autre qui serait à l'arrêt.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote19">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote19anc" name="sdfootnote19sym">19</a><i>E
= ½ m.v</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> avec <i>E</i> pour "énergie",
<i>m</i> pour "masse" et <i>v</i> pour "vitesse".</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote20">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote20anc" name="sdfootnote20sym">20</a><i>E
= m.c</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> avec <i>m</i> pour "masse" et
<i>c</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> pour "vitesse de la
lumière".</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote21">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote21anc" name="sdfootnote21sym">21</a>De
même qu'une note de musique est la superposition d'une onde
fondamentale et d'ondes harmoniques, la superposition des états
quantiques est une superposition (les physiciens parlent aussi de
"paquets") d'ondes, superposition qui cesse lors de
l'observation ("réduction du paquet d'ondes").
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote22">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote22anc" name="sdfootnote22sym">22</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道
生一</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">一生二</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">二生三</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">三生万物</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...]
</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">冲气以为和</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
shēng yī, yī shēng èr, èr shēng sān, sān shēng wàn wù
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[…]</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hōng
qì yǐ wéi hé</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 42</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote23">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote23anc" name="sdfootnote23sym">23</a>Notons
que l'on retrouve une idée assez proche dans <span style="text-decoration: none;">la
pensée hindouiste </span>: <em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">l'état
particulier d'un objet est l'expression de l'unité d'une certaine
combinaison des énergies fondamentales
</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">[</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">guna</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">]</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Patañjali, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Yoga-Sûtra</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">, iv,
14). </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Les
trois </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">guna</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">sattva</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">raj</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">a</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">tama</span></span></i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">),
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">respectivement
celle de Vishnu, de Brahmâ et de Shiva,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ne
sont pas sans rappeler</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阳
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">et</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em>
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote24">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote24anc" name="sdfootnote24sym">24</a>Le
premier étant celui de la conservation globale de l'énergie
(Leibniz-Lavoisier).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote25">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote25anc" name="sdfootnote25sym">25</a>Fondateur
de la physique statistique, en ce sens précurseur de la physique
quantique.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote26">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote26anc" name="sdfootnote26sym">26</a>À
partir de là, on va définir la température d'un corps comme son
agitation moléculaire moyenne. Par ailleurs, certains physiciens
comme Stephen Hawking, vont définir le temps (la "flèche du
temps") comme la dimension du désordre.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote27">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote27anc" name="sdfootnote27sym">27</a>Notons
au passage que les Chinois possèdent la notion fondamentale de </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span lang="zh-CN">中</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">,
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">z</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hōng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"centre",
"milieu" ("Chine" se dit d'ailleurs </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">中
国</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">z</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hōng
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">g</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uó</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"pays
du milieu")</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'il
faut comprendre comme</span></span></span></span> le
centre géométrique de gravité, c'est-à-dire, le point
d'application de la résultante des forces qui s'exercent sur un
corps. L'équilibre, en ce sens, est donc purement ponctuel et sa
durée est nulle (il n'y a pas d'état d'équilibre). Le </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
donc bien un pur processus.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote28">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote28anc" name="sdfootnote28sym">28</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道冲而用之或不盈</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ào
chōng ér yòng zhī huò bù yíng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote29">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote29anc" name="sdfootnote29sym">29</a><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="109" name="images1" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6CX3DeL-4yXdjnEgXpqohtf6GoVgM5zXerQtUVkID-0X05_vFdrKgrfMMHU5WYztGxkvRCAVKoROno1F0iPcO4ZQv0iGASu2PycQHqV2HhQeL0J4IhAXVKpWgvH1hTawNlYuGFAsU45s/w168-h220/AAA.jpg" width="99" />
<i>"</i><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">Quand
les temps sont révolus, dansant encore, il détruit toute forme et
nom par le feu et apporte un nouveau repos. Cela est de la poésie
mais n'en est pas moins de la science</span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(A.K.
Coomaraswamy, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">the
Dance of Shiva</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">in </span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">F.
Capra, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Tao de la Physique</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
xv)</span></span></span>
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote30">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote30anc" name="sdfootnote30sym">30</a>C'est
l'argument de l'émanation cher à Plotin : toute chose émane
de l'Un en se dégradant. Ce qui n'est qu'une manière de dire
qu'une perfection cosmique absolue est la <i>conditio sine qua non</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
de l'existence d'une (moindre) perfection terrestre relative. </span><span style="font-style: normal;">L'idée
d'un </span><i>artifex mundi </i><span style="font-style: normal;">n'est
qu'une variation supplémentaire sur le thème de la production
artisanale des choses des la nature.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote31">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote31anc" name="sdfootnote31sym">31</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S
= k </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ln</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Ω
(à noter que cette équation figure en épitaphe sur la pierre tombale de Ludwig
Boltzmann à Vienne !), avec k ≈ 1,380 649.10</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-23</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
J.K</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-1</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Ω représentant l'univers des possibles, c'est-à-dire le nombre
de configurations possibles d'un phénomène, et </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ln
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">étant
la fonction "logarithme népérien" (de base <i>e </i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">≈</span><i style="font-family: georgia;"> </i><span style="font-family: georgia;">2, 718 28</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">)</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote32">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote32anc" name="sdfootnote32sym">32</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
sorte qu'à la limite, lorsqu'un seul état est possible
(Ω=</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1), son entropie devient</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nulle
(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ln </span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1=0).
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ce
qui, en toute rigueur, correspond </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"zéro
absolu", O°K ou -273,15°C</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
température à laquelle, théoriquement, plus aucune interaction
énergétique donc plus aucun processus physique n'est possible.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote33">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote33anc" name="sdfootnote33sym">33</a>Ce
principe explique aussi ce qu'on appelle en économie les "économies
d'échelle" : il faut plus d'énergie pour produire 100
automobiles que pour en produire 10, mais il n'en faut pas dix fois
plus.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote34">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote34anc" name="sdfootnote34sym">34</a>Les
deux sens du verbe "ordonner" en français (commander et
arranger) sont ici pertinents.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote35">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote35anc" name="sdfootnote35sym">35</a>Je
détache le préfixe du radical à la fois pour qu'on ne confonde
pas ce concept avec ce qu'on met aujourd'hui sous ce terme et aussi pour
qu'on sente bien l'étymologie : in- former <i>x</i>, c'est, littéralement, donner à <i>x </i>une forme déterminée.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote36">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote36anc" name="sdfootnote36sym">36</a></span></p>
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFwzmFeAa9VC9eYXP6d3XnHvNiFl0VUlc9ovVJKrOroWBXFE9NYfvZ3MIb6cxWgvPwqxIEpb7BiXlKV1a664kE-WGls-w9V6ypXRJoGndpeAJRHpYVAPIGCqMyzKvPCbuO5ExhDe96f0XFgJ0EoZ_e0thd12J0kcx9BZIkCZZcIxkx90OscbfzSov9/s383/image_2023-04-29_111647752.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="383" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFwzmFeAa9VC9eYXP6d3XnHvNiFl0VUlc9ovVJKrOroWBXFE9NYfvZ3MIb6cxWgvPwqxIEpb7BiXlKV1a664kE-WGls-w9V6ypXRJoGndpeAJRHpYVAPIGCqMyzKvPCbuO5ExhDe96f0XFgJ0EoZ_e0thd12J0kcx9BZIkCZZcIxkx90OscbfzSov9/s320/image_2023-04-29_111647752.png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>En partant de l'entropie S attachée à un événement E (partie jaune du graphique), Shannon
et Weaver définissent l'in-formation néguentropique H (partie verte du graphique) attachée à cet événement par </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>l'équation</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>H = -k </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>ln </i></span></span></span>Ω, donc <span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>comme
facteur négatif du logarithme du nombre des configurations possibles de E </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>ou, ce qui revient au même, comme facteur positif de la probabilité de sa
survenance</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>En
effet, si </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>H
(la quantité d'in-formation ou de néguentropie) doit être la mesure de
l'entropie négative (-S), comme </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">S = k </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>ln</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> Ω (cf. note 31) </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>alors H = -S = <i>-k</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>ln</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>Ω</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span> = </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>k </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>ln </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>1/ Ω</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>puisque </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>p</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>(E)
= 1/ Ω et</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>ln </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>1/x
= -</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>ln </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>x.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote37">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote37anc" name="sdfootnote37sym">37</a>On
ne peut pas en même temps soutenir qu'un événement est très peu
probable et qu'il a besoin d'un "coup de pouce" pour se
réaliser puisqu'alors ledit "coup de pouce" transforme la
quasi-impossibilité (<span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(E)
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">≈</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">0)
en quasi-nécessité (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(E)
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">≈</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1).
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Qu'on
me comprenne bien : dire qu'il est très peu probable que la
vie apparaisse sans intervention providentielle n'est pas comme dire
qu'il est très peu probable que </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
statues de l'île de Pâques se soient érigées </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sans
intervention humaine</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Car
d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ans
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> dernier cas, la relation de causalité mécanique entre l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">existence
de</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">artisanat
humain </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
la sculpture comme résultante de cet artisanat </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
déjà établie</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tandis
que, dans le premier cas, une relation de même type n'est que
postulée de sorte que la "preuve" (dite<i> a contingentia mundi</i>) de l'existence d'une
providence divine n'est qu'une pétition de principe (on présuppose ce qu'on prétend démontrer)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote38">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote38anc" name="sdfootnote38sym">38</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">天下万物生於有</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">有生於无</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tiān
xià wàn wù shēng yú y</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǒ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u, y</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǒ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">shēng
yú wú</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 4</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">0</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote39">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote39anc" name="sdfootnote39sym">39</a>Combinaisons
d'atomes C, H, O, N, P, S se regroupant pour former l'un des 20 acides aminés, lesquels</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> engendrent</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> les 4 bases protidiques (adénine, guanine, thymine, cytosine) produisant à leur tour des gènes regroupés en chromosomes,
puis en cellules, puis en tissus, enfin en organismes vivants. Précisons qu'il s'agit là du modèle chimique de la vie tel que nous la connaissons sur la Terre mais que rien n'empêche d'en imaginer d'importantes variantes apparaissant ailleurs que sur Terre (c'est ce qu'essaie de faire l'astro-biologie). Ajoutons que si l'auto-poïèse concerne la lutte de l'organisme individuel contre l'entropie, la pro-poïèse et l'apoptose, en revanche, sont relatives à la néguentropie de l'espèce vivante tout entière. Il est évidemment significatif que la biologie (occidentale) ne s'intéresse sérieusement qu'au premier processus en confondant le second avec une soi-disant "reproduction" de l'individu et en faisant du troisième une anomalie.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote40">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote40anc" name="sdfootnote40sym">40</a>6
H<sub>2</sub>O + 6 CO2 + <i>e</i> → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>
+ 6 O<sub>2 </sub>: 6 molécules d'eau plus 6 molécules de gaz
carboniques in-formées par la lumière solaire engendrent, <i>via </i>la production d'ATP, une
molécule de cellulose plus 6 molécules d'oxygène.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote41">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote41anc" name="sdfootnote41sym">41</a>Toute
fonction sensible met et maintient le milieu vivant tout entier <i>in tensio</i><i>ne</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"en tension", </span><span style="font-style: normal;">sous-entendu
vers l'in-formation la plus pertinente possible de nature à
minimiser l'entropie et maximiser la néguentropie.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote42">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote42anc" name="sdfootnote42sym">42</a>Jakob
von Uexküll, le père de l'éthologie, a remarqué, par exemple que
la tique n'est sensible qu'à trois <i>stimuli </i><span style="font-style: normal;">(émanation
d'acide butyrique, chaleur animale, présence de poils) qui sont,
pour l'acarien, les seules in-formations sensibles pertinentes. La
réaction au premier </span><i>stimulus </i><span style="font-style: normal;">est
la chute, au second et au troisième la morsure </span><span style="font-style: normal;">et
la succion</span><span style="font-style: normal;">. </span>
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote43">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote43anc" name="sdfootnote43sym">43</a>Ce
que Jakob von Uexküll nomme une <i>Umwelt</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">On songe aussi à l'"espace
proximal de développement" de Vygotski.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote44">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote44anc" name="sdfootnote44sym">44</a>Le
calcaire, le charbon, le pétrole, l'oxygène, etc. ne sont que des sous-produits de cette in-formation/ trans-formation du monde par le
vivant.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote45">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote45anc" name="sdfootnote45sym">45</a>Par référence à l'entropie énergétique dont est affecté l'organisme vivant.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote46">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote46anc" name="sdfootnote46sym">46</a>Bergson
parle, à ce propos, d'"élan vital", Freud de "pulsion
de vie", Schopenhauer de "vouloir-vivre".</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote47">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote47anc" name="sdfootnote47sym">47</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C'est-à-dire
la </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dissipation
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entropique
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'énergie </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nécessaire
au métabolisme </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'un
organisme vivant, concrètement, l'énergie nécessaire à la fabrication permanente des molécules d'ATP. Il faut bien comprendre que, si un corps humain en bonne santé nécessite journellement quelque </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2 000 à 2 500 kcal. d'énergie néguentropique (soient 2 à 3
kW.h, autrement dit la consommation énergétique quotidienne moyenne de le totalité de vos appareils électro-ménagers hors chauffage) c'est qu'il doit, journellement, synthétiser une quantité d'ATP égale à son propre poids !</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote48">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote48anc" name="sdfootnote48sym">48</a>Rappelons
toutefois que, chez les Grecs comme chez les Latins ou les Hindous,
la sagesse est personnifiée par une déesse (respectivement Athéna,
Minerve et Sarasvatî). Par ailleurs, chez les Chinois, le pôle
<span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">yīn</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> dào</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celui
de l'ordre, du calme, de la stabilité est </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">associé
a</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u
sexe féminin</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
D'ailleurs, la racine </span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">女</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nǚ</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"femme"
entre dans la composition de très nombreux caractères </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">liés
au champ lexical de l'ordre</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ainsi</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">如</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rú</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"ordre", </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">安</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ān,
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"paix"
ou </span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">好</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǎ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o,</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"bien", </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">etc.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote49">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote49anc" name="sdfootnote49sym">49</a>Dans
le <span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> dào</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span>e
pôle de la créativité est donc le pôle <span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">yáng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">associé
au sexe </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">masculin.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote50">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote50anc" name="sdfootnote50sym">50</a>Jusqu'à
en devenir "comme maître et possesseur" prétendra
Descartes.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote51">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="line-height: 100%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote51anc" name="sdfootnote51sym">51</a>Y
compris la vie sociale, celle de la Cité comprise comme agrégation
d'organismes humains au même sens qu'un organisme humain est une
agrégation de cellules.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote52">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote52anc" name="sdfootnote52sym">52</a>J'ai
expliqué dans <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2019/06/corps-et-ame.html">Corps
et Âme</a> pourquoi je tiens "esprit" et
"intentionnalité" pour synonymes.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote53">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote53anc" name="sdfootnote53sym">53</a>Par
où l'on voit que philosophie et sagesse sont profondément
antinomiques (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2020/04/les-yoga-sutra-de-patanjali-sagesse-ou.html">Platon,
Lao-Tseu, Patanjali</a>).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote54">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote54anc" name="sdfootnote54sym">54</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">知者不言</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">言者不知</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">zhì
zhě bù yán, yán zhě bù zhī</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">56</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote55">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote55anc" name="sdfootnote55sym">55</a><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">多言数穷</span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">不如守中</span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">duō
yán shù qióng, bù rú sh</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǒ</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u
zhōng</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote56">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote56anc" name="sdfootnote56sym">56</a>Du
grec <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ἄσκησις,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">askèsis</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"exercice", traduit par </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">meditatio</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en latin.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote57">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote57anc" name="sdfootnote57sym">57</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ittéralement
"pour que - non - pour que", autrement dit "intention
limitant l'intention".</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote58">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote58anc" name="sdfootnote58sym">58</a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">En
chinois, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">仁</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>rén, </i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"bienveillance"
est composé de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: #252122;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">亻</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"être
humain" et de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: #252122;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">二</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">,
"deux" (ciel et terre, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>yīn
</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">et</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>
yáng</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">etc.).
De plus, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">仁
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">est
homophone à </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">人</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>rén</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> "être
humain".</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote59">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote59anc" name="sdfootnote59sym">59</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il
faut souligner </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'importance
de la notion de renoncement (</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sannyâsa</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
dans la culture indienne </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">traditionnelle
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">où
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">renonçants</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sannyâsin</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ont</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
rang </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
sages, sinon </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
saints.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote60">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote60anc" name="sdfootnote60sym">60</a>Cf.
note 23.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote61">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote61anc" name="sdfootnote61sym">61</a><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">禅</span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chán</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"méditer"
est composé de </span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">礻</span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">shì</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"rite"
et</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">单</span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chán,
</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"essentiel".
Or, ce qui est essentiel, du point de vue du Tao, c'est "viser
le vide suprême", </span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">致虚极</span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">zhì
xū jí </span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">16</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
"vide à usage inépuisable", </span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">虚而不屈</span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">x</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ū
ér bù qū</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 5) </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
retour au chaos et au vide quantique.</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote62">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote62anc" name="sdfootnote62sym">62</a>En
chinois <span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">弗居</span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fú</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">jū</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(littéralement :
"ne pas résider").</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote63">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote63anc" name="sdfootnote63sym">63</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
</span></em><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sage</span></em><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[…] n’a pas d’idée, pas de nécessité, pas de position, pas
de moi</span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Confucius, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Entretiens</span></u></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
IX, 4) </span></span></span>; "<em><span style="font-weight: normal;">m’asseoir
et oublier tout. […] C’est là la transformation, dans laquelle
l’individualité se perd</span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zhu</span></u></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ā</span></u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ng
Z</span></u></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǐ</span></u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, §6).</span></span></span></span></em>
Car, selon le Tao, <span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">出生入死</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chū
shēng rù sǐ</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">50</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">), "</span></span></span></span>sortir
(du moi), c'est vivre, y entrer, c'est mourir"<span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span>
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote64">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote64anc" name="sdfootnote64sym">64</a>Du
chinois <span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">坐</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">禅</span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">zuò
</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chán</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">littéralement
"méditation assise".</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote65">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote65anc" name="sdfootnote65sym">65</a><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">坐忘</span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">zuò
wàng</span></span></i></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> :
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"dépouillant
mon corps, oblitérant mon intelligence, quittant toute forme,
chassant toute science, je m’unis à ce qui pénètre tout. Voilà
ce que j’entends par m’asseoir et oublier tout</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zhu</span></u></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ā</span></u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ng
Z</span></u></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǐ</span></u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, §6).
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"Oublier
tout", en l'occurrence, toutes les intentions</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> dont </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
s'agit de</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dépouille</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le corps sans, bien entendu, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">laisser
tomber</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
celui-ci.</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote66">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote66anc" name="sdfootnote66sym">66</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">天地之间</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tiān dì zhī jiān
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 5).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote67">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a name="__DdeLink__1462_65107817"></a><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote67anc" name="sdfootnote67sym">67</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">养生焉</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǎ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ng
shēng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
yān</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></i></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zhu</span></u></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ā</span></u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ng
Z</span></u></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">ǐ</span></u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, §</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote68">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote68anc" name="sdfootnote68sym">68</a>Remarquons
que le chinois ne dit pas "respirer" mais
"expirer-inspirer" (dans cet ordre). Le
<span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">气功</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qì gōng,
</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
le </span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">prânâyâma</span></span></i></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></i></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont,
littéralement, "art(s) de maîtriser la respiration".</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote69">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote69anc" name="sdfootnote69sym">69</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">动而愈出</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dòng
ér yù chū</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 5), "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">plus
le vide est en mouvement, plus il est productif".</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote70">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote70anc" name="sdfootnote70sym">70</a>À
noter la symbolique très précise de ce "jeu" : le
tigre est associé à la puissance, au bois et au printemps, le cerf
au calme, au feu et à l'été, l'ours à la solidité, à la terre
et à l'inter-saison, le singe à l'adresse, au métal et à
l'automne, la grue à l'agilité, à l'eau et à l'hiver.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote71">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote71anc" name="sdfootnote71sym">71</a><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">知其雄,守其雌,为天下谿</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
<span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">为天下谿,常德不离,復归於婴</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">z</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">hī
qí xióng, shǒu qí cí, wéi tiān xià xī, </span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">w</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">éi
tiān xià xī, cháng dé bù lí, fù guī yú yīng'ér</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span> <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">28</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote72">
<p class="sdfootnote" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote72anc" name="sdfootnote72sym">72</a><span lang="zh-CN">是以圣人之治,虚其心,实其腹,弱其志,强其骨
</span>[…] <span lang="zh-CN">为无为,则无不治</span>,
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">hì
yǐ shèng rén zhī zhì, xū qí xīn, shí qí fù, ruò qí zhì,
qiáng qí gǔ </span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[…]
w</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">éi
wú wéi, zé wú bù zhì</span></i></span><i>
</i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">道德经</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dào
dé jīng</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pou</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r
autant, le taoïsme n'est ni un quiétisme, ni des hésychasme, quant
à sa non-violence, elle mérite d'être nuancée. Le </span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">为无为</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">wéi
wú wéi,</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"rien de plus" (cf. note57), s'entend non dans l'absolu </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(comme
dans l'hindouisme) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais
relativement à une situation vitale </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donnée</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
À cet égard, la colère (en chinois </span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">生气</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">shēng
qì</span></span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
littéralement "énergie-</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">souffle</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
vital-e") ou la fureur ont un rôle à jouer lorsqu'il
importe d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'y</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
maintenir-rétablir la circulation des énergies. Par exemple,
le septième mouvement du </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"> </span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">气功</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>qì gōng, </i>dit</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"> des "Huit Pièces de Brocart" (</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">八段锦</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">,
<span lang="zh-CN">外丹气功
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>bā
duàn jǐn, wài dān qì gōng</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">)
: <span lang="zh-CN">攒拳怒目增气力</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>
zǎn quán nù mù zēng qì lì</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">,
"concentrer la fureur dans les poings pour augm</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">en</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ter
l'énergie". Doit-on rappeler que l'on doit les arts martiaux chinois (</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;">武术</span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
</span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">wǔ
shù</span></span></em><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">), pour une part aux moines bouddhistes de Shaolin, pour une autre part aux moines taoïstes du mont Wudang ?</span></span></p>
</div><i></i><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-60012898317384824232023-04-09T08:59:00.003+02:002023-12-21T07:04:49.316+01:00DE QUOI "DÉMOCRATIE" EST-ELLE LE NOM ?
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Soit le</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> mythe aussi fameux que </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fumeux
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Luc
Ferry</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
fait l'écho lorsqu'il dit que</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>de
fait, nous ne sommes tout simplement plus capables ne serait-ce que
d'imaginer un régime légitime autre que la démocratie. [...]
[Fukuyama]</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><em style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span> </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><i><span>suggère que les principes de légitimité auraient tous été plus
ou moins explorés au fil de l'histoire, jusqu'à ce que le plus
conforme aux exigences fondamentales de l’humanité s'impose à
nous</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(Ferry,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>l'Anticonformiste</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>. Soit maintenant une expression géographiquement et historiquement située de ladite "démocratie" : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><i>la
France [qui] est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et
sociale [dans laquelle] </i></span><i style="text-align: left;"> </i><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><i>la
souveraineté nationale appartient au peuple qui l'exerce par ses
représentants et par la voie du référendum</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"
</span><span style="text-align: left;">(</span><u style="text-align: left;">Constitution du 4 octobre 1958</u><span style="text-align: left;">,
dite </span><u style="text-align: left;">Constitution de la V° République</u><span style="text-align: left;">, art. 1 et 3). Soit, enfin une référence on ne peut plus classique au grand penseur français de la démocratie : </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><i>les
peuples modernes qui se croient libres ont des représentants </i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><i>[…].
</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><i>Quoi
qu’il en soit, à l’instant qu’un peuple se donne des
représentants, il n’est plus libre, il n’est plus</i></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"
(Rousseau, </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><u>du
Contrat Social</u></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">,
III, xv). </span><span style="text-align: left;">À la lumière de ces quelques textes et d'autres encore (cf. notamment, l'article de Frédéric Lordon, </span><u style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blog.mondediplo.net/les-demeures-de-la-legitimite">les Demeurés de la Légitimité</a></u><span style="text-align: left;">) confrontés à l'<i>hubris </i>d'une bande de Tontons Macoutes</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc" style="text-align: left;"><sup>2</sup></a><span style="text-align: left;"> auto-proclamés représentants de notre République bananière afin d'imposer à coup de matraques et de grenades une "réforme des retraites" qui n'est soutenue que par une bande de soudards ivres de haine, de pouvoir et d'argent mais rejetée par 90 % des travailleurs (-euses), nous nous demanderons donc de quoi le mot "démocratie" est le nom ou, plus exactement, de quelle pathologie ce </span><i style="text-align: left;">flatus vocis</i><span style="text-align: left;"> est devenu le symptôme.</span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S'il faut en croire les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>media </i>occidentaux </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
l'unanimité, sur ce point comme sur la plupart des autres, n'a rien
pour nous étonner<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>,
nous</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Français,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
vivons, tous les cinq ans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"un
grand </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">événement</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
démocratique" : l'élection du Président de la République puis celle des députés à l'Assemblée Nationale au
suffrage universel direct. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Que
l'événement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">soit</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"grand", tant par sa durée</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que par son intensité ou par son importance (y compris si l'on prend</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'expression comme une antiphrase ironique</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
tout le monde en conviendra</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Mais en quoi </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t-il
"démocratique" ? </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
d'autres termes : à quoi reconnaît-on qu'un événement est
"démocratique" ? </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cédant
à une tentation métaphysicienne bien établie consistant à
présupposer une substance porteuse de toute propriété dénotée
par un adjectif<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a>,
nous transformeron</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la question en : à quoi reconnaît-on une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Qu'à cela ne tienne : cherchons donc des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critères</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
définitionnels du substantif "démocratie". Dans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
numéro 204 daté de mai 2009</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
magazine </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sciences
Humaines</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
on peut lire : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
quoi reconnaît-on une démocratie ? De même qu’il n’existe
pas une seule forme de démocratie, de même n’y a-t-il pas non
plus de critères officiels internationalement reconnus pour
qualifier un régime démocratique ou non. Cinq grands critères
apparaissent toutefois étroitement associés : </span></i></span></span></span></span><i>1</i><i>)</i><i>
</i><i>s</i><i>ouveraineté
du peuple</i><i>,</i><i>
</i><i>c</i><i>hoix
des dirigeants exerçant le pouvoir par la tenue d’élections
libres</i><i>
; </i><i>2</i><i>)</i><i>
</i><i>s</i><i>éparation
des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire</i><i>
; </i><i>3</i><i>)</i><i>
</i><i>é</i><i>galité
devant la loi ou règne de la loi</i><i>,</i><i>
</i><i>s</i><i>ystème
judiciaire jugeant sur la loi</i><i>,</i><i>
</i><i>c</i><i>haque
citoyen est soumis aux mêmes règles judiciaires, y compris ceux qui
font la loi et ceux qui l’appliquent</i><i>
; </i><i>4</i><i>)</i><i>
</i><i>g</i><i>arantie
des libertés fondamentales de conscience, d’opinion, de la presse,
de réunion</i><i>,</i><i>
</i><i>e</i><i>xistence
d’une opposition politique organisée, libre qui peut s’exprimer.
Indépendance de la presse et/ou des médias</i><i>
; </i><i>5</i><i>)</i><i>
</i><i>a</i><i>lternance
du pouvoir</i><i>,</i><i>
</i><i>c</i><i>ritère
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">a
posteriori</span><i>
qui se vérifie une fois que le pays a connu au moins deux
alternances</i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">op.
cit.</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ce
passage est significatif de l'embarras </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
de la confusion </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">où</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est plongé</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
quiconque </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">prétend</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
définir le concept de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Première
question : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ces
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">inq
grands critères</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont-ils
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vraiment</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
?</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">À
la question « comment sais-tu que ceci ou cela a lieu ? », nous
répondons parfois en indiquant des </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">critères</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et parfois de </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptômes</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Quand, en médecine, l'inflammation causée par tel bacille est
qualifiée d'angine et que, dans ce cas précis, nous demandons : «
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pourquoi
sais-tu que cet homme a une angine ? », la réponse : « J'ai trouvé
dans son sang le bacille X ou Y » nous indique le critère ou ce que
nous pouvons appeler le critère de définition de l'angine. Si, en
revanche, la réponse était : « Il a une inflammation de la gorge
», il nous indiquerait là un symptôme de l'angine. Par </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
je désigne un phénomène dont l'expérience que nous en faisons
est concomitante du phénomène qui est notre </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
définition</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Cahier Bleu</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">48</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
permet de répondre à la question : "comment sais-tu que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
?"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou "quelle raison as-tu d'affirmer que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
?"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
où </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">p
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
une proposition affirmant la satisfaction empirique d'un concept </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
En d'autres termes, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">p
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s'énonce
: "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
satisfait par ceci". Par exemple : "ceci est une angine"
avec le terme "angine" comme concept et "ceci"
comme désignant un contexte empirique</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(en l'occurrence, un certain état </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bactériologique</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
sorte que le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'angine sera, par exemple, de "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">trouv</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[er]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[le]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sang le bacille X ou Y</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">".
Le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
donc la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">raison</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
priori</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">constitue
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">définition</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Wittgenstein distingue le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: si le premier est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
priori</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
le second, en revanche, est le résultat d'une induction<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a>
portant sur la corrélation statistique entre le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
un certain phénomène empirique.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Dès lors, si le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nécessaire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en revanche, le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est
qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">hypothétique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
un outil de sélection des objets qui tombe</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sous un certain </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
de sorte que s'il est constaté que l'objet </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">o
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">possède
la qualité </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">q</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"posséder la qualité </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">q</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
étant le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la subsomption sous un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept
c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
alors, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nécessairement</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
l'objet </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">o
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tombe
sous le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept
c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a>.
Tandis que le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
une qualité</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
on aura, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
posteriori</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
constaté la présence statistiquement significative dans les objets
subsumés sous un certain </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
à condition, bien entendu, d'avoir déjà sélectionné suffisamment
d'objets satisfaisant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
et, donc, d'avoir déjà un ou plusieurs </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critères
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opérationnels
pour </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">définir
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Si
on admet avec Wittgenstein qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
propriété est interne quand il est impensable que son objet ne la
possède pas</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
4.123)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donc
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
propriété </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">interne
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
concept, tandis que le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
est une propriété </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">externe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ou, si l'on préfère, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">empirique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aspect</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">externe
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">empirique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
symptôme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
particulièrement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">manifeste</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
justement dans le domaine médical</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
où le progrès des connaissances permet </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">parfois
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">définir</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des pathologies</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dyssypmtomatiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">voire
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">asymptomatiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
La distinction wittgensteinienne entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s'inspire
de celle qu'établit Frege entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">caractère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
concept et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">propriété
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
objet : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
caractères qui composent le concept </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont
des propriétés des choses qui tombent sous ce concept</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Frege,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Fondements de l'Arithmétique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§53)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
En ce sens, les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">caractères</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">conceptuels</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">frégéens
sont, typiquement, des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critères
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">conceptuels
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">wittgensteiniens</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en ce qu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'ils</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ont pour fonction de dépeindre, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
priori</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">propriétés
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">empiriquement
constatables dans les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objets</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que subsume le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">A
contrario</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">propriétés
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">communes
à une proportion statistiquement significative d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objets</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
subsumés sous un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donné
mais qui ne sont pas pour autant des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">caractères
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
ce </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">correspondent
à ce que Wittgenstein appelle des "symptômes".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> À
la lumière de cette </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">clarification</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
préalable</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sur la notion de "critère"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
que penser des "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">inq
grands critères </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[qui]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">apparaissent
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
étroitement associés</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans la définition du concept de "démocratie" telle que
nous la livre le magazine </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sciences
Humaines</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
? </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
réponse ne peut être que celle-ci : la liste des cinq </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indices
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">proposés
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est
pas une liste </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">homogène
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Le premier </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indice</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en effet, n'est qu'une définition </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">étymologique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Définir la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">1)
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ouveraineté
du peuple</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">hoix
des dirigeants exerçant le pouvoir par la tenue d’élections
libres</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">",
en supposant que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
virgule remplace (pourquoi ?) la préposition "pour"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dire
que la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
pour abréger,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le "pouvoir du peuple" (en grec, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">τό
τού δῆμου κράτος</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c'est
comme définir la philosophie </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"amour
de la sagesse"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: c'est clair pour qui comprend déjà le concept, cela demeure
obscur pour qui ne le comprend pas. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dans
un cas, ce dernier demandera : "que faut-il comprendre par
"amour " ; que faut-il comprendre par "sagesse"
?", dans l'autre : "qu'entendez-vous par "pouvoir"
; qu'entendez-vous par "peuple" ?". On objectera que
définir le triangle comme "figure </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
trois angles" se heurte aux mêmes difficultés. Sauf que, sous
réserve de définir convenablement les termes "figures",
"trois" et "angles", une telle définition
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">étymologique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">permet,
au moins, de sélectionner une collection d'objets dans laquelle
l'ensemble des triangles est</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> déjà</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inclu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Autrement
dit, ces trois </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">caractères
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nécessaires
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sans
être </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">suffisant
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
définir le concept "triangle". </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mais,
si l'on retient "pouvoir du peuple" comme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de "démocratie"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en tant que synonyme de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ouveraineté
du peuple </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[dans
le] </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">hoix</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote13sym" name="sdfootnote13anc"><sup>13</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des dirigeants exerçant le pouvoir par la tenue d’élections
libres</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">caractère
nécessaire </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
concept de "démocratie", </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">doit-on
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">exclure
la forme originelle de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
celle qui se pratiquait à Athènes aux V° et IV° siècles av.
J.-C. et qui ne se manifestait pas "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
la tenue d’élections libres</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
? </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bref,
s'il est des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">étymologies
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
donnent</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
néanmoins,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des indications par défaut sur les objets qui tombent sous ce
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ce n'est pas le cas pour toutes, et, notamment pour celle de
"démocratie".</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Par
ailleurs, une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">étymologie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
concept </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
saurait constituer un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
concept </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">autre
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">raison
très simple : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
comme le montre Wittgenstein avec son exemple médical, est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">impliqué
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
le concept en tant que le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dénote
un phénomène-type (</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e.g.
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tel
tableau bactériologique</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
ou, plus exactement, un aspect jugé significatif du phénomène-type
dénoté par le concept (</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e.g.
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'angine)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
tandis qu'une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">étymologie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dénote
pas un phénomène (empirique) mais </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">suppute
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'origine</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">putative</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une
expression (linguistique). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
termes frégéens, nous dirons que la confusion entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
concept</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">étymologie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
concept illustre, typiquement, la confusion entre objet et mode de
présentation de l'objet<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote14sym" name="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>14</sup></a>, ou encore, comme dirait le linguiste Alfred Korzybski, entre la carte et le territoire. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tout
cela pour dire que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"pouvoir
du peuple", "souveraineté du peuple" et autres
expressions </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">étymologiquement
apparentées</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ne sont nullement des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critères
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">puisqu'elles
n</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'ont
pas pour </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">effet</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'opérer
une sélection entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
objets</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">candidats
au label "démocratie". Aussi parlerons-nous désormais, non pas de "critères" mais de "symptômes" de démocratie, ne fût-ce que parce que ce dernier terme connote implicitement un état pathologique, or c'est bien d'un état, voire d'un Etat pathologique qu'il est question lorsqu'on évoque <i>ad nauseam </i>l'idée de "démocratie"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Que
dire </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donc</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
second</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <i>symptôme</i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> proposé par </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sciences
Humaines</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">éparation
des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">?</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Tout le monde aura reconnu là l'art. 16 de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déclaration
des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de 1789 : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">toute
Société dans laquelle </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la séparation des Pouvoirs </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[n'est
pas] </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">déterminée
n'a point de Constitution</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">op.
cit.</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Article dont on attribue la paternité à Montesquieu : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
qu’on ne puisse abuser du pouvoir, il faut que, par la disposition
des choses, le pouvoir arrête le pouvoir. [Aussi] il n’y a point
encore de liberté si la puissance de juger n’est pas séparée de
la puissance législative et de l’exécutrice</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Montesquieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'Esprit
des Lois</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
voit tout de suite que ce second </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>symptôme</i> "séparation des pouvoirs" comme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">définitionnel
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aussi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
problématique que le premier. D'abord parce que la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déclaration</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de 1789 </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entend
faire</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la "séparation des pouvoirs" un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">constitutionnalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et non pas de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or,
si on entend par "constitution", dans le sens le plus
général, un ensemble de principes, écrits ou non<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote15sym" name="sdfootnote15anc"><sup>15</sup></a>
qui règlent </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
façon opérationnelle </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
relations entre les différentes institutions publiques de pouvoir,
raison pour laquelle si celles-ci ne sont pas distinctes, il ne
saurait y avoir de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">constitution</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mais seulement de l'arbitraire et du contingent, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
ne voit pas pourquoi il n'y aurait pas de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">constitution
non-démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
troisième Reich allemand en est une parfaite illustration puisqu'il
s'est parfaitement accommodé de la Constitution de Weimar, du moins
dans la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">lettre</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sinon, évidemment, dans l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">esprit</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote16sym" name="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Par ailleurs, à supposer même que la "séparation des
pouvoirs" soit, effectivement, un élément de la définition de
la</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
encore faudrait-il préciser, pour en faire un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ce que l'on doit entendre par "séparation". À cet égard,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">très</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">embarrassant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cette</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"séparation" soit </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">envisagée</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de façon aussi antinomique </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
Constitutions</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
pourtant paradigmes historiques de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
l'occurrence</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celle
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la France et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celle
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
États-Unis : dans un cas, le Président de la République (pouvoir
exécutif)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est autorisé, en vertu de l'art. 12,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dissoudre l'Assemblée Nationale (pouvoir législatif)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et se voit confier, en vertu de l'art. 65, la présidence du Conseil
Supérieur de la Magistrature (pouvoir judiciaire) ; dans l'autre
cas, les art. 1, 2 et 3 confient, explicitement, chacun des trois
"pouvoirs", respectivement au Congrès, au Président des
États-Unis et à la Cour Suprême. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Même
s'il n'est pas du tout certain que cette différence d'écriture
détermine, dans les faits, une différence </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vraiment
significative</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans les pratiques politiques</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
il reste que la notion de "séparation des pouvoirs" est
tout sauf univoque et ne peut donc être considérée comme un
critère de quoi que ce soit.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Notamment de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
Montesquieu fait état dans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'Esprit
des Lois</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rappelons
que Montesquieu s'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inspire
du modèle britannique de fonctionnement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
institutions</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
notamment dans son évolution à la suite de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">English
Civil War</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
les épisodes se sont étalés entre 1642 et 1651<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote17sym" name="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Montesquieu </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">établit</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
donc </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
relation entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
"séparation des pouvoirs" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
non pas "démocratie" mais </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"liberté"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par quoi il entend</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'existence politique d'une sorte d'équilibre des pouvoirs
institutionnels, en l'occurrence, ici, entre le pouvoir exécutif et
le pouvoir législatif, équilibre attesté, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
facto</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
par la révolte réussie de celui-ci contre celui-là. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cependant,
qu'il s'agisse ou non de "démocratie", de "constitution"
ou de "liberté", dans tous les cas, les</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"pouvoirs" ne sont </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">jamais
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"séparés"
que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">formellement</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et non </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réellement</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans la mesure où</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ils sont toujours transcendés par un ou plusieurs principe(s)
commun(s) intangible(s), notamment tels qu'ils sont stipulés par les
préambules des Constitutions écrites</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et, bien entendu aussi (nous le verrons plus loin), par tout un
ensemble de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythes
fondateurs</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
plus ou moins conscients</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Donc,
faute de définir précisément ce qu'on entend par</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">là</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
on </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">doit
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dire
que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
à la nuance étymologique près,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"séparation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(ou
équilibre) </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
pouvoirs" est aussi </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tautologiquement
supposé </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">constitution</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et par "liberté"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que "pouvoir du peuple"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par "démocratie". </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Par
ailleurs, même à supposer que la</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"séparation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(ou équilibre)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des pouvoirs" fût un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">constitutionnalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la relation conceptuelle entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'une part, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">constitution
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'autre
part, est loin d'être établie. Doit-on rappeler que, pour Platon,
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
liberté </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
une cité démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[...] </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
le plus beau de tous les biens</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
[Aussi],</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">orsqu’une
cité démocratique, altérée de liberté, trouve dans ses chefs de
mauvais échansons, elle s’enivre de ce vin pur au-delà de toute
décence</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or,
vois-tu le résultat de tous ces abus accumulés ? Conçois-tu
bien qu’ils rendent l’âme des citoyens tellement ombrageuse qu’à
la moindre apparence de contrainte ceux-ci s’indignent et se
révoltent ? Et ils en viennent à la fin, tu le sais, à ne
plus s’inquiéter des lois écrites, afin de n’avoir absolument
aucun maître. Eh bien ! c’est ce gouvernement si beau et si
juvénile qui donne naissance à la tyrannie. </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">…</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Ainsi, l’excès de liberté doit aboutir à un excès de servitude,
et dans l’individu, et dans l’</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">É</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tat</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Platon,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">République</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
VIII, 562b-564a) ? Ce qui explique que, pour Platon </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">toujours</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Cité démocratique </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[qui]</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
déborde de liberté et de franc-parler</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[...] </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
comme un vêtement bigarré [</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ἱμάτιον
ποικίλον</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
qui offre toute une variété de couleurs [...] c’est un </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">bazar
à constitution [</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">παντοπώλιον
πολιτειῶν</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Platon,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">République</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
VIII, 557 c-d) ?</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
On dira que l'acception platonicienne de ces trois concepts est
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">historiquement
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dépassée,
qu'elle ne correspond en rien à l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eur
acception moderne</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Peut-être bien. Il reste que, d'une part </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'exemple
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
République de Weimar</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
réputée</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">modernement</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
a </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pourtant
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bien
débouché sur cette forme </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout
aussi moderne</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tyrannie</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qu'a été le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">totalitarisme
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nazi<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote18sym" name="sdfootnote18anc"><sup>18</sup></a>,
et, d'autre part, il existe au moins un sens</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fût-il
dépassé,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"liberté"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de "constitution</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
de "démocratie" </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui,
même en admettant que la "séparation des pouvoirs" y soit
présupposée, n</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
font nullement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
deux premiers termes des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">définitionnel</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du troisième.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Examinons
à présent, non pas </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">candidat
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">suivant
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
titre de "critère de la démocratie"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mais le 4° </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><i>symptôme</i><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(la
raison va en apparaître rapidement)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">g</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">arantie
des libertés fondamentales de conscience, d’opinion, de la presse,
de réunion</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">xistence
d’une opposition politique organisée, libre qui peut s’exprimer.
Indépendance de la presse et/ou des médias</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Notons immédiatement qu'il n'est pas question ici de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
en général, au sens où, par exemple, Aristote, Rousseau ou
Tocqueville en ont parlé, mais de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">certaines
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">libertés
jugées "fondamentales"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Voilà
un procédé argumentatif cher aux </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">justement
nommés "libéraux"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
se prévalent </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
concept de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
contentant de donner</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
seulement quelques </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">exemples
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
libertés, ce qui les dispense de définir leur concept soit par son
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">intension
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(en
énumérant </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critères
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
soit par son </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">extension
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(en
énumérant toutes les </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">libertés</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
donc</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">laissant</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
pas</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans l'ombre les </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">libertés
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">jugées
secondaires). </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Et
on constate, en </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout
cas</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
que les </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">exemples
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donnés
par </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sciences
Humaines</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ont leurs lettres de noblesse. </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Les
"libertés" de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">conscience
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réunion
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont,
respectivement, garanties par les art. 18 ("</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">toute
personne a droit à la liberté de pensée, de conscience et de
religion</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">")
et 20 ("</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">toute
personne a droit à la liberté de réunion et d'association
pacifiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">")
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déclaration
Universelle des Droits de l'Homme</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de 1948</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Celles d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">opinion
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">communication
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
les art. 10 ("</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nul
ne doit être inquiété pour ses opinions, même religieuses, pourvu
que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l'ordre public établi par la
Loi</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">")
et 11 ("</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
libre communication des pensées et des opinions est un des droits
les plus précieux de l'Homme : tout Citoyen peut donc parler,
écrire, imprimer librement, sauf à répondre à l'abus de cette
liberté dans les cas déterminés par la Loi</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">")
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déclaration
des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de 1789. Remarquons </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'embarras,
si ce n'est la confusion, avec lesquels l'auteur de l'article
interprète la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
de communication</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
D'abord parce que celle-ci se trouve restreinte</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la presse </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et/ou
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
médias</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
comme si la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">press</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
et/ou les médias</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">était
ce sans quoi la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">libre
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">communication
des pensées et des opinions se révélait impossible, du moins en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote19sym" name="sdfootnote19anc"><sup>19</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ensuite
parce qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
est question de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la presse </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et/ou</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des médias</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: quel est le bon connecteur, le "et" ou</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
bien</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le "ou" ?</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Comme la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">presse
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fait,
évidemment, partie des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">médias</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
parler de la liberté de la presse </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
médias, n'est-ce pas parler, tout simplement, de "liberté de
la presse"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">?
Et parler de la liberté de la presse </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
médias, n'est-ce pas </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">évoquer</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
tout simplement, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"liberté des médias"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">?<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote20sym" name="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>20</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Enfin parce </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cet
embarras est exprimé dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">proposition
nominale assimilant, en l'occurrence, la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indépendance</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ndépendance
de la presse et/ou des médias</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">".
Outre que l'assimilation de ces deux concepts est</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en soi,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
très problématique<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote21sym" name="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nous ne développerons pas plus avant, pour la bonne raison que nous
l'avons déjà fait par ailleurs, l'abîme de perplexité en quoi
nous jette </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cette
assimilation dans le cas particulier "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la presse et/ou des médias</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote22sym" name="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Encore une fois, on ne peut qu'être surpris par ce manque de rigueur
conceptuelle, dans un magazine prétendument "scientifique",
dans l'utilisation dans cette notion de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui, malgré son importance historique, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
peut donc revendiquer le titre de "critère" de la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Toutefois, si </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
exploite la distinction wittgensteinienne entre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dire
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">montrer</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote23sym" name="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
on est obligé d'admettre que, si ce quatrième </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><i>symptôme</i><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ne </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dit</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
rien qui </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">puisse
nous servir à reconnaître une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en revanche, ce qu'il </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">montre
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
particulièrement intéressant</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
En effet, que </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">montre
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
tel laxisme conceptuel, sinon que c'est justement, la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralité</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des conceptions "démocratiques" de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire, en réalité, l'extension flottante du concept de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
fondamentale</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
qui constitue le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
nous recherchons<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote24sym" name="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
À défaut de constater </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
telle subtilité dans les lignes de notre magazine "scientifique",
nous la rencontrons chez quelques grands "libéraux". Par
exemple, lorsque Hannah Arendt fait du </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralisme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'horizon
indépassable d'une nature humaine fondamentalement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’action
humaine, comme tous les phénomènes strictement politiques, a partie
liée avec la pluralité humaine, qui est l’une des conditions
fondamentales de la vie humaine dans la mesure où celle-ci repose
sur le fait de la natalité. Grâce à celle-ci, le monde humain est
constamment envahi par des étrangers, c’est-à-dire des nouveaux
venus dont les actions ne peuvent être prévues par ceux qui sont
déjà là et vont s’en aller sous peu</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Crise de la Culture</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, i). Ou, mieux encore, chez John Rawls qui écrit que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
conditions historiques et sociales des sociétés démocratiques
modernes [sont :] a) le fait du pluralisme, b) le fait de sa
permanence ainsi que c) le fait que ce pluralisme</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
peut être surmonté uniquement par l'usage tyrannique du pouvoir de
l'État [...]. Il peut sembler plus naturel de croire, ainsi que la
pratique séculaire de l'intolérance le confirme, que l'unité et la
concorde sociales exigent un accord sur une doctrine générale et
compréhensive [...]. L'affaiblissement de cette croyance contribue à
ouvrir la voie à des institutions libérales</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Rawls,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Justice
et Démocratie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
v, 7).</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Deux
remarques s'imposent ici. D'abord que n</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
Arendt ni Rawls ne définissent positivement la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mais </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'une
et l'autre s'évertuent à circonscrire ce concept en </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">montrant
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
qu'elle n'est pas, à savoir, respectivement, le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">totalitarisme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">utilitarisme</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ensuite
et corrélativement, tous ces concepts et, donc, en particulier,
celui de "démocratie", </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">subsument</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
conceptions </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">intellectuelles
("libérales") </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la vie humaine</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et non pas des conditions humaines empiriques</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Ainsi, au lieu de dire que la</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
entendue comme</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nous dirons </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">plutôt
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
c'est un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
conception arendtienne de la</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vie
active </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c'est
par le verbe et l'acte que nous nous insérons dans le monde humain,
et cette insertion est comme une seconde naissance dans laquelle nous
confirmons et assumons le fait brut de notre apparition physique
originelle. Cette insertion ne nous est pas imposée, comme le
travail, par la nécessité, nous n'y somme pas engagés par
l'utilité comme à l'œuvre</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Condition
de l’Homme Moderne</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
v, 1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
même</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
façon</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nous dirons que c'est un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
conception rawlsienne de la</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vie
juste </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
théorie de la justice, en elle-même, ne favorise aucune forme de
régime. Comme nous l’avons vu, la question de savoir quel système
est le meilleur pour un peuple donné dépend des circonstances, des
institutions et des traditions historiques. [...] Une société
démocratique peut choisir, à cause des avantages qui y sont liés,
un système de marché et ensuite établir les institutions de base
nécessaire à la justice. Cette décision politique, tout comme la
réglementation des institutions correspondantes, peut être
parfaitement libre et raisonnée</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rawls,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Théorie
de la Justice</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§43). Pour </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Arendt</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme pour </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rawls</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
donc, la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralité</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">libertés</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est, finalement, un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vie
bonne</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
La substitution de "démocratie" à "vie bonne"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"vie active" ou "vie juste"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ne pose aucun problème à condition </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
comprendre que ce sont là, en termes frégéens, des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concepts
de second ordre</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
autrement dit des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concepts</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
subsument d'autres</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
concepts </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">("société
de marché", "société planifiée", </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"société
de loisir", "société de culture", etc.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et non pas des faits empiriques</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
d'autres termes</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralisme</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des libertés</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
n'est pas une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">propriété
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objets</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
empiriques (des États, des peuples, des époques historiques, etc.),
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">car
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
ne sont pas </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eux</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui seront réputés </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralistes</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mais </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
conceptions</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sociologiques, historiques, philosophiques, etc</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
décrivent de tels </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objets</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bref,
ce quatrième </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><i>symptôme</i><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est
pas un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
reconnaître des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mais pour reconnaître des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(re-)constructions</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">intellectuelles
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Forts
de cette nuance importante, revenons au 3° </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">censé
être </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">3)
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">galité
devant la loi ou règne de la loi</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ystème
judiciaire jugeant sur la loi</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">haque
citoyen est soumis aux mêmes règles judiciaires, y compris ceux qui
font la loi et ceux qui l’appliquent</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">".</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
peut se demander</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: pourquoi faire de "l'égalité devant la loi" et non pas
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"l'égalité"
tout court le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
demandé ? </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rappelons
que, pour Aristote, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">si
c'est en démocratie que se trouvent principalement, comme le
soutiennent certains, la liberté et l'égalité</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ἐλευθέρια
καὶ ἰσονομία</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">],
il en sera ainsi principalement si tous partagent</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la même manière le pouvoir politique [</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">πολιτεία</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Politique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
IV, 1291b). </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hez
les Grecs, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
semble aller de soi </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
dans son acception sociale </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">empirique</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">consiste</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
non pas </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
égalité </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">devant
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
loi</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mais </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
égalité </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">avant</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la loi</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
non pas une égalité </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">juridique</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mais une égalité </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
le terme </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politeïa
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">correspondant
chez Aristote, comme on le voit, à "pouvoir politique" et
étant souvent traduit, nous l'avons dit plus haut, par
"constitution". Il y a donc là l'idée d'une communauté
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nature
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">supposée
partagée par </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égaux</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ce qui semble, là encore, tautologiquement supposé par le concept
de "pouvoir du peuple" dont on se plaît à rappeler la
synonymie avec "démocratie"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alors
d'où vient la réduction de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
de droit(s)</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">?
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pour
Alexis de Tocqueville, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
exemple, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
indiscutablement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tandis
que, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
les sociétés aristocratiques, tous les citoyens sont placés à
poste fixe, les uns au-dessus des autres, il en résulte encore que
chacun d'entre eux aperçoit toujours plus haut que lui un homme dont
la protection lui est nécessaire, et plus bas il en découvre un
autre dont il peut réclamer le concours</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Tocqueville,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la Démocratie en Amérique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, ii, 2), en revanche, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
demandez point quel charme singulier trouvent les hommes des âges
démocratiques à vivre en égaux, ni les raisons particulières
qu'ils peuvent avoir de s'attacher si obstinément à l'égalité
plutôt qu'aux autres biens que la société leur présente :
l'égalité forme le caractère distinctif de l'époque où ils
vivent ; cela seul suffit pour expliquer qu'ils la préfèrent à
tout le reste</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Tocqueville,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la Démocratie en Amérique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, ii, 1).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Mais, lorsqu'il parle d'une véritable</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"passion
démocratique" pour l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est bien de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
réelle de conditions </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'il
est question : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
première et la plus vive des passions que l'égalité des conditions
fait naître, je n'ai pas besoin de le dire, c'est l'amour de cette
même égalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Tocqueville,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la Démocratie en Amérique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, ii, 1)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et, certainement pas, d'une simple </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
formelle devant la loi</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Aussi, n'hésite-t-il pas à écrire, à propos des États-Unis
d'Amérique des années 1830 que "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
grand avantage des Américains est d'être arrivés à la démocratie
sans avoir à souffrir de révolutions démocratiques, et d'être nés
égaux au lieu de le devenir</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Tocqueville,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la Démocratie en Amérique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, ii, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
La pertinence socio-historique d'une telle affirmation<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote25sym" name="sdfootnote25anc"><sup>25</sup></a>
importe peu pour notre propos. Ce qu'il faut retenir, nous
semble-t-il, c'est que, pour l'auteur, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
désir d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
des conditions</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
cet </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">élan
démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
peu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ven</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
tout à fait être naturel</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et non acquis<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote26sym" name="sdfootnote26anc"><sup>26</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Alors comment en </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est-on
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">arriv</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à réduire l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
des conditions </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
des droits</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
?</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Près
d'un siècle avant Tocqueville, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rousseau
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">conçoi[t]
dans l’espèce humaine deux sortes d’inégalité : l’une,
qu['il] j’appelle naturelle ou physique, parce qu’elle est
établie par la nature, et qui consiste dans la différence des âges,
de la santé, des forces du corps et des qualités de l’esprit ou
de l’âme ; l’autre, qu’on peut appeler inégalité morale ou
politique, parce qu’elle dépend d’une sorte de convention, et
qu’elle est établie, ou du moins autorisée par le consentement
des hommes. Celle-ci consiste dans les différents privilèges dont
quelques-uns jouissent au préjudice des autres, comme d’être plus
riches, plus honorés, plus puissants qu’eux, ou même de s’en
faire obéir</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Discours
sur l’Origine de l’Inégalité</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
exorde). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pour
Rousseau, il n'y a aucune raison pour que les hommes soient</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
naturellement </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">physiquement</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
égaux</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Qu'il y ait nécessairement au moins une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">différence</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
entre deux êtres humains </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">distincts</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
découle du principe logique général de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">identité
des indiscernables</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: si deux choses sont </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indiscernables</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
alors elles sont </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">identiques
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et,
conversement, si deux choses ne sont pas </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">identiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
alors elles sont </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">discernables</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote27sym" name="sdfootnote27anc"><sup>27</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
En revanche, il n'y </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pas
plus de raison </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
que les hommes soient </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">moralement
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politiquement
inégaux</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
puisqu'une telle </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">inégalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">consiste
dans les différents privilèges dont quelques-uns jouissent au
préjudice des autres</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et abolit ainsi la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
jouissent les hommes à l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">état
de nature</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Dès lors, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">si
l’on recherche en quoi précisément consiste le plus grand bien de
tous, qui doit être la fin de tout système de législation, on
trouvera qu’il se réduit à deux objets principaux, la liberté et
l’égalité : la liberté parce que toute dépendance particulière
est autant de force ôtée au corps de l’État ; l’égalité
parce que la liberté ne peut subsister sans elle. J’ai déjà dit
ce que c’est que la liberté civile</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote28sym" name="sdfootnote28anc"><sup>28</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: à l’égard de l’égalité, il ne faut pas entendre par ce mot
que les degrés de puissance et de richesse soient absolument les
mêmes ; mais que, quant à la puissance, elle soit au-dessus de
toute violence et ne s’exerce jamais qu’en vertu du rang et des
lois, et, quant à la richesse, que nul citoyen ne soit assez opulent
pour en pouvoir acheter un autre et nul assez pauvre pour être
contraint de se vendre. Ce qui suppose, du côté des grands,
modérations de biens et de crédit, et, du côté des petits,
modération d’avarice et de convoitise. Cette égalité,
disent-ils, est une chimère de spéculation qui ne peut exister dans
la pratique. Mais si l’abus est inévitable, s’ensuit-il qu’il
ne faille pas au moins le régler ? C’est précisément parce que
la force des choses tend toujours à détruire l’égalité, que la
force de la législation doit toujours tendre à la
maintenir</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Contrat Social</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, 11).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pour
Rousseau</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
si la valeur politique cardinale est la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vestige
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nostalgi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">état
de nature</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
et si l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
est une condition nécessaire, alors</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
n’y a donc point de liberté sans lois, ni où quelqu’un est
au-dessus des lois</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lettres
écrites de la Montagne</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
VIII)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote29sym" name="sdfootnote29anc"><sup>29</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Mais, soucieux de préserver la consistance de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">son
principe d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">inégalité
physique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
naturelle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Rousseau précise aussitôt qu'"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
ne faut pas entendre par ce mot </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[d'"égalité"]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
les degrés de puissance et de richesse soient absolument les mêmes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">".
Toutefois, conscient de la difficulté pratique de rendre l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
politique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
compatible avec l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">inégalité
physique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
conscient que "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’abus
est inévitable</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">",
il conclut que "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">’est
précisément parce que la force </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[physique]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
choses tend toujours à détruire l’égalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[politique]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
que la force de la législation doit toujours tendre à la
maintenir</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
laquelle "force de la législation" étant à la fois
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">physique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(dotée
d'efficace) et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(considérée comme juste). Bref, si l'on veut que cette notion ne
soit pas une simple "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">chimère
de spéculation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">",
il n'y a plus d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'à
l'égard de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">loi
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
d'une part</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est la même pour tous les citoyens et</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
d'autre part,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ne donne à chacun d'entre eux le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">droit
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
se distinguer que dans une certaine mesure</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
elle même parfaitement abstraite</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote30sym" name="sdfootnote30anc"><sup>30</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
L'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
de droit(s)</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
autrement dit l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
au sens de Rousseau, n'a donc rien d'une "passion" au sens
de Tocqueville mais se trouve être </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">problème
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rationnel</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fondamental qui est posé à l'espèce humaine. Aussi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
cette acception </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">très
restrictive </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est-elle,
chez Rousseau, un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
de sociabilité </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">conforme
à la nature humaine en général plutôt que de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme forme particulière de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sociabilité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote31sym" name="sdfootnote31anc"><sup>31</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
D'où la construction intellectuelle du fameux </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
"contrat social"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">acte
d’association qui produit un corps moral et collectif [...], un </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">moi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
commun doté de vie et de volonté, [...] une personne publique qui
se forme ainsi par l’union de toutes les autres qui prenait
autrefois le nom de Cité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Contrat Social</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, 6)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et donc comme soubassement de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
de droits</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">E</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
effet, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'idée
même de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contrat</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
à plus forte raison de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contrat
social</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">suppose</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
certaine sorte</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des contractants à l'égard des termes de ce </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contrat</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en l'occurrence, une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
négative </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
ne dit rien sur le contenu </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">matériel
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
cette </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais
qui </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
borne à </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">exclu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">re</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
priori</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">formes
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inacceptables</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à l'égard desquelles le contractant engage sa </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">responsabilité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">personnelle</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote32sym" name="sdfootnote32anc"><sup>32</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'est
pourquoi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
même que les chrétiens sont égaux au Ciel et inégaux sur terre,
les membres du peuple sont égaux dans le Ciel de leur monde
politique et inégaux dans l’existence terrestre de la société
bourgeoise</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[...]. La démocratie est en quelque sorte, à toutes les autres
formes de l'État, ce que le christianisme est à toutes les autres
formes de religion</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Marx,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Critique
de la Philosophie du Droit de Hegel</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Voilà</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
pourquoi nous inclinerions à tenir l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
devant la loi </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
le fait que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">haque
citoyen est soumis aux mêmes règles judiciaires, y compris ceux qui
font la loi et ceux qui l’appliquent</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
un véritable </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en tout cas dans la forme et le développement historiques que lui a
donné</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le capitalisme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Il reste que, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
Marx, "démocratie" est clairement un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de second ordre puisque </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'égalité
formelle</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote33sym" name="sdfootnote33anc"><sup>33</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
contractants à l'égard d'une seule et même </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">responsabilité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
lui sert de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est
pas une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">propriété
d'objets</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(en l'occurrence, d'êtres humains réels), mais une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">propriété
de concepts</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(en l'occurrence, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">conceptions
"religieuse</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote34sym" name="sdfootnote34anc"><sup>34</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la vie humaine). </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">John
Rawls n'en disconvient pas qui affirme que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
ne devons pas penser</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le contrat originel soit conçu pour nous engager à entrer dans une
société particulière ou pour établir une forme particulière de
gouvernement. L'idée qui nous guidera est plutôt que les principes
de la justice valable pour la structure de base de la société sont
l'objet de l'accord originel</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote35sym" name="sdfootnote35anc"><sup>35</sup></a>"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rawls,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Théorie
de la Justice</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
soupçon que nous faisions</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
planer sur l'aspect </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">formel</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire dépourvu de contenu </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">matériel</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
concept de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
confirme : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critères</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égal</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">responsabilité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
tous les</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
citoyen</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
comme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">celui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
conception du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">bien
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">juste</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
permet pas de décider si </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objet
empirique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déterminé
mérite ou non le label </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"démocratie".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Que le dernier des cinq </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptômes </span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">a</em><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>lternance du pouvoir</i>")</span><em style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">,</em><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i> </i>"</span><em style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">c</em><em style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">ritère </em><em style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">a posteriori</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><i> </i>(sic !)<i> qui se vérifie une fois que le pays a connu au moins deux</i></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote36sym" name="sdfootnote36anc"><sup>36</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> alternances</em><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">"</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">) </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>soit
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>tenu
pour</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
significatif, voilà qui n'est pas sans importance.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
Car ce n'est jamais qu'une expression particulière </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
c</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>e
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>instabilité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui,
depuis Platon, est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>reconnu
comme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>l'une
des constantes historiques (sinon conceptuelles) de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratie.
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>On
sait que, pour Hannah Arendt, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>les
mouvements totalitaires faisaient apparaître ce qu’aucun organe de
l’opinion publique n’avait jamais pu montrer : le régime
démocratique reposait autant sur l’approbation et la tolérance
silencieuse des couches muettes et indifférentes de la population,
que sur les institutions et les organisations explicites et visibles
du pays [...]. Mais l’indifférence</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote37sym" name="sdfootnote37anc"><sup>37</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
à l’égard des affaires publiques, la neutralité en matière
politique, ne sont pas en elle-même une cause suffisante pour le
développement de mouvements totalitaires. La société bourgeoise,
fondée sur la compétition et l’acquisition, avait provoqué
l’apathie, et même l’hostilité envers la vie publique, non
seulement dans les couches sociales qu’elle exploitait et qu’elle
excluait de la participation active de la gestion du pays, mais avant
tout dans sa propre classe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>le
Système Totalitaire</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
i, 1). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Autrement
dit, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>ce
vers quoi tend l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>instabilité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>conçue
comme forme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>historique</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
d'organisation politique</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>c'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>est
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>totalitarisme</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
pour Arendt comme c'est la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>tyrannie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>pour
P</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>aton</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Et
pour Rawls, c'est l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>utilitarisme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>dont
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>l'idée
principale est qu'une société est bien ordonnée et, par là même,
juste quand ses institutions majeures sont organisées de manière à
réaliser la plus grande somme totale de satisfaction pour l'ensemble
des individus qui en font partie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Rawls,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Théorie
de la Justice</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
§</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>5</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
Il n'est pas exclu d'ailleurs que ce ne soit là qu'une étape vers
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>tyrannie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>ou
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>totalitarisme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>dans
la mesure où</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>les
inégalités peuvent être si grandes qu’elles suscitent l’envie
jusqu’à un niveau socialement dangereux et qu’elles peuvent
amener les plus défavorisé à éprouver du ressentiment contre une
société qui permet de telles disparités</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Rawls,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Théorie
de la Justice</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
§80)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
On voit bien que ne retenir que l'aspect "alternance" du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>instabilité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
démocratique, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>c'est
comme s'arrêter au léger vent coulis qui précède un ouragan :
c'est fermer les yeux sur les conséquences à long terme du
phénomène. Or, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
telles </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>conséquences</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>sont
loin d'être de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>vaines</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
spéculations engendrées par ce que la phraséologie médiatique
dominante nomme "les déclinologues". Il n'échappe à
personne, en effet, que la d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>octrine
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>utilitariste</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>une
fois </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>requalifiée</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
en </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>pragmatisme</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote38sym" name="sdfootnote38anc"><sup>38</sup></a>,
est</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
aujourd'hui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
un dogme de politique économique partagé </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>à
peu près partout dans le monde</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
sous la forme de l'obsession de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>croissance
du P.I.B.</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
et ce, nonobstant le creusement des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>inégalités
réelles</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
entre revenus et, surtout, patrimoines des agents économiques</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
dans le monde capitaliste, autrement dit dans le monde tout court<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote39sym" name="sdfootnote39anc"><sup>39</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
Quant au </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>totalitarisme</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
à quoi aboutit le désintérêt général pour la chose publique et
donc, en particulier, pour la vigilance critique et, le cas échéant,
pour la lutte sociale</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
rappelons avec </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Hannah
Arendt</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
qu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>e
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>l</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>e
totalitarisme ne tend pas vers un règne despotique sur les hommes,
mais vers un système dans lequel les hommes sont de trop. [</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>De
telle sorte que</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>l</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>es
solutions totalitaires peuvent d'ailleurs fort bien survivre à la
chute des régimes totalitaires, sous la forme de tentations fortes
qui surgiront chaque fois qu'il semblera impossible de soulager la
misère politique, sociale et économique d'une manière qui soit
digne de l'homme</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>le
Système Totalitaire</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
iii-iv)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
Nous sommes donc, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>avec
la notion d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>alternance
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>euphémisant
celle d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>instabilité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>effectivement,
en présence d'un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>symptôme
de démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
particulièrement pertinent du point de vue de l'évolution
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>historique
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>la
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>comme
expression </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>superstructurelle<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote40sym" name="sdfootnote40anc"><sup>40</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>du
capitalisme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bref, comme le souligne Kelsen, </span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
mot d’ordre « démocratie » domine les esprits à notre
époque d’une façon presque générale. Mais précisément pour
cette raison, le mot, comme tout mot d’ordre, perd son sens précis.
Par le fait que pour obéir à la mode politique on croit devoir
l’utiliser à toutes les fins possibles et en toute occasion. Cette
notion dont on abuse plus que de tout autre notion politique prend
les sens les plus divers, voire même contradictoires</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Hans
Kelsen, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Théorie Pure du Droit</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dans
la suite de notre article, nous </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">allons
néanmoins tenter de cerner un schème conceptuel subsumant les
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
intéress</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ant
tout particulièrement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ces
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">deux
autres </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptômes
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pathologiques
que sont, d'une part l'obsession de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
élective</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
d'autre part, l'obsession du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contrôle
normatif.</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
fine</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nous verrons que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">si
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">instabilité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
bien un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
il existe néanmoins une conception </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">spéculative
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(disons
"utopique" par opposition à "historique") qui
fait</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
au contraire,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">stabilité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">son
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">essentiel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/07/de-quoi-la-democratie-est-elle-le-nom_5.html">à suivre dans ...</a>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>R</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">éférence à l'essai du politologue américain Francis Fukuyama paru en 1992 et intitulé </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">the End of History and the Last Man</u><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote2">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>Nom donné aux sbires sanglants de feu le dictateur Haïtien François Duvalier ("Papa Doc").</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote3">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/04/post-verite-post-politique-post-humanite.html">Post-Vérité,
Post-Politique, Post-Humanité</a>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote4">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>On
passera ainsi de l'adjectif "inconscient" au substantif
"l'inconscient", de l'adjectif "divin" au
substantif "Dieu", de l'adjectif "beau" au
substantif "beauté", etc.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote5">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote5anc" name="sdfootnote5sym">5</a>Certes,
<span style="color: black;">"</span><span style="color: black;"><i>souvent
</i></span><span style="color: black;"><i>nous
sommes incapables de définir clairement les termes que nous
utilisons, non parce que nous ne connaissons pas leur vraie
définition, mais parce qu’ils n’ont pas de vraie définition
[…] ; mais il ne s’agit pas d’un défaut : penser le contraire
serait comme dire que la lumière de ma lampe n’a rien d’une
véritable lumière parce qu’elle n’a pas de frontières
nettes</i></span><span style="color: black;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span><span style="color: black;"><u>le
Cahier Bleu</u></span><span style="color: black;">,
26-28). Sauf que </span><span style="color: black;">ce
que dit </span><span style="color: black;">Wittgenstein</span><span style="color: black;">
</span><span style="color: black;">ne
s'applique pas aux</span><span style="color: black;">
termes scientifiques (d'où le "souvent") ou, en tout cas,
qui ont cette prétention. Or, nous parlons couramment (à tort ou à
raison) de "science politique"</span><span style="color: black;">,
de "politologue", etc</span><span style="color: black;">.
De sorte que, si le terme "démocratie" est un concept
appartenant à la "science" politique, alors il y a bien
</span><span style="color: black;">lieu
de</span><span style="color: black;">
le définir.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote6">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a>Notre
exemple porte sur un seul <i>critère</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Mais il va de soi que la </span><i>raison </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de
répondre à la question "comment </span><span style="font-style: normal;">sais-tu
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">(ou pourquoi</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
affirmes-tu</span><span style="font-style: normal;">) </span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">que </span><i>p</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
?" peut consister en une </span><i>conjonction </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de
</span><i>critères</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote7">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a>Rappelons
que l'<i>induction</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, encore
appelée "généralisation empirique",</span><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">est
une "</span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>inférence
[qui] se fonde entièrement sur l’expérience passée pour autant
que la créature attend de l’objet présent les mêmes
conséquences qui [...] résultèrent d’objets semblables</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Hume,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Enquête
sur l’Entendement Humain</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
IX). </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote8">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"Posséder
la qualité </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">q</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
est un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
permet de sélectionner les candidats à un concours, par exemple</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote9">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Les
concepts sous lesquels tombent un objet sont propriétés de cet
objet, ainsi “être F est une propriété de A” est une autre
manière de dire “A tombe sous le concept F” </i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">[“A
est un F”]. </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Si
l’objet A possède les propriétés F, G, H, je peux réunir ces
propriétés en W. Et il revient au même de dire “A possède la
propriété W” ou bien “A possède les propriétés F,G,H”. Je
dis que F,G,H, sont les propriétés de A et sont les caractères du
concept W</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Frege,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Concept et
Objet</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">)</span></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote10">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/1994/06/frege-et-le-sens-des-noms-propres.html">Frege
et le Sens des Noms Propres</a><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote11">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a><span style="font-style: normal;">Qu'entendre</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
d'ailleurs,</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> par </span><i>indices</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
"</span><i>étroitement associés</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"
? Conjoints ? Synonymes ? S'impliquant les uns les autres ? </span><span style="font-style: normal;">Chaque
p</span><span style="font-style: normal;">ropriété</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
est-elle</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span><i>suffisante
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">ou simplement </span><i>nécessaire
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">?</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote12">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a><span style="font-style: normal;">Ce
qui est déjà très problématique : pourquoi </span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">la </span><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span><i>souveraineté
du peuple</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span><i>
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">devrait-elle, </span><i>ipso
facto</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span><span style="font-style: normal;">se
borner au</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span>"<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">hoix
des dirigeants exerçant le pouvoir par la tenue d’élections
libres</span></i></span></span></span></span>" ?</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote13">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote13anc" name="sdfootnote13sym">13</a>Ou,
puisqu'on s'intéresse ici à l'étymologie, <i>élection</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
En latin </span><i>eligo </i><span style="font-style: normal;">= "je
choisis".</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote14">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote14anc" name="sdfootnote14sym">14</a>Frege
dirait : entre <i>Bedeutung </i><span style="font-style: normal;">("dénotation")
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">et </span><i>Sinn </i><span style="font-style: normal;">("sens")
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">d'une expression (cf.</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
notamment, <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2012_06_17_archive.html">Sens
et Dénotation des Noms Propres chez Frege</a>).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote15">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote15anc" name="sdfootnote15sym">15</a>Qu'on
pense à la πολιτεία grecque ou à la constitution
britannique.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote16">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote16anc" name="sdfootnote16sym">16</a>C<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
qui pose le problème de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">interprétation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
textes </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">constitutionnels</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui, soit contiennent des dispositions qui, tel l'article 16 de la
Constitution française de la V° République, brouillent
explicitement les frontières entre le démocratique et l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
non</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-démocratique,
soit, à l'instar du fameux projet avorté de Traité
Constitutionnel Européen de 2005, sont si longs et si peu lisibles
que, justement, ils autorisent toutes les interprétations, y
compris les plus autoritaires.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote17">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote17anc" name="sdfootnote17sym">17</a>"<i>La
première révolution anglaise (appelée </i><span lang="en"><i>English
Civil War</i></span><i> par les historiens britanniques), dont les
épisodes se déroulèrent entre 1642 et 1651, est la conséquence
de multiples événements passés, de la prise de pouvoir des Stuart
sur le royaume d'Angleterre, au règne de Charles I</i><sup><i>er</i></sup><i>.
Cette révolution se terminera par le jugement puis l'exécution du
roi Charles I</i><sup><i>er</i></sup><i> le 30 janvier 1649 à
Whitehall près de Westminster. À la suite de ce régicide, la
monarchie sera abolie et une république, appelée Commonwealth
d'Angleterre, sera instaurée avec Oliver Cromwell à sa tête.
Cette révolution marqua les esprits, en Angleterre bien-sûr mais
également dans toute l'Europe, et sera une étape cruciale dans la
transformation du pouvoir royal anglais qui s'orientera
progressivement vers une monarchie constitutionnelle</i>"(Wikipedia,
art. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_r%C3%A9volution_anglaise">Première
Révolution Anglaise</a>).</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote18">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote18anc" name="sdfootnote18sym">18</a>La
pertinence platonicienne de cet exemple réside d'ailleurs moins
dans le résultat tragique de la licence démocratique dénoncée
par Platon mais plutôt sur la nature fondamentalement instable de
la <i>démocratie</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> : Platon est,
en effet, le premier à avoir vu que la </span><i>démocratie </i><span style="font-style: normal;">avait
de fortes chances de n'être pas un </span><i>état</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
(et donc, pas non plus un </span><i>État</i><span style="font-style: normal;">)
mais une </span><i>transition</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
entre un </span><i>état </i><span style="font-style: normal;">et un
autre.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote19">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote19anc" name="sdfootnote19sym">19</a>Rappelons
au passage ce qu'écrit Honoré de Balzac dans <u>la Revue
Parisienne</u><span style="text-decoration: none;"> du 25 août 1840 (c'est-à-dire pendant la rédaction de son roman-fleuve </span><span><u>Illusions Perdues</u> dans lequel il illustre son point de vue avec une précision chirurgicale) </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">: "</span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">la presse est
en France un quatrième pouvoir dans l'État : elle attaque
tout et personne ne l'attaque. Elle blâme à tort et à travers.
Elle prétend que les hommes politiques et littéraires lui
appartiennent et ne veut pas qu’il y ait réciprocité</span></i><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
S'il y a un sens à considérer la presse comme le </span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">quatrième
pouvoir</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
il est aussi ridicule de faire reposer la garantie des </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">libertés
fondamentales </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sur
elle seule qu'il y aurait à la faire reposer sur le seul pouvoir
exécutif, le seul pouvoir législatif ou le seul pouvoir
judiciaire</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
ce qui, par ailleurs, viole le </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">principe
tautologique de </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">séparation</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">(ou d'équilibre)
</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">des pouvoirs</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
caractéristique d'un système politique </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">constitutionnel</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote20">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote20anc" name="sdfootnote20sym">20</a>D'un
point de vue formel et en langage de la théorie des ensembles, si A
est inclus dans B, l'<i>intersection </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de
A </span><i>et </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de B est égale
à A et la </span><i>réunion </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de
A </span><i>ou </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de B est égale
à B.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote21">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote21anc" name="sdfootnote21sym">21</a>Cf.,
par exemple, Rousseau : <span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">on
a beau vouloir confondre l’indépendance et la liberté, ces deux
choses sont si différentes que même elles s’excluent
mutuellement. Quand chacun fait ce qui lui plaît, on fait souvent
ce qui déplaît à d’autres [...]. La liberté consiste moins à
faire sa volonté qu’à n’être pas soumis à celle d’autrui
[...]. Je ne connais de liberté vraiment libre que celle à
laquelle nul n’a le droit d’opposer de la résistance</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Lettres
écrites de la Montagne</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
VIII).</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Pour Rousseau, le problème n'est pas de savoir </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">si
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">mais
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
quoi</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
l'on va être dépendant, au sens où certaines </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">dépendances
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">en
l'occurrence</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
celle </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">à
l'égard de la </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">volonté
particulière</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
nous </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">aliènent</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
tandis que d'autres (</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">celles
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">à
l'égard de la </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">nature
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ou
encore de la </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">volonté
générale</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
nous </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">libèrent</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Cf. </span></span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/10/politique-droit-etat-justice-liberte.html">la
Loi doit-elle donner la Priorité à la Liberté ou à l'Égalité ?</a></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote22">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote22anc" name="sdfootnote22sym">22</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/04/post-verite-post-politique-post-humanite.html">Post-Vérité,
Post-Politique, Post-Humanité</a>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote23">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote23anc" name="sdfootnote23sym">23</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/11/le-mysticisme-de-wittgenstein.html">dire
et montrer : le "Mysticisme"</a><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/11/le-mysticisme-de-wittgenstein.html">
de Wittgenstein</a>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote24">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote24anc" name="sdfootnote24sym">24</a><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Ce
qui recoupe la définition ironique platonicienne de la </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">démocratie
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">comme
"bazar à constitutions".</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote25">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote25anc" name="sdfootnote25sym">25</a>De
même que la pertinence de l'assimilation tocquevillienne de
l'<i>égalité </i><span style="font-style: normal;">à
l'</span><i>individualisme</i><span style="font-style: normal;">. Ce
que nous recherchons, pour le moment, c'est à savoir dans quelle
mesure une certaine acception de l'</span><i>égalité </i><span style="font-style: normal;">peut
constituer un (ou le) </span><i>critère </i><span style="font-style: normal;">pour
une certaine acception de la </span><i>démocratie</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote26">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote26anc" name="sdfootnote26sym">26</a>Ils
peuvent aussi, bien entendu être des acquis historiques, ce qui est
le cas, notamment, en France. C'est évidemment à cet exemple que
pense Tocqueville lorsqu'il dit que<span style="color: black;">
"</span><span style="color: black;"><i>la
démocratie porte les hommes à ne pas se rapprocher de leurs
semblables ; mais les révolutions démocratiques les disposent
à se fuir et perpétuent au sein de l'égalité les haines que
l'inégalité a fait naître</i></span><span style="color: black;">"</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Tocqueville,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la Démocratie en Amérique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, ii, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote27">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote27anc" name="sdfootnote27sym">27</a>Cf.
le principe leibnizien connu sous le nom d'"identité des
indiscernables" : "<span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l
faut toujours qu'outre la différence du temps et du lieu, il y ait
un principe interne de distinction et, quoiqu'il y ait plusieurs
choses de même espèce, il est pourtant vrai qu'il n'yen a jamais
de parfaitement semblables: ainsi, quoique le temps et le lieu
(c'est-à-dire le rapport avec le dehors) nous servent à distinguer
les choses que nous ne distinguons pas bien par elles-mêmes, les
choses ne manquent pas d'être distinguables en soi</span></i></span></span></span>"(<u>Nouveaux
Essais sur l'Etendement Humain</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
i).</span><span style="text-decoration: none;"> Principe assumé
aussi par</span><span style="text-decoration: none;"> Wittgenstein :
</span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">dire
que </span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">deux</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
choses sont identiques est dépourvu de sens et dire qu’</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">une</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
chose est identique à elle-même, c’est ne rien dire du
tout</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Tractatus</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
5.5303)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote28">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote28anc" name="sdfootnote28sym">28</a>Ou
<i>liberté politique</i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
: </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
liberté sans la justice est une véritable contradiction</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Lettres
écrites de la Montagne</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
VIII).</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
La </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">liberté
civile </span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(ou
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">politique</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">est
le souverain bien dont la </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">justice
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(ou
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">égalité</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
est </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">une</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
condition nécessaire.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote29">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote29anc" name="sdfootnote29sym">29</a>"<i>La
loi </i><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">...</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">doit
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">être
la même pour tous, soit qu'elle protège, soit qu'elle punisse.
Tous les Citoyens </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[sont]</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
égaux à ses yeux</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déclaration
des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de 1789</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
art.6)</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote30">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote30anc" name="sdfootnote30sym">30</a>De
là, la notion, sémantiquement tortueuse, de <i>distinction au</i>
<i>mérite</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> sous réserve
d'</span><i>égalité des chances</i><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">:
"</span><i>tous les Citoyens étant égaux à ses yeux sont
également admissibles à toutes dignités, places et emplois
publics, selon leur capacité, et sans autre distinction que celle
de leurs vertus et de leurs talents</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déclaration
des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de 1789</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
art.6)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote31">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote31anc" name="sdfootnote31sym">31</a>D'autant
que Rousseau est assez sceptique quant à la pertinence de
la notion de <i>démocratie
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">:
"</span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s'il
y avait un peuple de dieux, il se gouvernerait démocratiquement. Un
gouvernement si parfait ne convient pas à des hommes</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Contrat Social</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii, 4).</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote32">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote32anc" name="sdfootnote32sym">32</a>Ce
que dit implicitement, par exemple, le Code Civil : <span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le
contrat est une convention par laquelle une ou plusieurs personnes
s’obligent, envers une ou plusieurs autres, à donner, à faire ou
ne pas faire</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
[...]. I</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l
n’y a point de consentement valable si le consentement n’a été
donné que par erreur ou s’il a été extorqué par violence ou
surpris par dol</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Code
Civil</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
art. </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">1101-</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">1109)</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote33">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote33anc" name="sdfootnote33sym">33</a>Ce
qui est particulièrement net chez Rawls qui <span style="font-style: normal;">s'intéresse
avant tout (on le lui a suffisamment reproché) au caractère
</span><i>procédural </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de la
</span><i>justice</i><span style="font-style: normal;">. Le problème
fondamental, pour lui, étant : "</span><i>un certain nombre de
personnes doivent se partager [par exemple] un gâteau, en supposant
que c'est le partage égal qui est équitable, quelle procédure</i><i>,
s'il y en a une, donnera ce résultat ?</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rawls,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Théorie
de la Justice</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">14</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Or, en l'absence d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">procédure
parfaite</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans le cadre de laquelle le résultat </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rend
immédiatement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
procédure </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">juste
ou non </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(dans
l'exemple du gâteau : tout le monde a, sensiblement, la même
part), </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
doit se fier à une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">procédure
imparfaite </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(par
exemple, en matière criminelle) à l'issue de laquelle reste</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
après coup,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ouvert le débat sur la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">justice
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la procédure. C'est pourquoi Rawls préfère </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">substitu</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">er</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">équité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
celui d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une
conception </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">juste</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donc</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
rapports humains, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c'est-à-dire
dont le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critère
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">principal
est, nous l'avons vu, la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(ou
la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
des conceptions de la vie bonne.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
On remarquera à quel point </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rawls
réactualise</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contractualisme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
Rousseau.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote34">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote34anc" name="sdfootnote34sym">34</a><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>La
religion est la théorie générale de ce monde-ci</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">Marx,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Critique
de la Philosophie du Droit de Hegel</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">)</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span></span>En
réalité, la
conception de
Marx
est
<i>mystique
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">et
</span><i>cléricale</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
plutôt que </span><i>religieuse</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
(cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2015/03/de-la-nature-des-croyances-religieuses_14.html">de
la Nature des Croyances Religieuses</a>). </span><span style="font-style: normal;">La
</span><i>religiosité
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">n'est
pas la </span><i>religion</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span><i>
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">Mais
peu importe ici</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
la nuance</span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote35">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote35anc" name="sdfootnote35sym">35</a>Accord
lui-même purement <i>formel</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
puisqu'il est présupposé par un raisonnement </span><i>contrefactuel
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
verbes sont tous au </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">conditionnel</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-style: normal;">)
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: "</span><i>ce sont
les principes mêmes que des personnes libres et rationnelles,
désireuses de favoriser leurs propres intérêts [bien compris] et
placées dans une position initiale d'égalité,
accepteraient</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rawls,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Théorie
de la Justice</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
position initiale </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
Rawls qualifie de "voile d'ignorance"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote36">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote36anc" name="sdfootnote36sym">36</a>Pourquoi
<span style="font-style: normal;">"</span><i>au moins deux</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"
?</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote37">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote37anc" name="sdfootnote37sym">37</a>En
pleine période de naissance du nazisme, Musil écrit sensiblement
la même chose : <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
ne sommes pas capables de nous libérer nous-mêmes [dit Meingast],
la chose ne fait aucun doute : nous appelons cela </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mais la démocratie n'est que l'expression d'un état psychique
d'indifférence absolue. Nous sommes à l'époque du bulletin de
vote. Déjà, chaque année, nous élisons notre idéal sexuel, la
reine de beauté, par le moyen du vote. Nous avons fait de la
science positive notre idéal : c'est comme si nous glissions de
force dans la main des prétendus faits un bulletin de vote afin
qu'ils choisissent à notre place. L'époque est antiphilosophique
et lâche : on n'a pas le courage de décider ce qui est valeur et
ce qui n'en est pas. La démocratie, réduite à sa plus simple
expression, revient à faire ce qui se produit !</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Musil,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'Homme
sans Qualités</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, §19)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote38">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote38anc" name="sdfootnote38sym">38</a>De
la même façon que la notion d'<i>alternance </i><span style="font-style: normal;">attire
l'attention sur le bon côté de l'</span><i>instabilité</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
celle de </span><i>pragmatisme </i><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">est
le bon côté de l'</span><i>utilitarisme </i><span style="font-style: normal;">comme
inclination à </span><span style="font-style: normal;">valoriser </span><span style="font-style: normal;">ce
qui </span><span style="font-style: normal;">est présenté comme
l'intérêt du</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> plus grand
nombre.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote39">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote39anc" name="sdfootnote39sym">39</a>Cf.
à ce propos, l'ouvrage de Thomas Piketty : <u>le
Capital au XXI° Siècle</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div id="sdfootnote40">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote40anc" name="sdfootnote40sym">40</a>Ce
qui, chez Marx, se déduit <span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
ce que "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’ensemble
des rapports de production constitue la structure économique de la
société, la base réelle sur quoi s’élève une superstructure
juridique et politique à laquelle correspondent des formes de
conscience sociales déterminées</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Marx,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Critique
de l’Économie Politique</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">)</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">
et de ce que </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>capitalisme</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">
"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ne
peut exister sans révolutionner constamment les instruments de
production, donc les rapports de production, donc l’ensemble des
conditions sociales</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">Marx,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Manifeste
Communiste de 1848</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
i)</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-40962203705051998892023-04-09T08:46:00.000+02:002023-04-09T11:13:11.144+02:00DE QUOI "DEMOCRATIE" EST-ELLE LE NOM (suite) ?<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/07/de-quoi-la-democratie-est-elle-le-nom_50.html">suite de ...</a>)</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Prétendre
s'intéresser aux relations</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">empiriques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
démocratiques ou non, que les hommes </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">établissent</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
au sein d'une société quelconque</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est s'intéresser aux </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institutions</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
autrement dit, faire de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sociologie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
En effet, si </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[on
appelle] "institution" toutes les croyances et tous les
modes de conduite institués par la collectivité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la sociologie peut alors être définie : la science des
institutions, de leur genèse, de leur fonctionnement </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Durkheim,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Règles
de la Méthode Socologique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
préf.)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
"Institution", dans le sens le plus général s'oppose donc
à "fait de nature"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>
et se trouve être synonyme de "fait social" : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">d’une
manière générale, tous les faits sociaux sont des manières
d’agir, de penser, de sentir, qui sont doués d’un pouvoir de
coercition en vertu duquel ils s’imposent à tous [...]. La
première règle et la plus fondamentale est de considérer les faits
sociaux comme des choses</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Durkheim,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Règles de la Méthode Sociologique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nous
allons donc, à présent, considérer la relation d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentative</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">historiquement
lié à ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler aujourd'hui "démocratie".</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Nous dirons, d'une manière générale, que A </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représente</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
B lorsque, premièrement, A se substitue</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
priori</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à B pour un ensemble </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déterminé
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">F
de fonctions mais, deuxièmement, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
tout </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">f
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">appartenant
à F,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(A)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>f</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(B).
Par exemple, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>nous
dirons que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>l'avocat
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>B</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représente
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>A
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>i
B</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
se substitue à </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>A</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
lorsqu'il s'agit d'ester en justice pour une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>série
d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>affaire</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
déterminée mais, dans le cadre de cette </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>série</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>, A a systématiquement plus à gagner et moins à perdre que B</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Tandis
que, si A est le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>mandataire
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
B, tout en se </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>substitu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>ant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>a
priori</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
à B pour un ensemble </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>déterminé
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>F
de fonctions</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>f</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(A)┐<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">=></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>f</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(B)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
car, par exemple, la responsabilité personnelle de A peut être
retenue contre lui en cas d'utilisation défectueuse du mandat et,
par conséquent, ne pas engager B. Enfin, si A est le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>délégué
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
B, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>ce n'est pas </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>a priori </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>que A se substitue à B car, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>pour tout </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>f
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>appartenant
à un ensemble déterminé de fonctions F,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>f</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(A)=</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>f</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(B)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
en sorte que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>B a toujours la possibilité de révoquer la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>délégation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
dès lors que l'égalité de relation lui semble rompue. Nous appellerons donc
"institution représentative" tout </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>fait
social </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>par
lequel la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>réalité
empirique </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(humaine
ou non) se trouve </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentée
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>dans
le sens que nous avons défini. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Pour</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
Aristot</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>e,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>rien
n'est plus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>naturel
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>que
la relation de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
: "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>comme
il n’est pas possible d’apporter dans les discussions les choses
elles-mêmes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>nous
supposons que ce qui se passe dans les symboles se passe aussi dans
les choses</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Réfutations
Sophistiques</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
165a). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Et,
en même temps, rien n'est plus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>institutionnel
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>dans
le sens où </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>la
tendance à </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>la
représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>mimèsis</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
est instinctive chez l’homme et dès l’enfance</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Poétique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
1448b). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>L</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>a
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
la réalité, c'est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>aussi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>ce
qu'on appelle l'"image"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Il
y a </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>donc
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>là
une conception de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>l'être
humain </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>comme
étant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>par
nature</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
un être</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
qui </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>tend
à se faire</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représent</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>er</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(à
se faire une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>image
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>la
réalité </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>:
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>l’image
est la transposition de la réalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>[...].
L</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>es
éléments de l’image sont dans un rapport déterminé qui indique
que les choses réelles sont entre elles dans le même
rapport</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
2.12</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>2.15).
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>ertes</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
l'être humain n'est pas le seul animal </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
par nature, prend intérêt à l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>et,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>par</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
conséquent, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>tire
des inférences concernant les choses à partir de la seule </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>image
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>des
choses</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
car</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>dans
tous les cas [...] l’animal infère un fait qui dépasse ce qui
frappe immédiatement ses sens, [...] cette inférence se fonde
entièrement sur l’expérience passée pour autant que la créature
attend de l’objet présent le mêmes conséquences qui [...]
résultèrent d’objets semblables</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(Hume,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Enquête
sur l’Entendement Humain</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
IX). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Toutefois</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
l'être humain est le seul à </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>penser</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
cette relation de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>dans
le sens où </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>il
est le seul animal à considérer cette relation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>possible
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>et
non pas </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>nécessairement
comme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>réelle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>l’image
logique des faits est la pensée</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
[...]. </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>«
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>U</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>n
état de choses est pensable » veut dire : nous pouvons nous en
faire une image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
[...]. D</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>ans
la proposition, la pensée s'exprime pour la perception sensible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
[...]. N</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>ous
utilisons les signes perceptibles d'une proposition (parlés, écrits,
etc.) comme la projection d'une situation possible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
3</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>-3.001-3.1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>-3.11)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>L'être
humain est le seul animal capable, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>en
effet, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>non
seulement de percevoir la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>matière
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(le
contenu) de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
mais aussi sa </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>forme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>l</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>a
forme d'une représentation est la possibilité que les choses soient
entre elles dans le même rapport que les éléments de
l'image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
2.151).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>L'être
humain est le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
seul, dès lors,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
à </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>accorder
une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>valeur</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
("vrai" ou "faux") à cette </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>forme</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(cette
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>possibilité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
autrement dit à penser</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
non seulement la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
mais aussi son</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>sens</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
:</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>ce
que l’image représente, c’est son sens</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>[...].
P</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>our
connaître si la représentation est vraie ou fausse, nous devons la
comparer à la réalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
2.221-2.223). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Et
c'est cette dissociation entre la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>matière
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>et
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>forme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui
explique que, comme le souligne Aristote, nous pouvons prendre
plaisir à une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>dont,
pourtant, la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>matière
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>nous
répugne</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>les
objets réels que nous ne pouvons pas regarder sans éprouver du
déplaisir, nous en contemplons avec plaisir l’image la plus
fidèle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Poétique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
1448b)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>. Ce qui prouve, ici encore, la dissymétrie du représentant et du représenté, la supériorité du premier sur le second</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span> C'est pourquoi, loin d'être un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>fait
de nature</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>revêt
d'emblée, le statut d'un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>fait
social</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
autrement dit, d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>institution</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Il
s'ensuit</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>que
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>a
première </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>institution
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>humaine,
celle qui, fondamentalement, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>humanise</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
en faisant de lui une exception dans la nature</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
c'est</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>le
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>langage
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>comme
système </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
non seulement,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
permet </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représenter
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
le réel, mais autorise aussi à</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
questionner la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>possibilité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>cette</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>autrement
dit le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
sens des images</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
et, partant, à accorder </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>une
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>valeur</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>à
cette </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>possibilité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Bref,
plutôt que de dire que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>le
langage est le "propre de l'homme", </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>il est préférable de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>réserver
cette propriété à ce r</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>apport
critique </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>à</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
la relation de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>du
réel, relation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui
fait, elle-même, l'objet d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
du possible </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>assortie
d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>valeur</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
dont la toute première est une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>valeur</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
C'est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>en</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
cela</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
que consiste le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
langage</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>institution</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
et non comme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
simple</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>fait
de nature</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>le
sens du monde doit être en dehors de lui. [...] Il n'y a en lui
aucune valeur</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
6.41).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Ce
que dit aussi Aristote : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>le
cri [</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>phonè</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>]
est le signe de la douleur et du plaisir et c’est pour cela qu’il
a été donné à tous les animaux. Leur organisation va jusqu’à
éprouver des sensations de douleur et de plaisir et à se le faire
comprendre les uns aux autres ; mais la parole [</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>logos</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>]
a pour but de faire comprendre ce qui est utile ou nuisible et, par
conséquent aussi, ce qui est juste ou injuste</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Politique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
I, 1253a).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>En
tant qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>institution
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>fondamentalement
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentative</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>langage
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>est
donc</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
en même temps,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
la première </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>institution
politique </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>n'a
donc</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>pas
grand chose à voir</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
apparemment,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
avec les seules spécificités </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
comme forme particulière d'organisation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>politique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pourtant,
à y regarder de plus près, on se rend compte qu'historiquement</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
développement des différentes </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a,
dans une très large mesure, l'évolution de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution
représentative </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">langage</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
peut remarquer, en effet,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
évidente</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
corrélation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">avec
la perversion de la fonction essentiellement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentative
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cette
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Historiquement,
c'est dans l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
Grèce des V° et IV° siècles av. J.-C. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'a
été </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inventé</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
système d'organisation politique qui se caractérise</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
entre autres,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par l'existence</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
sur la place publique,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'un débat puis d'un vote publics préalables à toute décision
importante concernant la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">polis</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dans
un tel contexte, il est facile de comprendre que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
parole [...] est reine</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
chacun peut y exposer librement son jugement sur les affaires
publiques et privées, chacun se croit habilité à donner son
opinion sur les affaires de l'État</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Châtelet,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Platon</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ii). La </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">parole</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">logos
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
grec), a été, en effet, dès les origines de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
requalifiée en </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">opinion
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">doxa</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Or l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">opinion</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme forme particulière que prend l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution
représentative du langage</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans un contexte </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est
p</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lus</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">moyen
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenter
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réel</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
quel qu'il soit. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'abord
parce que sa valeur </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cardinale
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est
plus le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vrai</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
effet</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
si on admet </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">avec
François Châtelet </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'opinion,
la </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">doxa</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
tout l'exercice de la démocratie le prouve, ne se veut point telle :
elle revendique la vérité, elle prétend savoir la réalité telle
qu'elle est</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">loc.
cit.</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
alors</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ce n'est plus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
l’accord ou le désaccord de son sens avec la réalité que
consiste sa vérité ou sa fausseté</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
2.222)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
problème étant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que, là où la règle la plus fondamentale de l'exercice</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">parole
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">affirmative
directe </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler "principe de
(non-)contradiction"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
principe fondé, justement, sur </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
que le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
langage affirmatif</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
direct</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représente</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en quelque manière,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
réalité qui ne peut pas, en même temps être </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
pas être ceci ou cela</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
l'exercice </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">opinion</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tel
que Platon nous le décrit </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
peut pas </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">être</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à l'aise avec ce principe</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
En effet, nous avons vu que la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
conceptions du bien et que l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
procédures sont des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">caractères
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
second ordre)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du concept de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'où
il se déduit, en particulier, une</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">formelle
des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">opinions</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme conception du dicible</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dès
lors, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
donc va décider lorsque, à l'Assemblée, deux orateurs défendent
des points de vue diamétralement opposés ? La majorité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Châtelet,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Platon</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ii).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
fait, la règle dite "de la majorité" s'est trouvée, dans
les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">où</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">parole
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
confond avec</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">opinion</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
être la</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
seule</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">(méta-)</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">procédure
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">compatible
avec</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
avec</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'égalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cette
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">procédure</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
s'est substituée au "principe de (non-)contradiction". On
peut donc dire que, dans le cadre d'un exercice </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">langage</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">valeur
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cardinale
reconnue aux </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">opinions</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
supposées diverses et égales, n'est plus le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vrai</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> (qualitatif) mais le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">majoritaire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
point de vue quantitatif</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Il n'est sans doute pas nécessaire d'insister sur les difficultés,
voire les catastrophes, historiques qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
entraîné cette substitution, depuis la Tyrannie des Trente jusqu'à
l'élection de Trump, en passant par toutes les formes du totalitarisme.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l
n'est sans doute pas excessif de dire que l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution
représentative du langage,</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en contexte </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tend
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
ne représenter autre chose qu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'un
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contexte</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
social et non plus une réalité extérieure à ce </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contexte</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Certes, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
doit rechercher ce que les mots veulent dire [</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bedeuten</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
non pas isolément mais pris dans leur contexte</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Frege,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Fondements de l’Arithmétique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
intro)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
et toujours, par définition, relatif à un certain nombre de
paramètres parmi lesquels, bien entendu, les paramètres
socio-historiques. Toutefois, lorsqu'un tel </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contexte</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
exclut toute référence au </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vrai</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entendu
comme juge en dernier </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ressort</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">valeur
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
propositions affirmatives</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
directes</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en tout cas de celles concernant les affaires publiques, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rien
n'empêche plus le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contexte
majoritaire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou consensuel</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'être </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">expression</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
parmi d'autres </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">violence</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Comme le dit encore Châtelet, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">derrière
le "libre jeu" des opinions, derrière les antagonismes des
intérêts et des passions, se profile le véritable juge, celui qui
va trancher en dernier ressort : la violence</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Châtelet,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Platon</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ii).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Et c'est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déjà
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
moindre mal </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lorsqu'il
s'agit</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">violence</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
plus grand nombre sur le plus petit, ce qu'en termes galants nous
avons appelé </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">supra</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"pragmatisme" ou "utilitarisme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Mais, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">si
on admet avec Marx et Engels qu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
toute époque, les idées de la classe dominante sont les idées
dominantes, [que] les pensées dominantes ne sont rien d’autre que
l’expression en idées des conditions matérielles dominantes,
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[que]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
sont ces conditions conçues comme idées, donc l’expression des
rapports sociaux, qui font justement d’une classe la classe
dominante, donc les idées de sa suprématie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Marx-Engels,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’Idéologie
Allemande</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">). C'est alors que, par le truchement du pouvoir que le représentant possède sur le représenté, le majoritaire est réduit à la représentation majoritaire </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>des intérêts bien compris de l'oligarchie ploutocrati</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>e, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>laquelle représentation, après l'euphémisation lexicale dont les <i>media </i>usent sans vergogne, s'appellera désormais "consensus démocratique"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Avec,
comme conséquence </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>sémantique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
que, faute de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représenter
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>une
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>réalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>objective
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>concrète
et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>indépendante
des intérêts des uns ou des autres par laquelle </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>c</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>e
n’est pas parce que nous pensons d’une manière vraie que tu es
blanc, que tu es blanc ; mais c’est parce que tu es blanc,
qu’en disant que tu l’es, nous sommes dans la vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Métaphysique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
1051b7</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>),
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>les
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>sujets
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>logiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>des
phrases ne </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>dénotent
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>plus
des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>objets</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
mais des</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>abstractions</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
en l'occurrence, ces fameuses</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentations</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
supposées faire "consensus"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
Or, on se trouve là, typiquement, dans le cadre d'une forme de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>discours
indirect </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui
fait qu'au lieu d'affirmer </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>p
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>p
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>étant
une proposition au sens de Frege ou de Wittgenstein<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a>)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
le locuteur</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
sans s'en tendre compte</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
tend à</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
affirme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>r</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>p</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>".</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
Lorsque l'individu Lambda affirme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
par exemple,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
"la concurrence est bonne pour la croissance", ou bien "le
déficit public </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>hypothèque
l'avenir</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>",
ou encore "la réforme des retraites est une nécessité", il asserte en
réalité </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>il
est </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>majoritairement
et </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>consensuellement
établi que</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>la
concurrence est bonne pour la croissance"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
ou "... </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>que
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>le
déficit public </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>hypothèque
l'avenir" ou encore "... </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>que
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>la réforme des retraites est une nécessité</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>",
dans le sens où les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>sujets
logiques </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
telles propositions ("concurrence", "croissance",
"déficit public", "avenir", "réforme des retraites")
ne renvoient à rien d'autre que le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>consensus
majoritaire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Et
nous avons vu, à propos des soi-disant "critères" de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>à
quel point une phrase comme "en démocratie les gens sont
libres" n'est, en réalité, qu'un condensé de "dans ce
qu'on appelle "démocratie", ce qu'on appelle "les
gens" sont ce qu'on appelle "libre""</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
et se trouve être, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>en
bonne logique, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>très
différente de "en juin les abricots sont mûrs" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>:
dans le second cas, on est en présence de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>concepts
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>dotés
de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>critères
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui
autorisent la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>vérification
empirique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
tandis que, dans le premier cas, on a affaire à des</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span> phénomènes langagiers</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span> </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>dont seul est empiriquement vérifiable le formatage de l'opinion par l'oligarchie ploutocratique et ses représentants politico-médiatiques</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote13sym" name="sdfootnote13anc"><sup>13</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>La
conséquence </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
cette conséquence </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>sémantique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
la substitution du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>majoritaire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
consensuel</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>au
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>vrai</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
c'est que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>dans
les questions qui nous intéressent ici, la vérité fait
généralement toute la différence et que, là où il n'y a plus de
place réelle pour une distinction </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>entre
le vrai et le faux, on peut parier à coup sûr que ce qui augmentera
n'est pas l'amour entre les hommes mais plutôt l'arbitraire, la
violence, la tyrannie et la guerre</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(Bouveresse,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>peut-on
ne pas Croire ?</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
II, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>x</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>i)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
Il est donc difficile de ne pas voir dans la perversion de la
fonction originairement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentative
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>langage</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
LE </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>empirique
du fonctionnement des communautés humaines auto-proclamées
"démocratiques".</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bref,
pour </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">quitter
l'aspect purement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sémantique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
venir à l'aspect </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">rhétorique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de cette substitution, l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution
représentative </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">langage</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est corrélée au développement historique des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
autre point de vue</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">obsession
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">conduisant
au </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">culte</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">analogies</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mimétisme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
du</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">spectacle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il
est devenu banal de dire que, dans nos soi-disant "démocraties",
c'est-à-dire, répétons-le, dans ce que le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">consensus
majoritaire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dit de lui-même, les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">images</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ont envahi la vie, que l'on vit dans un univers d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">images</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Pour Wittgenstein, qu'"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image
et référent sont dans la même relation représentative interne que
le monde et la langue</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
4.014) implique qu'"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
monde et à la langue [...] est commune la structure logique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...].
T</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">oute
capacité d’être image [...] repose sur la logique de la
représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
4.014-4.0141). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Par
"logique de la représentation", Wittgenstein entend
précisément ceci : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'il
y ait une règle générale par laquelle le musicien peut tirer la
symphonie de la partition, par laquelle on peut tirer la symphonie du
sillon du disque et de nouveau, selon la première règle, dériver
la partition, voilà en quoi consiste la ressemblance interne de ces
structures représentatives [</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gebilde</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">],
en apparence si différentes. Et cette règle est la loi de la
projection, laquelle projette la symphonie dans le langage des
notes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
4.0141). Autrement dit, s'il y a de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est qu'il existe une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">règle
de projection qui autorise une double </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">relation
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
laquelle on peut dériver le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentant
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
partir du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenté</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
conversement,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">retrouver
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenté
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
partir du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentant</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or,
cette "logique de la représentation" est indissolublement
liée à la conception frégéo-wittgensteinienne de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">correspondance
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ultime
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">avec
un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objet,
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">conception
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
laquelle, donc, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
possibilité de la proposition repose sur le principe de la position
de signes comme représentants des objets</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
4.0312)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Dans une telle </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">conception</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenter
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
synonyme de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dénoter</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">E</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ffectivement,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l
est naturel d'associer à un signe (nom, groupe de mots, caractères),
outre ce qu'il désigne et qu'on pourrait appeler sa dénotation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">seine
Bedeutung</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ce que je voudrais appeler le sens </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">der
Sinn</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du signe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Par
exemple</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
j</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
compare la lune elle-même à la dénotation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">der
Bedeutung</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c’est l’objet </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">der
Gegenstand</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l’observation dont dépend l’image réelle </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">das
reelle Bild</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">produite
dans la lunette par l’objectif</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
[...] je compare cette image au sens</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mit
dem Sinne</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Frege,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sens
et Dénotation</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Mais si, comme nous l'avons suggéré </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">supra</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la fonction "naturelle" de l'affirmation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">directe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est pervertie au point de n'être plus, en fait, qu'une affirmation
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indirecte
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déguisée
("</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
équivalant à "on dit que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"),
alors, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
mots d'une proposition indirecte ont [aussi] une dénotation
indirecte, laquelle coïncide avec leur sens </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sinn</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">habituel</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Frege,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sens
et Dénotation</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ca</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r,
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pourquoi
voulons-nous que tout nom propre </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[par
exemple] </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ait
une dénotation </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bedeutung</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
plus de son sens </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sinn</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">?
C’est dans l’exacte mesure où nous importe sa valeur de vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...].
I</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l
importe peu de savoir si le nom ‘Ulysse’ a une dénotation aussi
longtemps que nous recevons le poème comme une œuvre d’art :
c’est donc la recherche de la vérité qui nous pousse à passer du
sens </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sinn</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
la dénotation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bedeutung</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Frege,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sens
et Dénotation</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'exemple
que donne Frege est significatif : comme nous l'avons montré par
ailleurs<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote14sym" name="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>14</sup></a>,
tout particulièrement dans le domaine de l'art, nous ne nous
demandons pas si l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(linguistique
ou non, peu importe ici) est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vraie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
sens où elle </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">correspondrait
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">quelque
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réalité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
ce soit. Nous nous contentons d'envisager cette </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">correspondance
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et cela suffit à notre compréhension : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">comprendre
une proposition [par exemple], c’est savoir ce qui a lieu quand
elle est vraie, mais on peut comprendre une phrase sans savoir si
elle est vraie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
4.024).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
À la limite même,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme le dit Nelson Goodman, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">''image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de''
[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">picture</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">of</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
n'est pas toujours un terme de relation comme ''pied de'' ou ''oncle
de''. Si </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">x</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est le pied d'un centaure, alors </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">x</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
entretient la relation ''pied de'' à quelque </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui est un centaure. Par conséquent, s'il y a quelque pied d'un
centaure ou quelque oncle d'un centaure, alors il y a un centaure. Or
il n'y en a certainement pas. Une expression comme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">image</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">centaure</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">forme
un seul prédicat et le fait qu'elle s'applique à une ou plusieurs
choses ne nous permet pas de conclure qu'il y a des objets dont ces
choses sont les images</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Goodman,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
Likeness of Meaning</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Goodman emploie le tiret comme subterfuge graphique permettant
d'indiquer que l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image-de-x</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
n'a pas à impliquer ou à supposer<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote15sym" name="sdfootnote15anc"><sup>15</sup></a>
l'existence séparée d'un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objet
x</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
et ce, contrairement à l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image
de x </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(sans
tirets)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote16sym" name="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
ce que P est une image de ou représente une licorne, nous ne pouvons
pas inférer qu'il y a quelque chose dont P est une image ou que P
représente [...]. Nous pouvons éviter la confusion à condition de
parler [...] d'une image-représentant-une-licorne [</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
unicorne-representing-picture</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Goodman,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Langages
de l’Art</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Amusons-nous, à présent à remplacer, dans la citation de Goodman,
"licorne" par n'importe quel "événement" relaté
par les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
"démocraties libres" et nous aurons posé le problème
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">général
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">information
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sous
toutes ses formes </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
lesdites "démocraties"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote17sym" name="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Si, maintenant, on a de bonnes raisons de croire que les classes
sociales dominantes ont un intérêt économique (profit) et
politique (paix sociale) à entretenir la confusion dont parle
Goodman au motif que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
qui tend à nous égarer, c'est que les locutions comme ''</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">image
de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">''
et ''</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">représente</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">''
ont l'apparence d'honnêtes prédicats à deux places et peuvent
parfois s'interpréter ainsi</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Goodman,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Langages
de l’Art</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, 5)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire, encore une fois, reposent sur un usage primitif bien
naturel de la fonction</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
représentative</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
alors on a aussi quelques bonnes raisons d'en craindre les
conséquences. C'est que "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">'objet
lui-même n'est pas quelque chose de tout fait, mais résulte d'une
manière d'aborder le monde. Fabriquer une i</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">age
contribue généralement à la fabrication de ce qui </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
représenter par l'image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Goodman,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Langages
de l’Art</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, 7) : à savoir que, dans un certain sens, si la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
attentat implique ou présuppose l'existence d'un attentat comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objet</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réel</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-d'un-attentat,
pour reprendre le subterfuge goodmanien, crée ou fabrique l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objet
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"attentat".
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Car
le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
terme "objet" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
deux sens </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
d'une part, le sens </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">théorique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une
entité</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réelle
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pré-existe
à sa </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
d'autre part, le sens </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une
entité </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
est intentionnellement créée par </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Il va de soi que, seul, le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">premier</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sens
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">susceptible
de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
et encore,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
condition de se soumettre au verdict de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérification</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Et il n'est certes pas nécessaire de recourir à la soi-disant
"théorie du complot" pour nourrir </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
soupçon</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à l'égard de la satisfaction de cette condition</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en ce qui concerne le second sens</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Il faut et il suffit de se rappeler ce que dit Frege au sujet de la
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dénotation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(ou
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indirecte
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
ce qui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
seul</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nous importe</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objet
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
toute notre attention, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dès
lors que nous n'avons plus le souci de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c'est
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sens
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Or, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
sens </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">der
Sinn</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du signe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[c'est] </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
mode de </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">présentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">die
Art des Gegebenseins</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de l'objet</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Frege,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sens
et Dénotation</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Qu'y
a-t-il d'étonnant, alors, à ce que "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">là
où le monde réel se change en simples images les simples images
deviennent des êtres réels, et les motivations efficientes d’un
comportement hypnotique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Debord,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Société du Spectacle</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§18) ? </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
paraît</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en tout cas,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
difficile de nier que, dans nos "démocraties"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui s'évertuent à ériger le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">consensus
majoritaire </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
substitut moderne du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vrai</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
goût pour l'apparence, le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">look</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la communication soit devenue une véritable névrose obsessionnelle,
et pas seulement dans ce qu'on a coutume d'appeler "la
politique". Nous </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">considérerons
donc cette obsession </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
conséquence de cette obsession de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">non-dénotative</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
réside dans le goût immodéré pour </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">spectacle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que nous offre la pléthore des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symboles
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">analogies</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Pour parodier Baudelaire<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote18sym" name="sdfootnote18anc"><sup>18</sup></a>
nous pourrions dire que la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
historique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est un temple </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">où
l'homme passe à travers des forêts de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symboles</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tout, en effet, est ou peut y être qualifié de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symbole
représentant</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou pouvant </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenter</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
tout et n'importe quoi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Dans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">deux</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">précédents</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
article</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote19sym" name="sdfootnote19anc"><sup>19</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nous avons montré, d'une part en quoi consiste ce véritable délire
interprétati</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui s'empare des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lorsqu'ils
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
enjoignent de considérer </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
vêtement musulman traditionnel ou bien le mariage des personnes de
même sexe comme des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symboles
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
cette </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réalité
cachée</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
celle-là même</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qu'ils ont, évidemment, la difficile et noble tâche de "décrypter".</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Dans ces deux cas, pour le coup </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptomatiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
ne s'est pas agi de présenter l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image
de quelque chose</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire, de partir de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">quelque</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
réalité sociale consistant, dans les deux cas, dans la
stigmatisation, voire l'exclusion de minorités culturelles, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
montrer en quoi l'institution vestimentaire ou matrimoniale peut
être</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
pour elles,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
une tentative</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
fût-elle maladroite,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
pour exister politiquement (au sens d'Aristote)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tout au contraire, les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ont,
dans ces occasions, produit l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image-de-quelque-chose</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
au sens de Goodman, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ont construit une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou,
plus précisément, un ensemble cohérent d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">images
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mêlant
photographies, caricatures, faits et commentaires afin de créer de
toute pièce une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réalité
sociale </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout
autre : celle d'un inquiétant "grand remplacement",
remplacement de la tradition chrétienne par la tradition
"islamique", remplacement de la nature hétéro-sexuelle
par la culture homo-sexuelle. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">yant,
en l'occurrence,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
plus aucun compte à rendre à la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
correspondance à un fait objectif pré-existant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">néanmoins
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
soi-disant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mais</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
certitude, comme intime conviction</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
certes, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">invérifiable</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mais compatible avec la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pluralité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">instabilité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"démocratiques"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui finit par en tenir lieu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Wittgenstein appelle "métaphysique" la tendance
anhistorique des êtres humains </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
substituer la soi disant "vérité" synonyme de certitude<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote20sym" name="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>20</sup></a>
à la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entendue
comme correspondance<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote21sym" name="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a>:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fait
de la métaphysique celui qui a omis de donner, dans ses
propositions, une </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dénotation
[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bedeutung</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à certains signes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
6.53)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
"Métaphysique" est, chez lui, le nom de cette attitude
paresseuse d'un langage qui prétend décrire la réalité en
s'affranchissant de l'obligation de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenter
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dénotant</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Or "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
y a une analogie entre la proposition métaphysique et la proposition
d’expérience</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Cahier Bleu</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
56) dans le sens où la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">proposition
métaphysique </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entretient,
justement, un rapport de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
l'égard d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">certaine
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entité
extérieure à la représentation, même si, nous l'avons vu, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
rapport </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'y
pré-existe</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pas
mais fait suite à</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objet
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est
que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lorsqu'on
entend parler de "productivité du capital", de "racisme
anti-blanc", de "devoir électoral", etc. il y a,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">certainement</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">analogie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entre
productivité du travail et rentabilité du capital, entre racisme
anti-nègre et haine de classe anti-blanc, entre devoir moral</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
impératif</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">créance</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
juridique</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
hypothétique</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">analogie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui rend </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
après tout, un glissement lexical </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">salva
veritate</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote22sym" name="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sous
certaines conditions. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
problème, c'est que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
loin de nous préoccuper des conditions de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">analogie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote23sym" name="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a>,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sommes</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">immédiatement</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et définitivement</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fascinés
par</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">media</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
avons-nous vu, s'évertuent à soigner le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mode
de présentation, </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et,
sans autre forme de procès, nous finissons par prendre le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réel</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bien
entendu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c'est
là</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le mode de fonctionnement de l'art en général et le mode
d'existence de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
se</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">objets</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C'est
clairement en ce sens </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
Pascal </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s'étonne</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">quelle
vanité que la peinture, qui attire l'admiration par la ressemblance
des choses dont on n'admire point les originaux</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Pascal,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pensées</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
B134)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Toutefois,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vigilance</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
prudente, sinon sou</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">çonneuse,
à l'égard de la jouissance naturelle engendrée par cette </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">analogie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">avec
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réel
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
corrélativement,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">requise</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
C'est même </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">exactement
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'objet
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">philosophie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
d'instaurer et d'organiser une telle vigilance </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
philosophie est un combat contre la fascination que des formes
d’expression exercent sur nous [</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">...</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
;</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’extrême
difficulté tient à la fascination que l’analogie de deux
structures semblables est capable d’exercer sur nous</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Cahier Bleu</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
27)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote24sym" name="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Sauf que, comme le dit Arthur Danto, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
philosophie ne peut naître qu'à partir du moment où la société
concernée dispose </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">déjà
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
concept de ce qu'est la réalité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Danto,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Transfiguration du Banal</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii). Bref, pour qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">existe
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
telle attitude </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">philosophique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
il faut déjà, au préalable</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qu'ait cessé cette </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fascination</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">crédule
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en tant que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fin
en soi </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
non plus en tant que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
simple</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">moyen
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
former des hypothèses destinées à être </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérifiées</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire, encore une fois, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
confusion l'image-de-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">x
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">avec
l'image de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">x</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or,
si "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">originairement
[les images] avaient simplement été une partie de la réalité qui
elle-même </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">était
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">structurée
magiquement</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Danto,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Transfiguration du Banal</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
de sorte que ce n'est évidemment pas un hasard si la distinction
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">philosophique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'art</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la science sont nés </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'âge d'or d'Athènes, notre époque caractérisée par l'hégémonie
infrastructurelle du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">capitalisme</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et superstructurelle de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">clairement
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">passée
de l'ère de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vigilance</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">philosophi</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
l'ère d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
la béatitude</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">spectac</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">air</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">toute
la vie des sociétés dans lesquelles règnent les conditions
modernes de production s’annonce comme une immense accumulation de
spectacles</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tout ce qui était directement vécu s’est éloigné dans une
représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Debord,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Société du Spectacle</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§1). La perversion </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la fonction du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">langage</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
originairement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentative
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réel
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
non exclusivement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pourvoyeuse
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
se manifeste donc, entre autres </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptômes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
par une fascination pour le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">spectacle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Lequel n'est d'ailleurs plus, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
fine</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
précise Guy Debord, une fascination<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote25sym" name="sdfootnote25anc"><sup>25</sup></a>
pour </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
seules</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">images
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
spectacle n’est pas un ensemble d’images, mais un rapport social
entre des personnes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Debord,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Société du Spectacle</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§4)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
voulant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par là</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
insister</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sur la conséquence politique la plus pertinente de cette confusion
entre le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote26sym" name="sdfootnote26anc"><sup>26</sup></a>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réel</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
de cette perte du sens de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité.
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cette
conséquence étant qu'"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
ne peut y avoir de révolte hors de l’activité, et dans le
spectacle, toute activité est niée</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Debord,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Société du Spectacle</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§27). C'est ce que nous avons appelé, dans un article récent<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote27sym" name="sdfootnote27anc"><sup>27</sup></a>,
"ère post-politique" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
le système du spectacle, s’accroissent les conditions d’isolement
des foules solitaires</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Debord,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Société du Spectacle</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§28), la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">foule
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">étant,
pour Debord comme pour Arendt, la négation absolue<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote28sym" name="sdfootnote28anc"><sup>28</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
ce que les Grecs appelaient la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">polis</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">communauté
politique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">désormais
diluée dans la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">masse
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">quantitative
et amorphe </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
masses ne sont pas unies par la conscience d’un intérêt commun et
elles n’ont pas cette logique spécifique des classes qui s’exprime
dans la poursuite d’objectifs communs précis, limités et
accessibles</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Système Totalitaire</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i, 1). Fournir aux </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">foules
dépolitisées </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dose d'"opium du peuple" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nécessaire
au maintien et à la perpétuation de l'ordre social et ce, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sous
la forme d'une accumulation permanente de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">spectacles</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
voilà </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
nous apparaît être un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">autre
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Allons
plus loin : il est difficile de ne pas voir dans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
culte</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">images
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
facto</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
dans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">retour
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
force d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
conception </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">magique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la survivance d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">révérence</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">superstitieuse
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la part de ceux</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui se </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">laissent
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fasciner
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">spectacle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui témoignerait tout à la fois de l'existence d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">entité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacrée
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
de leur </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">élection
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
ladite </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">entité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">spectateur
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">privilégié
d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">udit</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">spectacle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Durkheim
fait remarquer que "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
division du monde en deux domaines comprenant, l’un ce qui est
sacré, l’autre ce qui est profane, tel est le trait distinctif de
la pensée religieuse [...]. Est sacré ce que le profane ne doit
pas, ne peut pas impunément toucher [...]. Les choses sacrées sont
celles que les interdits protègent et isolent ; les choses
profanes, celles auxquelles ces interdits s'appliquent et qui doivent
rester à distance des premières. Une religion est donc un système
de croyances et de pratiques relatives à des choses sacrées,
c’est-à-dire séparées, interdites</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Durkheim,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Formes Élémentaires de la Vie Religieuse</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i). Pour autant, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
raison d'être des conceptions religieuses, c'est avant tout de
fournir un système de notions ou de croyances qui permette à
l'individu de se représenter la société dont il fait partie, et
les rapports obscurs qui l'unissent à elle. S'il en est ainsi, [...]
l'objet du culte est d'attacher l'individu à</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">son
Dieu, c'est-à-dire à la société dont le Dieu n'est que
l'expression figurée</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Durkheim,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cours
sur les Origines de la Vie Religieuse</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Autrement dit, pour Durkheim, le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacré
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">figurée</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
avec force </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">images</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
de la structure </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">obscure</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'une communauté humaine donnée. Pourquoi </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cette
structure doit-elle demeurer obscure ?</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'abord
parce que, comme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pascal
l'a dit</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
coutume fait toute l'équité, par cette seule raison qu'elle est
reçue ; c'est le fondement mystique de son autorité. Qui la ramène
à son principe, l'anéantit</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Pascal,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pensées</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
B294). C'est-à-dire que non seulement il n'est pas nécessaire, mais
encore il est contre-productif<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote29sym" name="sdfootnote29anc"><sup>29</sup></a>
que les fondements de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coutume</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sociale soient, en permanence, transparente à tous ses membres.
Admettons-le<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote30sym" name="sdfootnote30anc"><sup>30</sup></a>.
Le problème surgit lorsqu'on </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">naturalise,
lorsqu'on essentialise, le fonctionnement coutumier de la société
qui, dès lors, se fait oublier : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
l’origine, il n’y a que la coutume, c’est-à-dire l’arbitraire
historique de l’institution qui se fait oublier comme telle en
tentant de se fonder en raison mythique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Méditations
Pascaliennes</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii). Les raisons invoquées pour </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">justifier
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coutume</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
laquelle </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est,
à elle-même</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">son
propre est unique fondement, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
donc</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
toujours des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote31sym" name="sdfootnote31anc"><sup>31</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
méconnaissance de la nature nécessairement auto-fondatrice de la
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coutume,
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">si
l’on veut éviter de remonter sans fin dans la chaîne des causes,
peut-être faut-il cesser de penser dans la logique théologique du
“premier commencement” qui conduit inévitablement à la foi en
un créateur</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote32sym" name="sdfootnote32anc"><sup>32</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: le principe de l’efficacité des actes de consécration réside
dans le champ lui-même et rien ne serait plus vain que de chercher
l’origine du pouvoir créateur, cette sorte de </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mana
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
de </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">charisme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ineffable, ailleurs que dans cet espace de jeu qui s’est
progressivement institué, c’est-à-dire dans le système des
relations objectives qui le constituent, dans les luttes dont il est
le lieu et dans la forme spécifique de croyance qu’il
engendre</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Règles de l’Art</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i, 3)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Bref, le recours à la pensée magique et, particulièrement, à la
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacralisation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
telle ou telle </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"fondatrice"</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est commandé par la nécessité de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">préserver</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institutions</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"fondées"</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la menace que fait peser sur elle le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
risque</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">scepticisme</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à propos de leur légitimité</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Le recours au </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fondateur
et </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacré</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est donc </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentatif
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
caractère essentiellement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(au
sens d'Aristote) de la nature humaine. Mais un tel recours procède
également d'une autre logique, moins </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
plus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ontologique.
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C'est
que, c</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">omme
Girard l'a souligné, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'homme
désire intensément, mais il ne sait pas exactement quoi, car c'est
l'être qu'il désire, un être dont il se sent privé et dont
quelqu'un d'autre lui paraît pourvu. Le sujet attend de cet autre
qu'il lui dise ce qu'il faut désirer, pour acquérir cet être. Si
le modèle, déjà doté, semble-t-il, d'un être supérieur désire
quelque chose, il ne peut s'agir que d'un objet capable de conférer
une plénitude d'être encore plus totale</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Girard,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Violence et le Sacré</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
vi)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
problème étant que "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
tous les désirs que nous avons observés, il n'y avait pas seulement
un objet et un sujet, il y avait un troisième terme, le rival. [...]
Le sujet désire l'objet parce que le rival lui-même le désire. En
désirant tel ou tel objet, le rival le désigne au sujet comme
désirable. Le rival est le modèle du sujet, non pas tant sur le
plan superficiel des façons d'être, des idées, etc., que sur le
plan plus essentiel du désir</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Girard,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Violence et le Sacré</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
vi)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Autrement dit, pour Girard, le <i>désir humain </i>n'est pas une relation à deux termes (sujet désirant-objet désiré) mais à trois (sujet désirant-rival représentant-objet désiré). Si, comme nous l'avons dit, c'est la nature </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'humain qui le prédispose à la <i>représentation</i>, c'est que cette nature de l'homme est indissociable de son indétermination </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ontologique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
s'il a besoin de l'Autre, c'est parce que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mimèsis</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'Autre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
ce qui vaut la peine d'être désiré </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
guide dans le choix de son </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">être-Soi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Ce que dit aussi Aristote : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'ami,
qui est un autre soi-même</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hétéros
gar autos ho philos estin</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
procure ce qu'on ne peut se procurer par soi-même [</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">car</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">'homme
est un être social [</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">zôon
politikon</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
fait pour vivre en communauté. [Même] l'homme heureux a donc besoin
d'amis</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">philôn</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Éthique
à Nicomaque</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
IX, 1169b</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sauf
que Girard est moins optimiste qu'Aristote quant au caractère
spontanément </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">amical
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la médiation d'Autrui dans la construction d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
l'être-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Soi.
En effet,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
sujet éprouve donc pour son modèle un sentiment déchirant formé
par l'union de deux contraires qui sont la vénération la plus
soumise et la rancune la plus intense. C'est là le sentiment que
nous appelons</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
haine"(Girard, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mensonge
Romantique et Vérité Romanesque</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pour
Girard, l'ambivalence</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
haineuse</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mélange
de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vénération
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rancune)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">désir
mimétique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote33sym" name="sdfootnote33anc"><sup>33</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est,
tout comme l'interrogation sur l'origine de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coutume
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chez
Pascal, potentiellement générat</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rice</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">violence</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
social</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
remède est</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
par conséquent,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
toujours le même : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
religieux vise toujours à apaiser la violence et à l'empêcher de
se déchaîner. Les conduites religieuses et morales visent la
non-violence de façon immédiate dans la vie quotidienne et de façon
médiate, fréquemment, dans la vie rituelle, par l'intermédiaire
paradoxal de la violence</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Girard,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Violence et le Sacré</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Ce que Girard appelle "le religieux" est aussi une <i>représentation </i>qui assure le lien entre le <i>sujet désirant</i> et l'<i>objet désiré</i> mais c'est une <i>représentation sacrée</i> qui, contrairement à la <i>représentation profane</i>, désamorce le risque de rivalité violente. Bref, pour Girard comme pour Durkheim, le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">religieux
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">poursuit
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacré
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
finalité ultime : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
sacré, c'est tout ce qui maîtrise l'homme d'autant plus sûrement
que l'homme se croit plus capable de le maîtriser. C'est donc, entre
autres choses mais secondairement, les tempêtes, les incendies de
forêt, les épidémies qui terrassent une population. Mais c'est
aussi et surtout, bien que de façon plus cachée, la violence des
hommes eux-mêmes, la violence posée comme extérieure à l'homme</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et confondue, désormais, à toutes les autres forces qui pèsent sur
l'homme du dehors. C'est la violence qui constitue le cœur véritable
et l'âme secrète du sacré</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Girard,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Violence et le Sacré</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Bref, le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fondateur
et </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacré</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
n'a pas pour seule fonction de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenter</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indiquant
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">confusément,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">structures
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">profondes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">société</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">humaine</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mais aussi de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenter</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dissimulant
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
mieux possible,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'ambivalence
ontologique du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">désir</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mimétique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">humain</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
On voit donc à quel point </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
fondateur et sacré </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">va
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">être
paradoxal : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">doit,
tout à la fois, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">montrer</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">cacher
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">son
objet</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Un exemple frappant réside dans l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'actuelle</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
pratique de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">euphémisme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
désigne</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
obscurément la structure d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
certaine </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout
en dissimulant </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">maladroitement
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tabou
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
son origine</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
controversée</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Ainsi,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
il n'y a plus de "licenciements", juste des "plans
sociaux", plus de "bourgeois" mais des
"investisseurs", plus de "handicapés", seulement
des "personnes à mobilité réduite", plus de "pesticides", à peine quelques "perturbateurs endocriniens", etc.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote34sym" name="sdfootnote34anc"><sup>34</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cela
dit, que le fondement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mystique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institutions
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">doive
à la fois être caché et être indiqué confusément par des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentations
mythiques </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
caractère</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacré</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fondateur</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">trahi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ssen</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nature essentiellement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">religieuse
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(au
sens de Durkheim</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou de Girard</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
voilà qui est manifestement inhérent à la nature </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(au
sens d'Aristote) de l'humain</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et ne peut donc être imputé au seul développement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">récent
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Sauf que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
si on admet </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">avec</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Freud que "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
superstition, commune à la sorcellerie et à la magie, consiste à
s’imaginer pouvoir transformer le monde extérieur uniquement par
des idées</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Freud,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Totem
et Tabou</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii) et que "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
motifs qui poussent à l’exercice de la magie sont faciles à
reconnaître : ce sont les désirs humains</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Freud,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Totem
et Tabou</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
alors il est manifeste que la croyance </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">superstitieuse
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
pouvoir </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">magique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
idées et des désirs est bien, depuis les Lumières, un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">modernité
démocratique. </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
d'autres termes, l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pensée
magique </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">superstition
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
nécessite l'adhésion </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aux</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentations
mythiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">origine</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sacrée</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institutions
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'ont
jamais été aussi prégnantes, contrairement à ce que la modernité
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
raconte d'elle-même<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote35sym" name="sdfootnote35anc"><sup>35</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Loin
d'avoir été éradiqué, l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">religiosité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
n'a, au contraire, jamais été aussi présent</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Comme le dit Durkheim, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
religion est un système de croyances et de pratiques relatives à
des choses sacrées, c’est-à-dire séparées des choses profanes,
interdites. [Donc], même aujourd’hui, si grande que soit la
liberté que nous nous accordons les uns aux autres, un homme qui
nierait totalement le progrès, qui bafouerait l’idéal humain
auquel les sociétés modernes sont attachées, ferait l’effet d’un
sacrilège. Il y a tout au moins un principe que les peuples les plus
épris de libre examen tendent à mettre au dessus de la discussion
et à regarder comme intangible, c’est-à-dire comme sacré : c’est
le principe même du libre examen</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Durkheim,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Formes Élémentaires de la Vie Religieuse</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i ).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Libre à nous de nos pas considérer </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(c'est-à-dire
de ne pas présenter) </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
proprement "religieux" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'amour
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
(plutôt que la prosternation devant) ces </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">abstractions</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que constituent </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
liberté</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou l'égalité</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ou encore l'affirmation selon laquelle le capitalisme ou la
démocratie sont historiquement indépassables (plutôt que sacrés)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote36sym" name="sdfootnote36anc"><sup>36</sup></a>.
Il reste que, comme l'historien et anthropologue Emmanuel Todd l'a
remarqué, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
exemple </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
reflux de la religion a conduit à son remplacement par une
idéologie, en l'occurrence à la création d'une idole monétaire
que l'on peut [...] appeler indifféremment euro ou veau d'or</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Todd,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
est Charlie ?</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
même, l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'un
des exemples les plus significatifs </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">infusion</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">religiosité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
le discours tenu à propos des</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institutions
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
sans doute celui du mode de présentation de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution
scolaire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dont toutes les déclinaisons, depuis l'époque des Lumières, f</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
appel au </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fondateur
et </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacré
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
mérite personnel qui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
dans le même temps, indique </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
consensus social </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">manifeste
et contribue à euphémiser</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
tout à la fois l'opportunisme et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
cynisme qui ont présidé à ses différentes réformes sous toutes
les latitudes </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ainsi
que</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la forte corrélation entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
désir </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">conscient
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
réussite scolaire et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
désir </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inconscient
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
perpétuer les inégalités de classe</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
des effets les moins aperçus des procédures scolaires de formation
et de sélection est d’instaurer une frontière magique entre les
élus et les exclus tout en aménageant le refoulement des
différences de condition, qui sont la condition de la différence
qu’elles produisent et consacrent</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Méditations
Pascaliennes</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cela
dit,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
aucune </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">autant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">imprégnée
de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">religiosité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pensée
magique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que celle de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">administration
des biens symboliques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou, si l'on préfère, l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institution
politique </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
sens restreint </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(non-aristotélicien)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lui
donne </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Marie-José
Mondzain. La conception théologique de la représentation politique
telle qu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'elle</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'a développée, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">insiste
sur</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mysticisme</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
préside à l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">économie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote37sym" name="sdfootnote37anc"><sup>37</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symboles</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire, tout à la fois, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
leur production et à leur distribution</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Ce qui veut dire que ce n'est pas parce que certains ont le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
faire obéir</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'ils
auraient, comme par surcroît, le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pouvoir
symbolique </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenter
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'entité
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythique
fondatrice et sacrée </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rendant
l'obéissance inéluctable</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
l'un et l'autre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pouvoirs
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont
les deux aspects indissolubles de la même fonction </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentative</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Dire que A </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représente</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
B </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">auprès
de C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est dire que A possède sur </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pouvoir
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
lui imposer </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
décisions </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">impératives
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pouvoir
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
faire croire </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
C </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
ces décisions sont légitimes </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
motif qu'en réalité, ce sont celles de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
B</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
fonction des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institutions
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">administratives
est</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
donc</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
d'emblée, pensée comme une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">économie
des biens symboliques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
le sens où B doit admettre sans discussion que A est le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symbole
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
C et que les attributs de A sont ceux de C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cela
renvoie à la dichotomie durkheimienne entre </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">profane
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(C)
et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacré
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(B) mais, surtout, à la trichotomie girardienne du <i>sujet</i> (B), de l'<i>objet </i>(C) et du <i>représentant</i> (A).
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ainsi,
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
une société chrétienne</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[C]</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
il ne peut y avoir de légitimité politique sans constitution d'une
doctrine articulant sans défaillance l'adhésion doctrinale au
dispositif institutionnel qui légitime le pouvoir temporel. Croire
et obéir sont les deux versants d'un même montage symbolique, qui
met en </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">œ</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">uvre
l'équivalence du faire croire et du gouverner</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Mondzain,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Image,
Icône, Économie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, i)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">croire
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
caractère </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacré
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
B et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">obéir</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à A, pour C, c'est tout un. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pour
Marie-José Mondzain, l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">élection</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">choix</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des personnalités emblématiques des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">instances
de commandement</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(A)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">procède
nécessairement</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
au sein de C,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">puissance
souveraine</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(B)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en l'occurrence, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
une société </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">théocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comme dans la société chrétienne d'avant les Lumières</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">puissance
divine</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ette
corrélation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">remonte</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
historiquement,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">premier
Concile de Nicée<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote38sym" name="sdfootnote38anc"><sup>38</sup></a>
qui proclame que le Christ est bien Dieu fait homme, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
qui ouvre la voie </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
humaine du divin</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">impensable
dans les deux autres monothéismes<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote39sym" name="sdfootnote39anc"><sup>39</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dans
un premier temps, "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c'est
l'Église elle-même qui va être identifiée au corps du Christ,
dont on doit pouvoir produire la visibilité afin que le royaume
terrestre puisse se constituer à l'image du royaume céleste, dont
il incarnera ici-bas la manifestation providentielle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Mondzain,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Image,
Icône, Économie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, i). Puis, dans la mesure où Constantin instaure la (con-)fusion
de l'Église et de l'État, c'est le Prince qui va être identifié à
la divinité du Christ, donc qui va être considéré comme Son
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentant</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
via le rite du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacre</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Cette fonction </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentative</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sacrée</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
consistant, pour le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Prince</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
à s'autoriser à prendre des décisions en Son nom va</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
donc </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entrer
dans les m</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">œ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">urs
de la chrétienté</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sous
la forme de la monarchie de droit divin qui perdurera jusqu'à la fin
du XIX° siècle dans la Sainte Russie et qui va être théorisée,
notamment par Bossuet : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">toute
puissance vient de Dieu. [...] Les princes agissent donc comme
ministres</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
Dieu, et ses lieutenants sur la terre. C’est par eux qu’il exerce
son empire. [… ] C’est pour cela […] que le trône royal n’est
pas le trône d’un homme, mais le trône de Dieu même. […] Il
gouverne donc tous les peuples, et leur donne à tous leurs rois.
[...] Il paraît de tout cela que la personne des rois est sacrée,
et qu’attenter sur eux c’est un sacrilège. Dieu les fait oindre
par les prophètes d’une onction sacrée, comme il fait oindre les
pontifes et ses autels. Mais même sans l’application extérieure
de cette onction, ils sont sacrés par leur charge, comme étant les
représentants de la majesté divine, députés par la providence à
l’exécution de ses desseins. […] Le titre de Christ est donné
aux rois ; et on les voit partout appelés les Christs, ou les oints
du Seigneur</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Bossuet,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Politique
tirée des propres Paroles de l'Écriture Sainte</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
III, ii, 1-2).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
D'où la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">légitime
autorité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote40sym" name="sdfootnote40anc"><sup>40</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Prince qui, dans une société où le christianisme est la religion
d'État, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">va
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
justifier et se renforcer au moyen de la croyance de la part des
sujets en la double nature, tout à la fois </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">corporelle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">spirituelle</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
du souverain </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
le Prince incarne, en son </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">corps</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la souveraine puissance de Dieu, laquelle est l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">esprit
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
est censé animer le Prince</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: du point de vue du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">corps</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
A </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représente
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">B,
mais, du point de vue de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">esprit</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
A </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">B.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ce
qui n'est pas sans rappeler la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">consubstantialité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Père, du Fils et du Saint Esprit<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote41sym" name="sdfootnote41anc"><sup>41</sup></a>
: "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
modèle principiel de la relation consubstantielle fait pour toujours
de l'image une figure du sens et non un signe référentiel coupé de
sa signification. C'est ce que les Pères appellent un symbole. [...]
L'image est partout figure de l'immanence</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Mondzain,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Image,
Icône, Économie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Si l'on en croit l'auteur, il faut donc bien admettre que la doctrine
et, plus encore, la pratique chrétienne du pouvoir politique ont
profondément </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">infléchi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la relation de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mimèsis</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
telle que la logique, d'Aristote à Frege, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'a
cessé de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">défini</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
l'occurrence, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
relation</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">transitive</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
objet</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentant
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
autre objet</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenté</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Marie-José Mondzain pourrait dire, en termes frégéens, que le
paradigme chrétien</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">confond</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
du point de vue de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">esprit</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sens
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sinn</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
et la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dénotation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">référence
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bedeutung</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symbole
politique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
deux </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">étant
désormais</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">consubstantiels</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c'est-à-dire
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mutuellement
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">immanents
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'un
à l'autre.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
relation de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">devient
donc </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réflexive</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote42sym" name="sdfootnote42anc"><sup>42</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'exemple
de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">icône
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est,
à cet égard, particulièrement significatif<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote43sym" name="sdfootnote43anc"><sup>43</sup></a>:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ainsi,
l'icône ne sera-t-elle pas davantage expressive, signifiante ou
désignatrice. Elle ne s'inscrira pas dans l'espace d'un écart mais
elle incarnera le retrait lui-même</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Mondzain,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Image,
Icône, Économie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'est
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donc
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">économie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">icôn</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
premiers âges du christianisme que réside </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vraisembl</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ablement
l'origine de cette relation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">paradoxale
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">consistant
à la fois, pour un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fondateur et sacré</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
à </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indiquer
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">son
objet tout en le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dissimulant</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
c'est parce que la nature </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacrée</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ontologiquement
éminente, du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représenté</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(B) risque de s'effacer aux yeux du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">profane</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(C) qu'elle a besoin d'être périodiquement réactivée par le
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentant</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(A).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
Prince est donc pensé comme une </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">icône</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote44sym" name="sdfootnote44anc"><sup>44</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vivant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou naturel</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui <i>représente </i>s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
objet (la divine puissance) tout à la fois en l'<i>incarnant </i>et en l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">trans</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">-)figurant</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/07/de-quoi-la-democratie-est-elle-le-nom.html">à suivre dans ...</a>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">instituteur
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
celui qui </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institue</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
donc qui </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">éduque</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
qui fait sortir de l'état de nature</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>Durkheim
jette ainsi les bases de la <i>sociologie
descriptive</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
: </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>apparemment
les faits sociaux semblent inséparables des formes qu’ils
prennent dans les cas particuliers, mais la statistique nous fournit
le moyen de les isoler</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Durkheim,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>les
Règles de la Méthode Sociologique</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Cf. </span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2009/10/en-quoi-les-sciences-sociales-et.html">en
quoi les Sciences Sociales se distinguent-elles des Sciences de la
Nature ?</a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>La dissymétrie de la relation représentant/représenté n'est donc qu'une manifestation particulière de la relation de pouvoir de celui-là sur celui-ci</span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote4">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>Le
terme grec est, le plus souvent, traduit par "imitation".
C'est un peu réducteur (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2014/07/ethique-identite-narrative-et.html">Éthique,
Identité Narrative et Conscience de soi</a>). Aussi, préférons-nous
"représentation".</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote5">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;">5</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>À
quoi vise l’art, sinon à nous montrer </i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[…]
</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>les
choses qui ne frappaient pas explicitement nos sens et notre
conscience ?</i></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">Bergson,
</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>la
Pensée et le Mouvant</u></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
v), notamment le possible comme un sur-réel</span></span><span style="text-align: left;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote6">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a>D'ailleurs,
pour Aristote, dire que l'homme est <i>par nature </i><span style="font-style: normal;">un
</span><i>animal politique </i><span style="font-style: normal;">ou
bien un </span><i>animal parlant</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
cela revient </span><span style="font-style: normal;">exactement </span><span style="font-style: normal;">au
même : </span>"<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><i>o</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><i>n
voit d’une manière évidente pourquoi l’homme est un animal
sociable à un plus haut degré que les abeilles et tous les animaux
qui vivent réunis. La nature [</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">phusis</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><i>,
ce vers quoi tend un être, la forme qui est tirée de sa matière],
comme nous disons, ne fait rien en vain. Seul, entre les animaux,
l’homme a l’usage de la parole [</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><i>logos</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><i>]</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><i>;
c’est ce qui fait une famille [</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">oïkos</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><i>]
et une Cité [</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">polis</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><i>]</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Politique</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, 1253a)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote7">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a>"<i>Soit,
en effet, Socrate est malade et Socrate n’est pas malade ; si
Socrate lui-même existe, il est clair que l’une de ces deux
propositions est vraie et l’autre fausse ; et s’il n’existe
pas, il en est de même, car s’il n’existe pas, dire qu’il est
malade est faux, et dire qu’il n’est pas malade est vrai. –
Ainsi, les choses qui sont opposées comme l’affirmation et la
négation ont seules la propriété d’être toujours, l’une
vraie et l’autre fausse</i>"(Aristote, <span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Catégories</u></span>,
12a). Ne pas confondre ce "principe de (non-)contradiction"
avec le "principe de tiers-exclu" et le "principe de
bivalence". Pour faire simple : soit P une proposition bien
formée (les critères du "bien formé" changent selon les
axiomatiques, mais peu importe ici) quelconque et non-P sa
contradictoire :
</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> - le <i>principe de
(non-)contradiction</i> dit que P et non-P ne peuvent pas,
simultanément, être <i>vraies toutes les deux</i> mais laisse
ouverte la possibilité qu'elles soient <i>fausses toutes les deux</i>
ou <i>dépourvues de valeur de vérité toutes les deux</i></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i> </i>- le <i>principe
du tiers-exclu</i> dit que P et non-P ne peuvent pas, simultanément,
ni être <i>vraies toutes les deux</i>, ni être <i>fausses toutes
les deux</i> mais laisse ouverte la possibilité qu'elles soient
<i>dépourvues de valeur de vérité toutes les deux</i></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i> </i>- le <i>principe
de bivalence</i> dit que P et non-P ne peuvent pas, simultanément,
ni être <i>vraies toutes les deux</i>, ni être <i>fausses toutes
les deux</i>, ni <i>dépourvues de valeur de vérité</i>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote8">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a>Pour
Frege, toute <i>proposition</i> affirmative directe est un <i>nom
propre</i> pour le <i>vrai</i> et le <i>faux</i> : "<i>si la
valeur de vérité d'une proposition est sa dénotation, toutes les
propositions vraies ont même dénotation et toutes les fausses
également</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Frege, </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Lettre
à Husserl</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
24 mai 1891). La valeur </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">vrai
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ou
la valeur </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">faux
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sont
donc bien, en ce sens, ce que </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">représente</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
une telle proposition.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote9">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a>Qu'on
nous épargne, par pitié, les arguments massues censés nous clouer
le bec du genre "c'est peut-être un mauvais système mais
c'est le moins mauvais" ou bien "la majorité ne peut
errer" ! Le premier argument, attribué à Churchill, est une
pétition de principe : ce n'est pas parce qu'il est le "moins
mauvais" qu'il fait aujourd'hui consensus majoritaire, mais
c'est parce qu'il fait consensus majoritaire et que l'oligarchie
ploutocratique a, manifestement, intérêt à le conserver, qu'il
est qualifié de "moins mauvais". Le second est
inopportunément attribué à Rousseau alors que l'auteur du <u>Contrat
Social</u><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
dit exactement le contraire : certes, "</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
volonté générale ne peut errer</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
[mais] </span></i><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">la
volonté générale, qui ne regarde qu’à l’intérêt commun, ne
doit pas être confondue avec la volonté de tous qui n’est qu’une
somme de volontés particulières. [...] Il s’ensuit de ce qui
précède que la volonté générale est toujours droite et tend
toujours à l’utilité publique : mais il ne s’ensuit pas que
les délibérations du peuple aient toujours la même rectitude</span></i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">op.
cit.</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
ii, 3).</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote10">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a>Qui
ne sont pas tout à fait des sujets grammaticaux. Par exemple, dans
la phrase "Othello aime Desdémone", il n'y a qu'un <i>sujet
grammatical </i><span style="font-style: normal;">("Othello")
mais deux </span><i>sujets logiques </i><span style="font-style: normal;">("Othello"
et "Desdémone"). Cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/10/la-theorie-russellienne-des.html">la
Théorie Russellienne des Descriptions</a>.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote11">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span><i>La
nature de l’unité sociale est comprise comme étant un consensus
stable issu du recoupement [</i><span style="font-style: normal;">overlapping
consensus</span><i>] de doctrines compréhensives
raisonnables</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Rawls,
</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Justice et Démocratie</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
v).</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Pour Rawls, en tant qu'il suppose des considérations </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">morales</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
(en terme de </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">bien
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
de </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">mal</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">le
</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">consensus </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">est
à distinguer du simple </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">modus
vivendi</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote12">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>La
proposition est une image de la réalité</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Tractatus</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
4.01)</span></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote13">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote13anc" name="sdfootnote13sym">13</a>On
objectera que "on dit que <i>p" </i><span style="font-style: normal;">est
</span><i>vraie </i><span style="font-style: normal;">si et seulement
si on le dit effectivement. Comme nous l'avons montré par ailleurs,
(cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/04/post-verite-post-politique-post-humanite.html">Post-Vérité,
Post-Politique, Post-Humanité</a>)</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
cette </span><span style="font-style: normal;">acception</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
de</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> la</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><i>vérité</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> (que nous
avons appelée </span><i>vérité</i><sub><i>2</i></sub><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">pour
la distinguer de la </span><i>vérité empirique </i><span style="font-style: normal;">ou
</span><i>vérité</i><sub><i>1</i></sub><span style="font-style: normal;">)
n'a de sens, en tant que </span><i>possibilité</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
de</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span><i>vérité</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
qu'à condition, justement, de mettre en cohérence des </span><i>concepts
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">du </span><i>n</i><sup><i>ième
</i></sup><span style="font-style: normal;">ordre qui subsument des
</span><i>concepts </i><span style="font-style: normal;">du </span><i>n-1</i><sup><i>ième
</i></sup><span style="font-style: normal;">ordre ... qui subsument
des </span><i>concepts </i><span style="font-style: normal;">du </span><i>1°
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">ordre </span><span style="font-style: normal;">dotés</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
eux,</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> de </span><i>critères
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">par lesquels il est possible de
</span><i>vérifier</i><sub><i>1</i></sub><span style="font-style: normal;">
(de </span><i>vérifier empiriquement</i><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span><i>
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'ils s'appliquent ou non à
des </span><i>objets empiriques</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">donnés. Or, dans le cas de
"on dit que </span><i>p</i><span style="font-style: normal;">",
et en prenant "on" comme la paraphrase de "il existe
une majorité de personnes qui"</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
(ce qui est, sous certaines conditions, est </span><i>empiriquement</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><i>vérifiable</i><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
encore faudrait-il </span><span style="font-style: normal;">que </span><i>p
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">soit aussi un </span><i>objet
empirique </i><span style="font-style: normal;">identifiable (par
exemple, la même phrase pour tous) dont les constituants
</span><i>conceptuels </i><span style="font-style: normal;">sont, </span><i>in
fine</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, compris de la même
manière par tous. Par exemple, à supposer qu'une majorité de
personnes se disent </span><i>libres, </i><span style="font-style: normal;">pour
que la phrase "une majorité de personnes se disent libres"
soit </span><i>vraie</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, il
faudrait encore que tous les membres de cette </span><i>majorité
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">adoptent les mêmes </span><i>critères
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">de </span><i>liberté</i><i>.
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">Faute de quoi, pour maintenir
la </span><i>vérité </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de cette
phrase, il n'y a plus qu'à considérer le mot "libre" non
pas comme un </span><i>concept</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
doté de signification mais comme un simple </span><i>flatus vocis</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
un simple bruit</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> ! </span><span style="font-style: normal;">On
voit bien que, d</span><span style="font-style: normal;">onner à</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
"on dit que </span><i>p</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">la possibilité d'</span><span style="font-style: normal;">être
</span><i>vraie </i><span style="font-style: normal;">déplace</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
la charge de la preuve sur la seule clause "on dit que" et
non plus sur "</span><i>p</i><span style="font-style: normal;">",
ce qui implique que </span><span style="font-style: normal;">peu
impo</span><span style="font-style: normal;">r</span><span style="font-style: normal;">te
</span><i>p </i><span style="font-style: normal;">:</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">tout ce qui est
effectivement </span><span style="font-style: normal;">prononcé</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
par "on" est </span><i>vrai</i><i>.</i><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">Ce
qui</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> revient à effacer la
distinction établie par Aristote entre le </span><i>cri </i><span style="font-style: normal;">("</span><i>phonè</i><span style="font-style: normal;">")
animal et la </span><i>parole </i><span style="font-style: normal;">("</span><i>logos</i><span style="font-style: normal;">")
humaine</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> !</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote14">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote14anc" name="sdfootnote14sym">14</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2014/01/lire-v-philosophie-analytique.html">Philosophie
Analytique, Littérature et Sémantique</a>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote15">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote15anc" name="sdfootnote15sym">15</a>Selon
que l'on est russellien ou strawsonien.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote16">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote16anc" name="sdfootnote16sym">16</a>D'un
point de vue <i>syntaxique </i><span style="font-style: normal;">"ceci
est l'image-d'un-centaure" équivaut à "ceci est
étonnant" (sujet logique + propriété) et non pas à "ceci
est l'image de mon frère" (sujet logique + copule + sujet
logique + relation). C'est ce que veut dire Goodman lorsqu'il dit
q</span><span style="font-style: normal;">u'"</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
expression comme ''</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">image</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">centaure</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">'
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">forme
un seul prédicat</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote17">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote17anc" name="sdfootnote17sym">17</a><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span><span style="font-style: normal;">f.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/04/post-verite-post-politique-post-humanite.html">Post-Vérité,
Post-Politique, Post-Humanité</a></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote18">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote18anc" name="sdfootnote18sym">18</a>"<i>La
Nature est un temple où de vivants piliers // </i><i>Laissent
parfois sortir de confuses paroles</i><i> // </i><i>L'homme y</i><i>
</i><i>passe à travers des forêts de symboles</i><i> // </i><i>Qui
l'observent avec des regards familiers</i>"(Baudelaire,
"Correspondance", <u>les Fleurs du Mal</u><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
iv</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote19">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote19anc" name="sdfootnote19sym">19</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2013/10/voile-islamique-delire-cognitiviste-et.html">"Voile
Islamique", Délire Cognitiviste et Approche Conativiste</a> et
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2013/02/laffaire-de-lart143-ou-brouillage-pour.html">l'Affaire
de l'Art.143 ou Brouillage pour tous et Verbiage Homosexuel</a>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote20">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote20anc" name="sdfootnote20sym">20</a>Certitude
classiquement définie comme sentiment de la <i>nécessité</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire comme sentiment de ce que la négation d'une
proposition </span><i>p</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
impossible, autrement dit de ce que la seule position de la
</span><i>possibilité </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de </span><i>p
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">implique sa </span><i>réalité</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote21">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote21anc" name="sdfootnote21sym">21</a>Et
qui seule mérite, <i>in fine</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
la qualification de "vérité".</span><i> </i>Nous avons
montré dans <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/04/post-verite-post-politique-post-humanite.html"><span style="font-style: normal;">Post-Vérité,
Post-Politique, Post-Humanité</span></a> que la <i>vérité-certitude
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">(tout comme, d'ailleurs, la
</span><i>vérité-cohérence</i><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span><i>
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">ne peut se substituer à la
</span><i>vérité-correspondance</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
mais</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> doit</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
tout au contraire, se fonder sur elle en lui </span><span style="font-style: normal;">ap</span><span style="font-style: normal;">portant
un regard critique.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote22">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote22anc" name="sdfootnote22sym">22</a>C'est-à-dire
en préservant la <i>vérité </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de
ce qui est dit</span><span style="font-style: normal;">. Dans
certains cas, le glissement lexical fait place à une identité
lexicale : c'est le même mot (avec des sens différents) qui
désigne les phénomènes </span><i>analogues</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
C'est le cas, par exemple, lorsqu'on parle de la "dette
publique" et qu'on la traite comme si elle n'entretenait avec
la dette des ménages qu'un simple rapport de degré en disant qu'un
ménage ne peut pas, durablement, dépenser plus qu'il ne gagne. Ce
qui, s'agissant des acteurs publics, </span><i>a fortiori</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
des États, est rigoureusement faux (cf. le déficit structurel des
comptes publics aux États-Unis).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote23">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote23anc" name="sdfootnote23sym">23</a>Dans
quelle mesure un capital "produit"-il quoi que ce soit en
étant déconnecté du travail ? Les contextes social, historique,
économique et idéologique du "racisme" anti-blanc
sont-il comparables à ceux du racisme anti-nègre ? En quel sens un
droit opposable comme le droit de voter peut-il faire peser une
contrainte morale sur le débiteur autant qu'une contrainte
juridique sur le créancier ? D'où vient la hantise de
l'endettement et en quoi consiste le devoir d'apurer les dettes (ce
que dit le verbe allemand <i>Schulden</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
tout à la fois "s'endetter" et "devoir"</span>)
? Ce ne sont pas là de simples questions rhétoriques. Le débat
peut être riche et instructif ... à condition d'avoir lieu (ce qui
est en contradiction avec la disparition de toute notion de <i>vérité
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">comme juge de paix en dernier
ressort) </span>!</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote24">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote24anc" name="sdfootnote24sym">24</a>Cette
vigilance, pour dire le moins, de la <i>philosophie </i><span style="font-style: normal;">à
l'égard de l'</span><i>art </i><span style="font-style: normal;">est
aussi </span><span style="font-style: normal;">ancienne</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
que la </span><i>philosophie</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">Outre la défiance de Pascal
et de l'âge classique en général (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/11/spinoza-bach-et-lart.html">Spinoza,
Bach et l'Art</a>), d</span><span style="font-style: normal;">oit-on
ra</span><span style="font-style: normal;">ppeler
ces propos </span><span style="font-style: normal;">définitifs
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">de
Platon : "</span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>si
donc un homme en apparence capable, par son habileté, de prendre
toutes les formes et de tout </i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>représenter</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
venait dans notre Cité pour s’y produire, lui et ses poèmes,
nous le saluerions bien bas comme un être sacré, étonnant,
agréable. Mais nous lui dirions qu’il n’y a point d’homme
comme lui dans la Cité et qu’il ne peut y en avoir. Puis nous
l’enverrions dans une autre Cité après avoir versé la myrrhe
sur sa tête et l’avoir couronné de bandelettes</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Platon,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>République</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
III, 398b) ?</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote25">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote25anc" name="sdfootnote25sym">25</a>Spinoza
parle d'<i>admiration
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">:
</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
y a Admiration </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">admiratio</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">quand
à l’image d’une chose l’Esprit demeure attaché, parce que
cette imagination singulière n’a aucune connexion avec les
autres</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Spinoza,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Éthique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
III, déf.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iv).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote26">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote26anc" name="sdfootnote26sym">26</a>D'aucuns
diront <i>imaginaire</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span><i>virtuel
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">ou </span><i>fictif</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Nous n'y voyons pas d'inconvénient. Mais nous préférons </span><span style="font-style: normal;">conserver</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
la catégorie </span><span style="font-style: normal;">modale</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
("possible") plutôt que la catégorie intentionnelle
("imaginaire"), ontologique ("virtuel") ou
narrative ("fictif").</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote27">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote27anc" name="sdfootnote27sym">27</a><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span><span style="font-style: normal;">f.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/04/post-verite-post-politique-post-humanite.html">Post-Vérité,
Post-Politique, Post-Humanité</a></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote28">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote28anc" name="sdfootnote28sym">28</a>Et,
pour Arendt,
potentiellement <i>totalitaire
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
la mesure où</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
mouvements totalitaires sont possibles partout où se trouvent des
masses qui, pour une raison ou une autre, se sont découvert un
appétit d’organisation politique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Système Totalitaire</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i, 1).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote29">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote29anc" name="sdfootnote29sym">29</a>La
raison avancée par Pascal est le risque de <i>sce</i><i>pticisme
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">:
"</span><span style="color: black;"><i>qui
voudra en examiner le motif le trouvera si faible et si léger, que,
s'il n'est accoutumé à contempler les prodiges de l'imagination
humaine, il admirera qu'un siècle lui ait tant acquis de pompe et
de révérence</i></span><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Pascal,
</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Pensées</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
B294).</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote30">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote30anc" name="sdfootnote30sym">30</a>Nous
verrons <i>infra </i><span style="font-style: normal;">avec Foucault
que la prétention </span><i>démocratique </i><span style="font-style: normal;">et
</span><i>rationnelle </i><span style="font-style: normal;">à la
"transparence"</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">tend vers le </span><i>totalitarisme
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">au sens d'Arendt</span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote31">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote31anc" name="sdfootnote31sym">31</a>Le
propre du <i>mythe </i><span style="font-style: normal;">est
d'être </span><i>fondateur </i><span style="font-style: normal;">et
</span><i>sacré </i><span style="font-style: normal;">:
</span><i>"le mythe raconte une histoire
sacrée ; il relate un événement qui a eu lieu dans le temps
primordial, le temps fabuleux des </i><i>commencements</i><i>.
[...] C'est toujours le récit d'une </i><i>création
</i><i>: on rapporte comment quelque chose a été
produit, a commencé à être</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Éliade,
</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Aspects
du Mythe</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">).</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;">
Donc</span>, contrairement
à ce que pense Hegel (<span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le
mythe est le produit de l’imagination, siège de l’arbitraire ;
or, ce qui nous importe, c’est la raison</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"
- </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Leçons
sur la Philosophie de l’Histoire</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
I), le </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>mythe
</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">n'exclut
pas du tout la </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>raison</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
bien au contraire : </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’ambition
de toute mythologie est de fonder en raison les divisions
arbitraires de l’ordre social, et d’abord la division du
travail, et de donner aussi une solution logique ou cosmologique au
problème du classement des hommes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Leçon
sur la Leçon</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span>
Du coup, le <i>mythe
</i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">peut</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
effectivement, ne faire appel qu'au </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">merveilleux</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">:
"</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Socrate</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">:
vous êtes tous frères, dirons-nous, [...] mais le dieu qui vous a
formés a fait entrer de l’or dans la composition de ceux d’entre
nous qui sont capables de commander, de l’argent dans la
composition des gardiens, du fer et de l’airain dans celle des
laboureurs et des autres artisans</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Platon,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>République</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
III, 415a)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Mais,
le plus souvent, le </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">merveilleux</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
est intimement lié au </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">rationnel</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(ou
à ce qui se prétend tel) </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">:
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
est </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
la fois conforme à la nature et avantageux que le corps soit
commandé par l’âme, [car] la matière est à la forme ce que la
femelle est au mâle dans la génération</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Parties
des Animaux</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
687a)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
; "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
y a des peuples guerriers braves et actifs, d’autres efféminés,
paresseux et timides</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Montesquieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’Esprit
des Lois</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
xvii, 3).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote32anc" name="sdfootnote32sym">32</a>Comme
le dit Spinoza, "<span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>nous
sommes obligés de nous réfugier dans la volonté de Dieu, cet
asile de l’ignorance</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Spinoza,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Éthique</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
I, app.).</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote33">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote33anc" name="sdfootnote33sym">33</a>"<span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Le
désir est essentiellement mimétique, il se calque sur un désir
modèle ; il élit le même objet que ce modèle. Le mimétisme du
désir enfantin est universellement reconnu. Le désir adulte n'est
en rien différent, à ceci près que l'adulte, en particulier dans
notre contexte culturel, a honte, le plus souvent, de se modeler sur
autrui ; il a peur de révéler son manque d'être. Il se déclare
hautement satisfait de lui-même ; il se présente en modèle aux
autres ; chacun va répétant : « Imitez-moi » afin de dissimuler
sa propre imitation. Deux désirs qui convergent sur le même objet
se font mutuellement obstacle. Toute </i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mim</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">è</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sis</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
portant sur le désir débouche automatiquement sur le
conflit</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Girard,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>la
Violence et le Sacré</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
vi</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote34">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote34anc" name="sdfootnote34sym">34</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ce
qui ressemble furieusement au </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">newspeak
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cher
à Orwell. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="https://lesmoutonsenrages.fr/nous-sommes-manipules/petit-cours-de-novlangue/">Le
site des Moutons Enragés</a> donne quelques exemples savoureux de
la pratique contemporaine de la novlangue.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote35">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote35anc" name="sdfootnote35sym">35</a>Et,
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>de
même qu’on ne juge pas un individu sur l’idée qu’il a de
lui-même, on ne juge pas non plus une époque sur la conscience
qu’elle a d’elle-même</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Marx,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Critique
de l’Économie Politique</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">).</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote36anc" name="sdfootnote36sym">36</a>Au
nom du <i>mythe</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, lui aussi</span><i>
sacré</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de
la ... laïcité !</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote37">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote37anc" name="sdfootnote37sym">37</a>Mondzain
appelle <span style="font-style: normal;">"économie"
l'administration de ces "biens symboliques" : </span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une
façon générale, l'</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">oïkonomia
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">classique
implique l'organisation fonctionnelle d'un ordre en vue d'un profit</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...].
L</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
champ sémantique [de l'économie] est donc, dès le départ, dans
la langue grecque, aussi bien lié aux biens matériels qu'aux biens
symboliques auquel s'ajoute l'idée de service</span></i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Mondzain,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Image,
Icône, Économie</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, i).</span></span></span></span>
Bourdieu ne
dit pas autre chose :
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>le
capital politique est une forme de capital symbolique, crédit fondé
sur la croyance et la reconnaissance ou, plus précisément, sur les
innombrables opérations de crédit par lesquelles les agents
confèrent à une personne (ou à un objet) les pouvoirs mêmes
qu'ils lui reconnaissent. C'est l'ambiguïté de la </i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">fides
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>[...]
puissance objective qui peut être objectivée dans des choses (et
en particulier dans tout ce qui fait la symbolique du pouvoir,
trônes, sceptres et couronnes), elle est le produit d'actes
subjectifs de reconnaissance et, en tant que crédit et crédibilité,
n'existe que dans et par la représentation, dans et par la
confiance, la croyance, l'obéissance. Le pouvoir symbolique est un
pouvoir que celui qui le subit donne à celui qui l'exerce, un
crédit dont il le crédite, une </i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">fides</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>,
une </i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">auctoritas</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>,
qu'il lui confie en plaçant en lui sa confiance. C'est un pouvoir
qui existe parce que celui qui le subit croit qu'il
existe</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><u>la
Représentation Politique</u></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>in
</i></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><u>Actes
de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales</u></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
fév.-mars 1981).</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote38">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote38anc" name="sdfootnote38sym">38</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Premier
Concile de Nicée réuni et présidé par l'Empereur Constantin en
325</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">et</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui
aboutira à la reconnaissance explicite de la double nature,
indéfectiblement humaine </span></span><i>et
</i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">divine,
du Christ. </span></span>Rappelons
que Constantin est issu d'une tradition païenne syncrétique qui
identifie le soleil à Dieu (<i>sol
invictus</i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
et que sa conversion au christianisme en 312 est</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">probablement
dictée par l'intérêt politique évident qu'il y a à conjoindre
pouvoir temporel et pouvoir spirituel</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote39">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote39anc" name="sdfootnote39sym">39</a>Rappelons
que la "représentation" de Dieu est expressément
prohibée, car assimilée à de l'idolâtrie (cf. <a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2011/10/monotheisme-et-condamnation-de.html">Monothéisme
et Condamnation de l'Idolâtrie</a>), par le deuxième des Dix
Commandements. Au point qu'il est même interdit de "nommer"
Dieu (les Juifs, comme les Musulmans utilisent des périphrases pour
éviter de le désigner par un nom) tant il est vrai que le pouvoir
de nomination a toujours été considéré comme un suprême pouvoir
régalien, ne fût-ce qu'en raison de la fonction sémantique
spécifique du nom propre qui ne consiste pas seulement à
"représenter" son objet, mais aussi,
dans un certain sens,
à l'introduire directement dans le discours (cf. <a href="http://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2013/04/descriptions-noms-propres-et.html">Descriptions,
Noms Propres et Egocentriques Particuliers chez Russell</a>). À
noter que ce problème ne se pose évidemment pas dans les religions
polythéistes où, comme le fait remarquer Nietzsche dans <u>la
Naissance de la Tragédie</u>,
la croyance magique en la présentation <i>in
persona</i>
de la divinité lors des rites de célébration de Dionysos s'est
probablement muée, avec le temps, en celle d'une re-présentation
de celle-ci par de simples mortels (telle fut
même,
si l'on suit Nietzsche, la fonction première du chœur
tragique).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote40">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote40anc" name="sdfootnote40sym">40</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">bservez
les commandements qui sortent de la bouche du roi, et gardez le
serment que vous lui avez prêté. Ne songez pas à échapper de
devant sa face, et ne demeurez pas dans de mauvaises œuvres, parce
qu’il en fera tout ce qu’il voudra ; la parole du roi est
puissante, et personne ne lui peut dire, pourquoi faites-vous ainsi
? Qui obéit n’aura point de mal. Sans cette autorité absolue, il
ne peut ni faire le bien, ni réprimer le mal : il faut que sa
puissance soit telle que personne ne puisse espérer de lui
échapper, et enfin, la seule défense des particuliers contre la
puissance publique, doit être leur innocence</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Bossuet,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Politique
tirée des propres Paroles de l'Écriture Sainte</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
IV, i, 1)</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote41">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote41anc" name="sdfootnote41sym">41</a>"<i>La
Trinité est Une. Nous ne confessons pas trois dieux mais un seul
Dieu en trois personnes : la Trinité consubstantielle. Les
personnes divines ne se partagent pas l'unique divinité mais
chacune d'elle est Dieu tout entier</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Catéchisme
de l'Église Catholique</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
§253).</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote42">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote42anc" name="sdfootnote42sym">42</a>Une
relation <i>R </i>est dite <i>transitive </i><span style="font-style: normal;">lorsque,
de </span><i>aRb </i><span style="font-style: normal;">et de </span><i>bRc</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
on infère </span><i>aRc</i><i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">(exemple
: la relation "est supérieur à")</span><span style="font-style: normal;">,
et </span><i>réflexive </i><span style="font-style: normal;">lorsqu'il
est possible d'affirmer</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span><i>aRa
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">(exemple : la relation "est
égal à").</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote43">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote43anc" name="sdfootnote43sym">43</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
deux </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">iconoclasmes</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(celui qui a pris fin au second Concile de Nicée de 787 et celui
qui a été réglé par le Concile de Francfort en 794), puis, plus
tard, le </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">puritanisme</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
protestant</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
témoignent</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
évidemment des difficultés innombrables dont s'est accompagné</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
cette transgression de la logique</span></span></span></span></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote44">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote44anc" name="sdfootnote44sym">44</a>Le
Prince n'est pas la seule <i>icône vivante</i>. Toute communauté
humaine possède des héros, des géants, des champions, des
martyrs, etc.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-4907200493541283232023-04-09T08:33:00.001+02:002023-12-21T07:05:12.557+01:00DE QUOI "DÉMOCRATIE" EST-ELLE LE NOM (suite et fin) ?<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2017/07/de-quoi-la-democratie-est-elle-le-nom_5.html">suite de ...</a>)</span></span><br />
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<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mais
cette justification de la profonde </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">religiosité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout
à la fois historique et lexicale, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déjà
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">soulignée
par Marx,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
fondements de nos modernes </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">serait
incomplète si on n'y joignait la notion, tout aussi </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mystique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">élection</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et qui s'enracine dans le judéo-christianisme plu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tôt</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que dans le christianisme proprement dit. Dans l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ancien
Testament</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
on peut en effet lire ceci à propos du peuple d'Israël : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
n’est pas parce que vous dépassez tous les peuples en nombre que
l’Éternel s’est attaché à vous et vous a élus. En effet, vous
êtes le plus petit de tous les peuples. Mais c’est parce que
l’Éternel vous aime, parce qu’il a voulu tenir le serment qu’il
avait fait à vos ancêtres, qu’il vous a fait sortir par sa main
puissante et vous a délivrés de la maison d’esclavage, de la main
du pharaon, roi d’Égypte. Sache donc que c’est l’Éternel, ton
Dieu, qui est Dieu. Ce Dieu fidèle garde son alliance et sa bonté
jusqu’à la millième génération envers ceux qui l’aiment et
qui respectent ses commandements</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Deutéronome</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
vii, 7-9). La divine puissance</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(B)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">incarnée
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">(trans-)figurée
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
les symboles inertes tels que l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">icône
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
vivants tels que le Prince</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(A)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
est, en effet, une puissance bienveillante et aimante.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Aussi </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">élit</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-elle
(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">choisit</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-elle)
les créatures </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
auront pour mission de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">incarner
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout
en la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">(trans-)figurant</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en dispensant auprès du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">profane
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(C)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sa
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">souveraine
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">protection</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
plus précisément, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">prescrire
à ses fils </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[les
fils du représentant] </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
à sa maison après lui de garder la voie du Seigneur en
accomplissant la justice et le droit</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Genèse</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
xviii-xix).</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pour
les Juifs, c'est le peuple d'Israël </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">indivis
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
est </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">élu</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Pour les Chrétiens, c'est chacun des </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">baptisés</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Par où l'on voit que l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">élu
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(A)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
bien un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentant
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">désigné
par un divin représenté </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(B)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
remplir à la fois une fonction </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">rhétorique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en l'occurrence l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">incarner</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>(trans-)figurant</i>,<i> </i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">puis une fonction </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>politique </i>consistant à accomplir des actes réputés "justes"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><sup>1</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span> au motif que la "volonté" de l'auguste mandant aura, au préalable, été dégagée, interprétée et justifiée par la fonction rhétorique</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span> Ce qui, derechef, confère aux "élus" un ascendant politique considérable sur l'entité représentée, et d'autant plus considérable que celle-ci est <i>transcendante</i>, c'est-à-dire, <i>de jure </i>comme <i>de facto</i>, incapable de manifestations empiriques. En ce sens, Marx </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>est</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
parfaitement fondé à souligner le caractère fondamentalement
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>religieux
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocraties
historiques </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>:
il suffit de parler, dans tous les cas, de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>puissance
souveraine</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
Puisque la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>est,
étymologiquement définie comme la "puissance du peuple"
là où la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>théocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>s'entend
comme "puissance de Dieu", </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>c'est
à la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>puissance
populaire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
qu'échoit désormais la tâche d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>élire</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>icône
vivante</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui
va </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>incarner
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>le
peuple en le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>(trans-)figurant
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>avec,
pour </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>mission
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>suprême,
d'établir la justice et le droit.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
Cependant, une telle analogie ne nous renseigne que sur l'origine de
l'obsession </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>élection</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
et non pas sur sa nature. En effet, la nature de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>élection
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>change
profondément lorsque l'on passe de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>théocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>à
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
Non pas tant par le fait que celle-ci</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>soit
présumée </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>libre</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span> quand celle-là est imposée par la nature des choses</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>.
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Plutôt
en raison de l'étendue de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>mystification</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
L'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>institution
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>élection
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>repose,
dans les deux cas, sur </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>le
même</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>mythe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
fondateur et sacré</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
: celui de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>souveraineté</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
de l'existence d'une puissance impeccable, incoercible, inflexible, infaillible, qui ne peut,
dès lors, qu'emporter adhésion, respect et obéissance.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>mythe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>indique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
obscurément, </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>au
sens de Durkheim, les structures profondes de la société humaine,
avec ses hiérarchies et ses valeurs </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>inégalitaires
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>:
que la puissance soit divine ou qu'elle soit populaire, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
ce point de vue, cela ne change pas grand chose</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>D'autant
moins que ce </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>mythe</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
au sens de Girard</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
cette fois-ci</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>occulte
maladroitement </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>les
motivations profondes de ses membres : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>faire
converger</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>es
modèles humains </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>en
concurrence pour l'exercice du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>pouvoir
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>vers
un même </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>modèle
métaphysique.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
De ce point de vue, que le modèle s'appelle "Dieu" ou bien
"le Peuple", le processus est le même.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
Seulement, dans le cas de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>théocratie,
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>le
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentant
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(A)
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>est
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>élu
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>par
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>souverain</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(B)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>et
dispense son </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(droit
et justice) à un ou des peuple(s) tiers</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
(C) sous couvert d'universalité</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
Tandis qu'en </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
l'origine et la fin du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>pouvoir
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>sont,
par définition, confondus : c'est le "peuple" lui-même qui est censé s'auto-gouverner<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Bref,
B = C. Or, comme l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>élu
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(A)
tout à la fois procède et participe de la souveraineté de C, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>comme
donc, en un certain sens, A = C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>la
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>réussit
le tour de force de confondre A, B et C.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
Ce qui nous fait dire </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>que, si
la notion de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>peuple</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
entendue comme détenteur de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>souveraineté
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>est
plus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>mythique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>encore
que celle de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>Dieu</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>c'est
qu'il faut, à nouveau faire violence à la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>logique</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>pour
donner un sens </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>à
la notion de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation
politique </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>: imagine-t-on (si on prend pour exemple la théocratie juive) Dieu, les Juifs et les Gentils ontologiquement confondus (il appartient d'ailleurs au "génie" du christianisme d'avoir tenté un tel coup de force avec sa notion de "corps mystique de Jésus-Christ") ? De sorte que la relation de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
n'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>y
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>soit plus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>transitive
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(A
représente B</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
auprès de C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>)
mais </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>réflexive
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>si
A = B = C, alors </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>A
représente A</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
auprès de A</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>), d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>e
même que la relation de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>pouvoir
politique </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>(non plus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>C</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
obéit à A</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
au nom de B mais </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>A obéit à A</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
au nom de A</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>).
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Dès
lors,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>la
répartition des fonctions générales est devenue une chose
technique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
et ne donne aucun pouvoir [...]. Dans les conditions actuelles, "tout
le peuple" n'est qu'une fiction</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>"(Marx,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span>Critique
de "l'État et l'Anarchie" de Bakounine</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Le
temps nous manque pour faire l'inventaire ici des innombrables
subterfuges que la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>rhétorique
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>a
inventés</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
pour justifier tous les divers aspects de cette mystification, depuis la notion d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>e
l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>autorité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>distinguée
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
celle </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>pouvoir
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>chez
Cicéron<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a>,
jusqu'à celle d'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>autonomie
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>volonté
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>chez
Kant<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a>
en passant, bien entendu, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>par
la</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>théorie
dite du </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>contrat
social </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>chez
Rousseau<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
Pour ne parler que de ce</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>derni</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>er
subterfuge</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
de loin l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
plus "populaire</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
on peut donc dire avec Bourdieu que, sous ses différentes
déclinaisons, toutes </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>les
théories du contrat social [sont de] véritables mythes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>d’origine
des religions démocratiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span>Méditations
Pascaliennes</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
iii)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>Précisons
que, pour peu que l'on adopte la conception </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>girardo-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>durkheimienne
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>religion
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>institution
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>du
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>sacré
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>(trans-)figure
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>obscurément
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>et
maladroitement </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>les
structures profondes d'une société afin d'en préserver l'unité</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>,
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>religiosité
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation
élective</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
est un authentique </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>symptôme
empirique </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>
et pas une simple </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>analogie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span>.
Personne mieux que Marx ne l'a remarqué : </span></span></span></span></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>par
l’État démocratique […] le fond humain de la religion est
réalisé de façon profane [...]. Un dualisme s’instaure entre vie
individuelle et vie politique, celle-ci étant la vraie vie, celle de
l’esprit [...]. La chimère, le rêve, le postulat du
christianisme, la souveraineté de l'homme, mais de l'homme en tant
qu'être étranger, différent de l'homme réel, devient dans la
démocratie une réalité concrète, une présence, une maxime
séculière</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>"(Marx,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span>à
propos de “la Question Juive”</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
Ainsi, l'obsession </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>symptomatique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>de
la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
mystique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>et,
tout particulièrement, de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>représentation
élective</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
qui taraude les </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
en cela, dignes héritières des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>théocraties
judéo-chrétiennes</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>aboutit
donc à faire de l'homme </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>lui-même
un être abstrait, incohérent, incompréhensible, un être étranger à lui-même</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></div><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'enjeu</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">culte
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythes
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fondateurs
et </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacrés
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pouvoir
politique </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est,
pour tous les </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">hiérarques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a>
depuis la nuit des temps, nous l'avons vu avec Pascal, Durkheim et
Girard</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est le maintien de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ordre
social</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Comme
le dit Bourdieu</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
matière de magie, il ne s’agit pas tant de savoir quelles sont les
propriétés spécifiques du magicien, ou celles de ses instruments,
mais de déterminer les fondements de la croyance collective, mieux,
de la méconnaissance collective produite et entretenue, qui est au
principe du pouvoir que le magicien s’approprie</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Règles de l’Art</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i, 3)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Car, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Spinoza</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le dit bien</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">hiérarques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de tout poil </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">savent
bien, en effet, que l'ignorance une fois disparue ferait disparaître
l'Admiration, c'est-à-dire l'unique base de tous leurs arguments,
l'unique appui de leur autorité</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Spinoza,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Éthique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, app.). </span></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Souci
tout à fait respectable</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et légitime</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
certes</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mais</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
enfin,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui ne saurait tenir lieu de finalité ultime </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
existence authentiquement humaine : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
vit tranquille aussi dans les cachots. En est-ce assez pour s'y
trouver bien ?</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Contrat Social</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, 4). L'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ordre
social</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">paix
sociale</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ne sont que des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">moyens
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
réaliser l'humaine condition et ne sauraient constituer des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fins
en soi</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Nous devons donc nous interroger à présent sur la raison de cette
transformation proprement </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'obsession de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sécurité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
raison la plus </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">évidente
est la crainte</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">instabilité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">supposée
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inhérente
à </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
forme</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
spécifiquement </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'organisation politique et que Platon avait déjà soulignée.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rousseau</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
d'ailleurs,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ne dit pas autre chose : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
n'y a pas de gouvernement si sujet aux guerres civiles et aux
agitations intestines que le démocratique ou populaire, parce qu'il
n'y en a aucun qui tende si fortement et si continuellement à
changer de forme, ni qui demande plus de vigilance et de courage pour
être maintenu dans la sienne</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Contrat Social</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii, 4)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Instabilité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui, pour Marx, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'expression
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">superstructurelle
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contradictions
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">infrastructure</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">lles
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
système économique</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
capitaliste </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’histoire
de toute société jusqu’à nos jours, c’est l’histoire de la
lutte des classes. […] Toutefois, notre époque se distingue des
autres par un trait particulier : elle a simplifié les antagonismes
de classes. De plus en plus, la société se divise en deux grands
camps ennemis, en deux grandes classes qui s’affrontent directement
: la bourgeoisie et le prolétariat. dans la mesure où la
bourgeoisie, autrement dit le capital, se développe, on voit se
développer le prolétariat, la classe des travailleurs modernes qui
ne vivent qu’autant qu’ils trouvent du travail, et qui ne
trouvent du travail qu’autant que leur travail accroît le capital
[…]</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Bientôt les ouvriers s’essaient à des coalitions contre les
bourgeois, ils se groupent pour défendre leur salaire, ils vont
jusqu’à fonder des associations durables pour constituer des
provisions en vue des révoltes éventuelles. Çà et là, la lutte
éclate sous la forme d’émeutes</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Marx,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Manifeste
Communiste de 1848</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Raison pour laquelle l'art.2 de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">D.D.H.C
de 1789</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mentionne</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entre
autres "droits naturels et imprescriptibles"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a>,
celui de</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sûreté</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que Marx interprète, à juste titre comme</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
notion de police d’après laquelle la société tout entière
n’existe que pour garantir à chacun de ses membres la conservation
de sa personne, de ses droits, de ses propriétés, c’est
l’assurance de son égoïsme</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Marx,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
propos de “la Question Juive”</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
bref, pour garantir la pérennité du </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">capitalisme</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
là, une conception moderne, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mais très restrictive de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
n'a plus grand chose à voir avec celle d'Aristote</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">désormais,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">lorsqu’on
dit d’une question qu’elle est politique, il faut entendre par là
que les intérêts de la répartition, de la conservation ou du
transfert du pouvoir sont déterminants</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...].
T</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">out
homme qui fait de la politique aspire au pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Weber,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Savant et le Politique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ii). </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cette
conception restrictive, mais moderne<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a>
en diable, de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dérive
de ce qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
faut concevoir l’État contemporain comme une communauté humaine
qui, dans les limites d’un territoire déterminé (la notion de
territoire est une de ses caractéristiques), revendique avec succès
pour son propre compte le monopole de la violence physique
légitime</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Weber,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Savant et le Politique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ii), </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">légitimité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui,
nous l'avons vu, procède de la fonction </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">rhétorique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">langage
imagé </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">produisant</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fondateur et sacré</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui,
sans avoir, par hypothèse, de compte à rendre à la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
établit formellement la relation de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
unit l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">élu
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pouvoir
souverain</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">relation
désormais conçue comme étant essentiellement une relation de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coercition
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(ou
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">domination</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dès
lors, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">transitivité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">originelle
de la notion de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">représentation</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
facto</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
rétablie par </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
fait </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[que]</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
se présenter comme “au service”</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de ceux qu’on domine, n’est nullement une preuve contre le
caractère de domination</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Weber,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Économie
et Société</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Encore une fois</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
la fonction du </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
de légitimation</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indiquer
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
structures profondes de la société tout en </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">occultant
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
motivations profondes de ses hiérarques</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
structure et motivations réelles qui sont tout sauf </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalitaires</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></i></span></span></span></span></i></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">serait</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pourtant
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">caricatural
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réduire</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
domination [</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">à</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
la chance pour des ordres donnés de trouver obéissance</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Weber,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Économie
et Société</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Car,
comme l</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'objecte</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Foucault, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">g</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ouverner
les gens, au sens large du mot, n’est pas une manière de les
forcer à faire ce que veut celui qui gouverne ; il y a toujours
un équilibre instable avec de la complémentarité et des conflits,
entre les techniques qui assurent la coercition et les processus par
lesquels le soi se construit ou se modifie lui-même [...]. Le
gouvernement n’est pas une pure relation de force, il n’est pas
une pure domination, il n’est pas une pure violence. [...] Dans le
fait de gouverner, il n’y a pas seulement des forces ou plus de
forces d’un côté que de l’autre ; mais il y a toujours en
ceux qui sont gouvernés une structure qui les rend gouvernables par
les autres</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'Origine
de l'Herméneutique de soi</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Bourdieu avait déjà souligné que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
violence symbolique est la reconnaissance par laquelle les dominés
contribuent à leur propre domination […], anticipent leur
domination sous forme d’émotion corporelle de soumission (honte,
timidité, anxiété, culpabilité)</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Méditations
Pascaliennes</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
v).</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Donc dire que l'État </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">monopolise
l'usage de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">violence
physique légitime </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
une chose, dire qu'il ne gouverne que par la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">violence
physique légitime </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
est une autre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Autrement
dit, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s'il
est exact que </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
propre des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institutions
politiques </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(au
sens de Weber)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est cette forme de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">domination
monopolistique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">perpétue
et légitime </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratiquement
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'ordre
inégalitaire établi par la classe</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dominante</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">capitaliste</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
reste que</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
forme juridique générale qui garantit un système de droits en
principe égalitaires </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">est</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sous-tendue par ces mécanismes menus, quotidiens et physiques, par
tous ces systèmes de micro-pouvoirs essentiellement inégalitaires
et dissymétriques que constituent les disciplines</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">urveiller
et Punir</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bref,
le</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">droit</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
la forme même que revêt le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">légitimité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
les sociétés </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tandis
que, d</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ans
les sociétés pré-</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ce </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">peut
revêtir une forme </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">historique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(chez
les Grecs), </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">religieuse
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(chez
les Juifs, les Chrétiens et les Musulmans), </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">biologique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(chez
les nazis). Pour parodier Weber, on pourrait dire que, dans les
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
le</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">savoirs
positifs </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(scientifiques,
technologiques)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">monopolisent
l'usage du </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
de</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">légitimation</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de l'ordre social inégalitaire. </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ces</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">disciplines</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">donnent,
à la base, garantie de la soumission des forces et des corps</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Comme l'avait aussi remarqué Bourdieu, la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coercition</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par ce qu'il appelle "violence symbolique"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s'exerce,
à bas bruit, bien en amont de l'exercice de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">violence</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
physique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et,
en un sens, bien plus efficacement qu'elle : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
violence symbolique est […] une véritable force magique exerçant
une sorte d’action à distance sans contact physique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Raisons
Pratiques</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
vi). L</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
différence</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
entre Bourdieu et Foucault, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont,
premièrement, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
celui-ci fait de cette forme de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coercition</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"douce"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
un </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">symptôme
de modernité </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
disciplines réelles et corporelles ont constitué le sous-sol des
libertés formelles et juridiques. […] Les « Lumières »
qui ont découvert les libertés ont aussi inventé les
disciplines</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Surveiller
et Punir</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ce
que Foucault appelle "disciplines" fait irrésistiblement
penser à la notion bourdieusienne d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">habitus
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
sens où </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
relations sociales ont tendance à s’incarner dans les corps sous
forme d’</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">habitus</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c’est-à-dire de système de dispositions durables : le corps est
dans le monde social, mais le monde social est dans le
corps</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Leçon
sur la Leçon</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Toutefois</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
là où Bourdieu ne voit qu'une différence de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">degré
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coercition
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entre
les divers avatars que la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(au sens de Weber)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a endossés au cours de l'histoire, Foucault voit, dans la
spécificité de l'avatar </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
une différence de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nature.
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tout
comme Weber, mais pas tout à fait pour la même raison. Tandis que,
pour celui-ci, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’élément
déterminant du droit, c’est l’existence d’une instance de
contrainte physique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Weber,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Savant et le Politique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ii), pour </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Foucault</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en revanche, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
ne s'y réduit pas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Certes, la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">révolution
technologique facilite la</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coercition
politique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Mais, encore une fois, pas nécessairement dans le sens d'une
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">répression
violente</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'où,
deuxième différence entre Bourdieu et</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Foucault</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
:</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">si
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normalisation
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">impose
aux corps, en amont de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">répression</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">habitus</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déterminés
par les </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">institutions
politiques </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(au
sens de Weber) des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
lesquels </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">habitus</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"réveillent des dispositions corporelles à la
soumission</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Raisons
Pratiques</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iv)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">modus
operandi </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">disciplines
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">foucaldiennes
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est
pas</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
comme chez Bourdieu, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
transfiguration des relations de domination et de soumission en
relations affectives, la transformation du pouvoir en charisme ou en
charme propre à susciter un enchantement </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Raisons
Pratiques</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
vi). La </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">magie
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">invoquée
par Bourdieu fait place, chez Foucault à de véritables </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">technologies
du pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui ne </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">procèdent
ni de la seule vertu de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">image
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(bien
qu'elles </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">puissent
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s'en
préval</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">oir</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
ni de la seule vertu de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">contrainte
physique </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(bien
qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'elles
ne répugnent pas à en user</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Foucault
donne deux exemples paradigmatiques</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de l'invention moderne des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">disciplines
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
de leur</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
vertus </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normalisatrices
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">technologies
du pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
service de la modernité </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(au
sens restreint)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
D'abord, le passage historique du "modèle de la lèpre" au
"modèle de la peste" : </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
peste a pris la relève de la lèpre comme modèle de contrôle
politique, et c'est là l'une des grandes inventions du XVIIIe siècle</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[...] </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
l'invention des technologies positives de pouvoir. La réaction à la
lèpre est une réaction négative ; c'est une réaction de
rejet, d'exclusion, etc. La réaction à la peste est une réaction
positive ; c'est une réaction d'inclusion, d'observation, de
formation de savoir, de multiplication des effets de pouvoir à
partir du cumul de l'observation et du savoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Anormaux</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
effet, le traitement </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la lèpre, au Moyen-Âge, consistait à parquer les lépreux</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
vus comme des damnés,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans des léproseries après les avoir exclus formellement de la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">communauté</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chrétienne</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
au cours d'une cérémonie qui ressemblait fort à </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
funérailles</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et les avoir revêtus d'un vêtement et d'une crécelle qui les
signalai</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
à la vue et à l'ouïe de la population encore saine afin que
celle-ci pût les éviter. En revanche, Alessandro Manzoni </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">raconte</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
Promessi Sposi</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
comment fut gérée la peste de Milan en 1630 : </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'abord
le Lazaret de Milan était un véritable hôpital destiné à soigner
et non seulement à enfermer les malades, ensuite il fut érigé un
Tribunal de Santé composé de médecins qui, avec les connaissances
de l'époque, jugeait les cas suspects sur des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">critères
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">scientifiques
et non plus superstitieux, le tout financé par un impôt spécifique
prélevé sur la population des duchés de Milan et de Parme. </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
est donc passé</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'une
technologie du pouvoir qui chasse, qui exclut, qui bannit, qui
marginalise, qui réprime, à un pouvoir qui est enfin un pouvoir
positif, un pouvoir qui fabrique, un pouvoir qui observe, un pouvoir
qui sait et un pouvoir qui se multiplie à partir de ses propres
effets</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Anormaux</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fabriquer,
observer, savoir : savoir pour observer, observer pour fabriquer. Tel
est l'algorithme du </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pouvoir
politique </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">moderne
qui, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
fine</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
dispose de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">techniques
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
fabrication. </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">technologie
de pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
œuvre dans le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">modèle
de la peste </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
parle Foucault ne se réduit pas</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
pourtant,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à la simple la technologie (par exemple médicale) disponible, mais
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">montre
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
pouvoir qui invente des modes </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">spécifiques
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
gestion du problème de santé publique</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
une sorte d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">économie
de guerre</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
intègre le fléau à combattre comme un paramètre </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
part entière</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Deuxième
exemple significatif</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
qui n'est pas sans lien avec le premier</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’homosexuel
du XIXe siècle est devenu un personnage </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...].</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Rien de ce qu’il est au total n’échappe à sa sexualité.
Partout en lui, elle est présente […]. Elle lui est
consubstantielle, moins comme un péché d’habitude que comme une
nature singulière. Il ne faut pas oublier que la catégorie
psychologique, psychiatrique, médicale de l’homosexualité s’est
constituée du jour où on l’a caractérisée […], moins par un
type de relations sexuelles que par une certaine qualité de la
sensibilité sexuelle, une certaine manière d’intervertir en
soi-même le masculin et le féminin. L’homosexualité est apparue
comme une des figures de la sexualité lorsqu’elle a été rabattue
de la pratique de la sodomie sur une sorte d’androgynie intérieure,
un hermaphrodisme de l’âme. Le sodomite était un relaps,
l’homosexuel est maintenant une espèce</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Histoire
de la Sexualité</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Comme pour illustre</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ce propos, Marcel Proust a fait, dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Contre
Sainte-Beuve</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
un rapprochement saisissant entre la condition de réprouvé du juif
et celle de l'homosexuel</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans le monde </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">moderne</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote13sym" name="sdfootnote13anc"><sup>13</sup></a>
: l'un et l'autre sont stigmatisés </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
l</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
tenue vestimentaire et par les attitudes corporelles qu'ils adoptent,
l'un et l'autre sont objet de sarcasme</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
l'un et l'autre enfin en sont réduits à affronter le regard
méprisant avec un mélange d'humilité et de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fierté</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
L'un et l'autre sont, comme le dit Foucault, devenus des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">personnages</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote14sym" name="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>14</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'une certaine </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">espèce
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">naturelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">exemples</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
on raconte l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">histoire</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">natur</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">alisant</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
passé, une histoire et une enfance, un caractère, une forme de vie</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
une morphologie aussi, avec une anatomie indiscrète et peut-être
une physiologie mystérieuse</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Histoire
de la Sexualité</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
étant entendu que l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">histoire</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
sans être pour autant un </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote15sym" name="sdfootnote15anc"><sup>15</sup></a>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">toujours</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chargée
d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">idéologie</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote16sym" name="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a>,
participe volontiers, en tant que </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">savoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
positi</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
à la fabrication des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">technologies
de pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote17sym" name="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Pour Foucault, la condition </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">moderne</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de l'homosexuel bénéficie, elle aussi, d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">technologie
du pouvoir </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
en l'occurrence, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'invention
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sexualité</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Car
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
sexualité est liée à des dispositifs récents de pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
[...] il a été lié dès l’origine à une intensification du
corps [</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
o</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
est passé d’une problématique de la relation à une problématique
de la “chair” </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[…]</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Le</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
grand domaine médico-psychologique des “perversions” […]
allait prendre la relève des vieilles catégories morales de la
débauche ou de l’excès</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Histoire
de la Sexualité</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
La "sexualité"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote18sym" name="sdfootnote18anc"><sup>18</sup></a>
n'est pas un</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
simple</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept
biologique </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais
un </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">concept
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
second ordre </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">regroupe
un ensemble cohérent</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de conceptions biologiques, psychologiques, économiques,
anthropologiques, etc. autrement dit un ensemble de discours<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote19sym" name="sdfootnote19anc"><sup>19</sup></a>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">con</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">voquent
tous</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">savoirs
positifs</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
("scientifiques" ou </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"technologiques"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">prenant
ainsi</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le relais de</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ce</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
considérations superstitieuses ou morales qui présidaient</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
seules</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
naguère</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à la classification des hommes. La différence fondamentale réside
en ce que celles-ci </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
bornaient</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">exclure</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou, tout au moins, à </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">cacher
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
mal</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(on le voit avec le paradigme de la lèpre</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
comprise comme punition divine</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ou celui de l'homosexualité assimilée à la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">perversion
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sodomi</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
tandis que celles-là visent à</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
rendre</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">visible
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
mal afin de le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">marginaliser
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout
en </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">incluant</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">stigmatiser
différentiellement </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
fonction du degré de proximité à l'égard d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">norme</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote20sym" name="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>20</sup></a>,
laquelle est "positive" dans le sens où sa précision
technique et/ou scientifique </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">envisage</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
toujours un</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
évolution</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
degré </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">possible</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> : les <i>technologies de pouvoir </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donnent, en effet, "<i>des moyens de correction qui ne sont pas exactement des moyens de punition, mais des moyens de transformation de l'individu, toute une technologie du comportement de l'être humain</i>"(Foucault, <u>le Pouvoir, une Bête Magnifique</u>). </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On peut faire une synthèse des deux exemples de Foucault en évoquant les </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">traitements </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>politiques </i>récents </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
SIDA puis du COVID comme une même </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">technologie
de pouvoir </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il s'est bien agi, dès le début de chacune des deux épidémies, en s'appuyant sur les recherches les plus
récentes des technologies biologiques et médicales</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
("savoir")</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
de faire du malade du SIDA</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ou de celui du COVID </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">espèce
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bien traçable</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ("observer"), </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">espèce</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
incluse </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
plein droit </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
ce </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">genre</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
humain dont </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
est requis</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
non plus </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">charité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
antan, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mais
des mesures concrètes d'intégration/distanciation </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">("fabriquer")
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
le monde du travail, dans celui de la culture, dans celui</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la consommation, etc., </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">espèce</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
les plus plus méritants p</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">euv</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ent et doivent, par leur soumission au pouvoir de la technologie politico-médico-pharmaceutique, soit quitter, soit, mieux encore, ne jamais intégrer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
voit en tout cas en quoi </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ces </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">savoirs
positifs </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">engendrent une <i>discipline </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;">concrète et efficace à partir du <i>mythe </i></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normalité </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'ils présupposent : </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pparaît,
à travers les disciplines, le pouvoir de la « Norme ».
[…] Aux marques qui traduisent des statuts, des privilèges, des
appartenances, on tend à substituer ou du moins à ajouter tout un
jeu de degrés de normalité, qui sont des signes d’appartenance à
un corps social homogène, mais qui ont en eux-mêmes un rôle de
classification, de hiérarchisation et de distribution des
rangs</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">urveiller
et Punir</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Une
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">norme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n'est,
en effet, ni un </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ordre
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">destiné
à être obéi (même s'il est des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ordres
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
se prévalent de ces </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normes</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
ni même un </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">destiné
à être cru et colporté. La </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">norme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'ère pré-démocratique </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
situ</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ait</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
implicitement,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en amont du </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">puisque
tout </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">présuppos</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ait</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote21sym" name="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
nouveauté radicale des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythes
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fondateurs
et </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sacrés</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">notre
moderne</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
société </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
c'est </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'ils produisent</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normes
positives</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qui </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
sont plus présupposées plus ou moins consciemment mais qui </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont des applications concrètes et précises</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">savoirs</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">scientifiques
et technologiques </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eux-mêmes exigés par le <i>mythe </i>du progrès techno-scientifique <i>fondateur </i>de la modernité</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Par exemple, une </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">norme mythique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
comportement sexuel "sans risque" entre adultes </span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>hétéro-sexuels </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>consentants et, si possible, à visée reproductive, ou encore de comportement social "sans risque" de la part de quiconque observe scrupuleusement des "gestes-barrières" et, bien entendu, consent à se faire vacciner et re-vacciner</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>Il
en va de même</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>pour
la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>norme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>intellectuelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>qui
permet de hiérarchiser les régimes </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>politiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>en
proclamant</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
cela va de soi<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote22sym" name="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>la
primauté de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocratie</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
mais sur la base de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>recherches
positives </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>(historiques,
anthropologiques, juridiques et, surtout, économiques)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>et
non plus sur des considérations philosophiques abstraites. </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>La
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>norme</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>s'insère
dans l'espace </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>social</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
compris entre</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
d'une part,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>règle
positive </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>(juridique
ou morale), elle même déterminée par la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>loi
positive </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>(scientifique
ou technique)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
compatible avec le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>mythe fondateur et sacré</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>et</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
d'autre part,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>habitus
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>analysé</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
par Bourdieu, de sorte que ce n'est pas "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>l’</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>habitus</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
qui vient combler le vide des règles</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span>les
Structures Sociales de l’Économie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>),
mais plutôt la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>norme</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
qui sera d'autant mieux acceptée qu'elle confirmera mieux le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>mythe </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>qui
l'a exigée</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
et à la réactivation duquel participe le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>spectacle
médiatique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span> participe plus efficacement</span></span></span></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>C</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>'est</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
en effet,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
par la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>norme</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
que l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>habitus</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
alimenté</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>par
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>des
discours d'<i>autorité</i> en amont (sciences, techniques) et en aval (<i>media</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span>)</span></span></span></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>, se mue en</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>multiples
petites injonctions</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
de</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
normalité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>grâce
auxquelles</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
chacun peut se situer (et, accessoirement, situer autrui) </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>dans
l'espace social, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>en
s</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>'y</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
sentant, éventuellement, plus ou moins </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>marginalisé</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
mais, désormais, très </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>exceptionnellement</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>exclu</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>par
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>violence</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.
Les </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>technologies
de pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
caractéristiques des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocraties
historiques </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>sont
donc des stratégies de production de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>normes</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote23sym" name="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a>
qui différencient et hiérarchisent </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>en
évitant d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>exclure,
ce qui serait le cas si la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>politique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>au
sens restreint (celui de Weber) consistait simplement à réprimer
par la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>violence</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
physique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
voire par la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>violence
symbolique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>Car</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>capitalisme</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
infrastructure des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocraties</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
n'a, <i>stricto sensu</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span>,</span></span></span></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>aucun</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>intérêt
à exclure : il a</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
tout au contraire,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
besoin de la plus grande quantité possible de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>forces
de travail </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>disponibles</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote24sym" name="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
ainsi que</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>propensions
à investir et à consommer</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote25sym" name="sdfootnote25anc"><sup>25</sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>Michel
Foucault nomme "bio-pouvoir" l'ensemble de ces </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>technologies
du pouvoir </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>telles
que l'histoire des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>démocraties
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>les
ont effectivement développées et qui consiste à produire, en se
prévalant des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>savoirs
positifs</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>normes</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
disciplinaires</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
qui engendrent ce que Bourdieu appelle les </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>habitus</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>distinctifs</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote26sym" name="sdfootnote26anc"><sup>26</sup></a>,
c'est-à-dire qui inscrivent les corps dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>la</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
hiérarchie des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>valeurs</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
imposée par le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>capitalisme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>le
bio-pouvoir est un élément indispensable au développement du
capitalisme; celui-ci n’a pu être assuré qu’au prix de
l’insertion contrôlée des corps dans l’appareil de production
et moyennant un ajustement des phénomènes de population aux
processus économiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span>Histoire
de la Sexualité</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
Un</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>exemple
frappant de contrôle </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>bio-politique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
des corps réside dans la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>norme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>dite
de l'"urgence humanitaire"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.
J</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>adis,
conformément au <i>mythe </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span>de </span></span></span></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>la</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>charité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>morale
ou religieuse</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>le
mot d'ordre qui commandait à tout homme digne de ce nom de secourir
son prochain dans la détresse était : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>save
our souls !</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>",
"sauvez nos âmes !"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
Désormais, sous l'impulsion des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>savoirs
positifs</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
c'est plutôt "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>save
our bodies !</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>",
"sauvez nos corps !", autrement dit, "maintenez-nous
biologiquement en vie à n'importe quel prix</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
!". </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>La
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>norme
humanitaire </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>justifie
et </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>détermine
une intervention </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>institutionnelle</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
tant des États que des O.N.G., </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>consistant</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
à mobiliser d'énormes moyens techniques </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>(notamment
dans l'industrie du </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>spectacle
médiatique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>et
scientifiques dans le seul but d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>éviter</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span>hic
et nunc</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>,
qu'il y ait </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>trop</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>cadavres</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></div><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Au
rebours</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
intellectualiste </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'après
lequel la modernité </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en tant qu'héritière </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la philosophie </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
Lumières, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
produirait des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">habitus</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu'à
travers des manières de penser, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
discours, des images, voire des mythes, Foucault établit donc un</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
relation directe entre les </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
historiques </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coercition
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">disciplinaire</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">si,
d’une façon formelle, le régime représentatif permet que
directement ou indirectement, avec ou sans relais, la volonté de
tous forme l’instance fondamentale de la souveraineté, les
disciplines donnent, à la base, garantie de la soumission des forces
et des corps</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">urveiller
et Punir</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Pour Foucault, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
valeur cardinale </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pouvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">("savoir",
"observer", "produire") </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">clairement</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
l'observation,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
contrôle total des mouvements des corps</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normes</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
disciplinaires </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">produites
par le</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
bio-po</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">uvoir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
une société "panoptique"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
construite sur le modèle de la prison idéale de Bentham</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote27sym" name="sdfootnote27anc"><sup>27</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
vrai effet du Panopticon, c’est d’être tel que, même lorsqu’il
n’y a personne, l’individu dans sa cellule, non seulement se
croie, mais se sache observé, qu’il ait l’expérience constante
d’être dans un état de visibilité pour le regard</span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Surveiller
et Punir</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">bio-pouvoir
panoptique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
synthèse de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">1984</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'Orwell où le citoyen se sait observé par un Big Brother technique
et scientifique qui, comme dans le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Meilleur
des Mondes</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'Huxley, distribue des degrés de normalités visibles pour soi-même
et pour autrui</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
société parfaitement transparente à tous ses membres, et
parfaitement prévisible pour tous ses membres</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
: l'"état d'urgence permanent", tel qu'il a été instauré
en France depuis janvier 2015 et récemment relayé et réactivé par la notion d'"état d'urgence sanitaire", est la parfaite illustration du mythe
de la pureté du sanctuaire </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">utilisant
une débauche de moyens techniques et scientifiques pour justifier
des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">règles</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'occupation de l'espace public qui se traduisent toujours par des
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normes</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comportementales </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">auxquelles
sont corrélés des degrés de "dangerosité". La </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">violence
physique légitime </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
parle Weber, tout autant que la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">violence
symbolique </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
Bourdieu fait état, sont, évidemment, loin d'être incompatibles
avec une telle situation. Mais enfin, elles demeurent
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">exceptionnelles</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote28sym" name="sdfootnote28anc"><sup>28</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il
en va de même pour la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">terreur
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
fait état Alain Badiou dans le passage que nous citons en
introduction de cet article</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
qui reste, dans tous les cas, un état d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">exception
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">compatible
avec n'importe quel régime politique, y compris, comme le souligne
Robespierre, le plus "vertueux" : </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
le ressort du gouvernement populaire dans la paix est la vertu, le
ressort du gouvernement populaire en révolution est à la fois la
vertu et la terreur : la vertu sans laquelle la terreur est funeste,
la terreur sans laquelle la vertu est impuissante. La terreur n'est
autre chose que la justice prompte, sévère, inflexible. Elle est
donc l'émanation de la vertu : elle est moins un principe
particulier qu'une conséquence du principe général de la
démocratie appliqué aux besoins les plus pressants de la
patrie</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Robespierre,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Discours
devant la Convention</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
5 fév. 1794, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bosc,
Gauthier et Wahnich, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
le Bonheur et pour la Liberté</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Les exemples que donne Badiou d'un soi-disant "terrorisme
d'État" ("</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">radars,
photos</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
contrôle de l'Internet, écoutes systématiques de tous les
téléphones, cartographie des déplacements</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
- </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
quoi Sarkozy est-il le Nom ?</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
sont, en réalité, des preuves de l'obsession</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
panoptique </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">bio-pouvoir
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocraties
historiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
obsession</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
produit des </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normes
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">g</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">râce
aux effets stigmatisants des</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">quelles,
il n'y a presque</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">plu</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
besoin d’armes, de violences physiques, de contraintes matérielles.
Mais un regard qui surveille et que chacun, en le sentant peser sur
lui, finira par intérioriser au point de s'observer lui-même :
chacun, ainsi, exercera cette surveillance</span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Surveiller
et Punir</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
et chacun s'évertuera à se rendre parfaitement lisible et
prévisible aux yeux d'autrui</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
problème, comme le souligne Hannah Arendt, c'est que</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">arce
qu'ils sont </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">initium</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nouveaux venus et novateurs en vertu de leur naissance, les hommes
prennent des initiatives, ils sont portés à l'action</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Condition
de l’Homme Moderne</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
v, 1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or,
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
prévisions de l’avenir ne sont jamais que les projections des
automatismes et des processus du présent, autrement dit de ce qui se
produira probablement si les hommes s’abstiennent d’agir et si
n’intervient aucun événement imprévu</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...].
T</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>oute
action, bonne ou mauvaise [...] détruit nécessairement le cadre des
structures prévisionnelles</i></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[de
sorte qu'] il est impossible de prédire valablement quelle peut être
la fin d’une action humaine en tant qu’entité distincte des
moyens de sa réalisation</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Mensonge à la Violence</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii). Bref, r</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">endre
parfaitement </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">transparente</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
idéalement </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">prévisible
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
société des hommes, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cela
suppose qu'on leur a retiré</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
possibilité d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">agir</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
autrement dit, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leur
humanité pour les reverser dans l</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
simple </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">animalité
biologique. </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
limite vers laquelle tend asymptotiquement la société </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote29sym" name="sdfootnote29anc"><sup>29</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'est</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donc
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rien
moins que</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">totalitarisme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
la mesure où</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'objectif
d'un mouvement totalitaire est d’encadrer autant de gens que
possible dans son organisation, et de les mettre et les maintenir en
mouvement. Quant à l’objectif politique qui constituerait la fin
de ce mouvement, il n’existe tout simplement pas</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Système Totalitaire</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i, 1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
S</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ubstituer
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mouvement
biologique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
prévisible</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
des corps</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">action
politique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
imprévisible</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de ce qu'on appelle "l'esprit"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote30sym" name="sdfootnote30anc"><sup>30</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c'est
supprimer l'humanité, raison pour laquelle </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
hommes, dans la mesure où ils sont plus que la réaction animale et
que l'accomplissement de fonctions, sont entièrement superflus dans
les régimes totalitaires</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Système Totalitaire</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii).</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Dans son roman </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Conformiste</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Alberto Moravia a analysé avec acuité la transformation
progressive, chez un individu moyen (voire médiocre), du désir
conscient de se conformer au plus grand nombre possible de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normes
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sociales
dont il envie la présence manifeste chez ses semblables, en désir
tout aussi conscient d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ordre
totalitaire</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote31sym" name="sdfootnote31anc"><sup>31</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ils n'ont de cesse de "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fuir
la fragilité des affaires humaines pour se réfugier dans la
solidité du calme et de l’ordre</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Condition
de l’Homme Moderne</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
v, 1) c</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eux qui, manifestement, </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fuient le risque de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>vérité </i>historique</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans le calme du </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>mythe </i>anhistorique,</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> fuient l</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'incertitude</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">just</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
égalité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
l'ordre de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">norme</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sélective</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Ce sont eux, en somme, qui </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">préparent </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">cyniquement
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
terrain au </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">totalitarisme</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en entretenant les conditions d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">instabilité
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui,
pour eux, est la conséquence inévitable de ce qu'ils appellent "liberté démocratique" et "égalité démocratique" la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liberté
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">égalité
démocratiques</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mais qui, en réalité, n'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est que la conséquence d'un chaos social créé et entretenu à dessein.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Car </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
qui définit la Cité [</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">polis</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">],
c'est la communauté vouée à la vie bonne qui règne entre les
familles et entre les groupements de familles, et qui a pour fin une
existence parfaite, se suffisant à elle-même. [...] C'est pour cette raison
que, dans les Cités, les sociétés de parenté et les groupements
confraternels, les cérémonies de sacrifice et les réjouissances en
commun ont vu le jour. C'est là la fonction de l'amitié [</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">philia</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
qui n'est pas autre chose que le choix de la vie en commun [...], et
toutes ces institutions [</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">philia</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ï</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">],
pour leur part, existent en vue de la fin : la vie bonne
[</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">euda</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ï</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">monia</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Politique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
III, 1280b)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On pourrait dire aussi bien, "la vie démocratique"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> car </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
démocratie </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">chacun
transfère à la société toute la puissance qui lui appartient, de
façon à ce qu’elle soit seule à avoir sur toute chose un droit
souverain. L</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a fin de la démocratie est de soustraire les hommes à la
domination pour qu’ils vivent dans la concorde et dans la
paix</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Spinoza,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Traité
Théologico-Politique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
xvi</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Voilà </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
quoi </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">démocratie
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
idéal limite</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nature
humaine</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">donc
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comme
horizon incertain de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">politique</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bref,
comme </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">utopie</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">peut
et doit être le nom</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Au
lieu de quoi</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, l'usage courant de </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>démocratie</i>"<i> </i></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en a fait le synonyme d'un ensemble de symptômes pathologiques, un nom qui, par antiphrase, désigne l'exact contraire de ce que suggère son étymologie, un peu comme, chez les Grecs, les Euménides (littéralement, "les Bienveillantes") désignaient les puissances infernales</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<div class="sdfootnote-western" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>L'insistance obsessionnelle des "élus" démocratiques pour faire accroire que leurs décisions sont "justes" devrait, à cet égard, nous interpeler<span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote2">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>Ce
que rappelle, notamment, notre Constitution : "<i>l</i><i>a
France est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et
sociale. [...] Son principe est : gouvernement du peuple, par le
peuple et pour le peuple. [...] La souveraineté nationale
appartient au peuple qui l'exerce par ses représentants et par la
voie du référendum</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Constitution
de la Cinquième République Française</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
art.1, 2 et 3). Or, si, par "peuple" on entend "société tout entière", ce qui semble l'une des présuppositions <i>mythiques </i>de tout esprit <i>démocratique</i>, nous, qui avons l'esprit tordu plutôt que démocratique, objecterons avec Engels que "<i>quand l'</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>É</i></span></span></span></span>tat devient le représentant de toute la société, il se rend lui-même superflu. Dès qu'il n'y a plus de classe sociale à maintenir dans l'oppression, [...] le gouvernement des hommes fait place à l'administration des choses et à la direction de la production. L'</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>É</i></span></span></span></span>tat n'est pas aboli, il s'éteint</i>"(Engels, <u>Anti-Dühring</u>). Ce que dit aussi Weber : "<i>s'il n'existait que des structures sociales d'où toute violence serait absente, le concept d'</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>État aurait disparu et il ne subsisterait que ce qu'on appelle, au sens propre du terme, l'</i></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">anarchie</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Weber, <u>le Savant et le Politique</u>, ii). Mais ceci est un autre problème (extra-logique)</span></span></span></span>.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote3">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>Et,
peut-être aussi, aux hommes. C'est ce qu'objecte Hannah Arendt :
<i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
est dangereux de croire qu’on ne peut être libre, en tant
qu’individu ou en tant que groupe, que si l’on est souverain. La
fameuse souveraineté des corps politiques a toujours été une
illusion qui, en outre, ne peut être maintenue que par le moyen de
la violence, c’est-à-dire par un moyen essentiellement non
politique [...]. </span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Là
où des hommes veulent être souverains, en tant qu'individus ou que
groupes organisés, ils doivent se plier à l'oppression de la
volonté, que celle-ci soit la volonté individuelle par laquelle je
me contrains moi même, ou la</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"volonté
générale"</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'un
groupe organisé. Si les hommes veulent être libres, c'est
précisément à la souveraineté qu'ils doivent renoncer</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Arendt,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Crise de la Culture</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
IV, iii)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote4">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>C'est-à-dire,
derechef, une question purement
<i>formelle </i><span style="font-style: normal;">ou
</span><i>abstraite</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span><i>
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">L'art.1 de
la </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>D.D.H.C.
de 1789</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
est, de ce point de vue, significatif lorsqu'il proclame que "</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">l</span></i><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">es
distinctions sociales ne peuvent être fondées que sur l'utilité
commune</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
l'"utilité", pas plus que le "mérite" n'étan</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">t
des </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">critères
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">opérationnels
</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">pour
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">établir
une "distinction" entre </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">dirigeant
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">et
</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">dirigé,
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">bref,
une </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">hiérarchie
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">qui,
par hypothèse (A = B = C), n'a plus lieu d'être.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Rousseau l'avait parfaitement compris qui disait que </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">si
l'on fait attention que l'élection des chefs est une fonction de
gouvernement et non de la souveraineté, on verra pourquoi la voie
du sort est plus dans la nature de la démocratie</span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Contrat Social</span></u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
IV, 3). </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'où
le débat récurrent et assommant autour des mérites et défauts
respectifs des différents systèmes électoraux. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f.
</span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2014/04/le-refus-de-choisir-en-democratie.html"><span style="color: #4700b8;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Refus de choisir en Démocratie Représentative</span></u></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote5">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote5anc" name="sdfootnote5sym">5</a>"<i>[</i><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cum
potestas in populo, auctoritas in senatu sit</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]
Tandis que le pouvoir réside dans le peuple, l'autorité appartient
au Sénat</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Cicéron</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>de
Legibus</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
III, xii, 38).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote6">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"En
quoi peut donc bien consister la liberté de la volonté, sinon dans
une autonomie, c’est-à-dire dans la propriété qu’elle a
d’être à elle-même sa propre loi"</span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Kant,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Fondements
de la Métaphysique des Mœurs</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
3°sect.)</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote7">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"Trouver
une forme d’association qui défende et protège de toute la force
commune la personne et les biens de chaque associé et par laquelle,
chacun s’unissant à tous, n’obéisse pourtant qu’à lui-même
et reste aussi libre qu’auparavant", tel est le problème
fondamental dont le contrat social donne la solution</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rousseau,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
Contrat Social</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, 6)</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote8">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a>Du
grec ἡ ἱερά ἀρχή, "le commandement sacré".</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote9">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a>"<i>Le
but de toute association politique est la conservation des droits
naturels et imprescriptibles de </i><i>l'Homme.
Ces droits sont la liberté, la propriété, la sûreté, et la
résistance à l'oppression</i>"(<i>loc.
cit.</i><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span>.
La version, nettement plus révolutionnaire, de 1793 mentionnera,
dans son art.1, que "<i>l</i><span style="color: black;"><i>e
but de la société est le bonheur</i></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><i>
</i></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><i>commun.
Le gouvernement est institué pour garantir à l'homme la puissance
de ses droits naturels et imprescriptibles</i></span>",
et, dans son art.2, que "<span style="color: black;"><i>ces
droits sont l'égalité, la liberté, la sûreté, la propriété</i></span>".</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote10">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a>Modernité
déjà entrevue et analysée par Machiavel dès le XVI° siècle.
Cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2010/02/il-nexiste-presque-aucune-tache.html">l'État
supprime-t-il ou utilise-t-il la Violence ?</a></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote11">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a>Ou
le commis, ou l'officier, ou le domestique, ou le ministre ...</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote12">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a>Il
est significatif que <span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le
développement de l’État moderne a pour point de départ la
volonté du souverain d’exproprier tous les autres pouvoirs de
leur droit à s’imposer eux-mêmes par la violence</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Weber,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>le Savant
et le Politique</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
ii) de la même façon que "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le
développement du capitalisme a pour point de départ
l’expropriation du producteur par rapport à ses moyens de
production</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Marx,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>le
Capital</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
I, xxvi</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">).</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote13">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote13anc" name="sdfootnote13sym">13</a>Et
nous l'avons fait aussi à propos des femmes musulmanes voilées.
Cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2013/10/voile-islamique-delire-cognitiviste-et.html">"Voile
Islamique", Délire Cognitiviste et Approche Conativiste</a>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote14">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote14anc" name="sdfootnote14sym">14</a>Des
<i>personnages
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">et
non </span>pas
des <i>personnes.
</i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">personne</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'individu
humain que dénote, soit directement le nom propre ou le pronom,
soit indirectement la description définie</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
un texte qui prétend être vrai.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;">Tandis
que l</span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">personnage,</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
c'est l'exemple</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">personnifié,
c'est-à-dire l'échantillon</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
caractères</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">auquel
réfère le nom propre, la description définie ou le pronom</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
un texte poétique, théâtral ou romanesque.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cf.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2014/01/lire-v-philosophie-analytique.html">Philosophie
Analytique, Littérature et Sémantique</a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote15">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote15anc" name="sdfootnote15sym">15</a>Encore
que la vogue de l'expression "roman national", en se
substituant à celle d'"histoire nationale", finirait par
en faire douter.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote16">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote16anc" name="sdfootnote16sym">16</a>"<span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Dans
toute idéologie, les hommes et leurs conditions apparaissent sens
dessus dessous</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Marx,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>l’Idéologie
Allemande </u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="text-decoration: none;">).
</span></span></span>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2009/10/le-recit-historique-peut-il-etre.html">le
Récit Historique peut-il être Objectif ?</a></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote17">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote17anc" name="sdfootnote17sym">17</a><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'histoire,
c'est le discours du pouvoir, le discours des obligations par
lesquelles le pouvoir soumet ; c'est aussi le discours de
l'éclat par lequel le pouvoir fascine, terrorise, immobilise. Bref,
liant et immobilisant, le pouvoir est fondateur et garant de
l'ordre ; et l'histoire est précisément le discours par
lequel ces deux fonctions qui assurent l'ordre vont être
intensifiées et rendues plus efficaces</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
faut défendre la Société</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote18">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote18anc" name="sdfootnote18sym">18</a><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Au
même titre que l'"adolescence", la "féminité",
le "troisième âge", etc</span></span></span></span></span></span></i>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote19">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote19anc" name="sdfootnote19sym">19</a>C'est
en ce sens que <i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
discours véhicule et produit du pouvoir; il le renforce mais aussi
le mine, l’expose, le rend fragile et permet de le barrer. De même
le silence et le secret abritent le pouvoir, ancrent ses interdits</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
mais il desserrent aussi ses prises et ménagent des tolérances
plus ou moins obscures. [...] Il n’y a pas d’un côté le
discours du pouvoir et en face, un autre qui s’oppose à lui. Les
discours sont des éléments ou des blocs tactiques dans le champ
des rapports de force</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Histoire
de la Sexualité</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
De même, chez Bourdieu, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
discours ne sont pas seulement des signes destinés à être
compris, mais aussi des signes de richesses destinés à être
évalués, appréciés, et des signes d’autorité destinés à
être crus et obéis</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Langage
et Pouvoir Symbolique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
i, 2).</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote20">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote20anc" name="sdfootnote20sym">20</a><u>La
Montagne Magique</u><span style="text-decoration: none;"> de Thomas
Mann évoque un autre exemple de traitement </span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">politique
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
la maladie, à propos, cette fois, de la tuberculose et du rôle,
très ambigu, des sanatoriums. Ce qui pose le problème du confinement, déjà évoqué par Camus dans </span><span><u>la Peste</u> et, évidemment, remis au goût du jour lors de l'épidémie de COVID</span><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote21">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote21anc" name="sdfootnote21sym">21</a>Le
<i>mythe </i><span style="font-style: normal;">grec du βάρϐαρος,
par exemple, présuppose une </span><i>norme </i><span style="font-style: normal;">de
ce qu'est l'homme authentique, </span><span style="font-style: normal;">à
savoir</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> celui qui parle grec,
par opposition à celui qui profère des borborygmes
inintelligibles.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote22">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote22anc" name="sdfootnote22sym">22</a>Exemple
(caricatural) de <span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ce
qu'établit, très "scientifiquement"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
sur la base de 60 (</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">sic
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">!)
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"critères"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">l'article
de Wikipedia </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">inspiré
des travaux d'un groupe de presse </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">anglais
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">appartenant
à la famille Roth</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">s</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">child
et </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">intitulé
"</span></span><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indice_de_d%C3%A9mocratie">Indice
de Démocratie</a><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Cet </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"indice"
prétend "mesurer" (de 0 à 10) le niveau de</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
"démocratie" </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">167
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">des
193 </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">États
de l'O.N.U.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Comme par hasard, sont considérés comme "démocraties"
("parfaites" ou "imparfaites")</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">76
États parmi lesquels, bien entendu, 34 des 35 États de l'O.C.D.E.
(il fallait bien une exception -la Turquie- pour confirmer la règle
!) et les 28 </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">(</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">avant
le Brexit</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">)
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">États
de l'U.E</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
Les 91 autres États sont qualifiés de "régimes hybrides"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
voire de</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
"régimes autoritaires"</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
(les plus mal notés, comme c'est bizarre, étant le Tchad, la Syrie
et la Corée du Nord !)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Duc
coup, d</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">e
même que, chez les Grecs, était réputé "barbare" tout
ce qui n'était pas "grec", de même, pour les </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">démocraties
occidentales</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">tout
ce qui n'est pas elles-mêmes est réputé "non-démocratique".</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote23">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote23anc" name="sdfootnote23sym">23</a><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
là l'idée</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l
n'y a pas d'exercice du pouvoir sans une certaine économie des
discours de vérité fonctionnant dans, à partir de et à travers
ce pouvoir. Nous sommes soumis par le pouvoir à la production de la
vérité et nous ne pouvons exercer le pouvoir que par la production
de la vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...].
N</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ous
sommes astreints à produire la vérité par le pouvoir qui exige
cette vérité et qui en a besoin pour fonctionner ; nous avons
à dire la vérité, nous sommes contraints, nous sommes condamnés
à avouer la vérité ou à la trouver. Le pouvoir [...]
institutionnalise la recherche de la vérité, il la
professionnalise, il la récompense. Nous avons à produire la
vérité comme, après tout, nous avons à produire des
richesses</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
faut défendre la Société</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Il semblerait </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">toutefois</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que, si, dans un sens, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
pouvoir [...] institutionnalise la recherche de la vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
puisqu'après tout, les discours médicaux concernant, par exemple,
la recherche sur le SIDA, sont certainement </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vrais</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
le pouvoir instrumentalise surtout les institutions historiquement
impliquées dans la recherche de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
pour </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leur
faire </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">produire</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
autre chose que de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(en
l'occurrence, cette fameuse </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">norme
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
va renforcer un</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dont
l'efficacité repose</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
fine</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sur le seul fait d'être </span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">majoritairement
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">partagé</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote24">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote24anc" name="sdfootnote24sym">24</a>D'où
l'hypocrisie et le cynisme des discours sur les "immigrés en
situation irrégulière", lesquels, par hypothèse, seraient
voués à l'exclusion <i>manu militari</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
mais qui, sous prétexte d'"humanité", se voient accorder
des dérogations qui font d'eux la main d'</span><span style="font-style: normal;">œuvre
docile et bon marché dont a besoin le </span><i>capitalisme</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
On voit en quoi les </span><i>savoirs
positifs </i><span style="font-style: normal;">que
sont, d'une part le </span><i>droit</i><i>
commun </i><span style="font-style: normal;">et
les </span><i>Droits de l'Homme</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
d'autre part la </span><i>psychologie</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
et la </span><i>biologie</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
contribuent à la construction d'une </span><i>norme
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">d'intégration
particulièrement </span><span style="font-style: normal;">efficace</span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote25">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote25anc" name="sdfootnote25sym">25</a>C'est
pourquoi Marx est, lui-même, victime <span style="font-style: normal;">d'un
</span><i>mythe
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">lorsqu'il
déclare que "</span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’organisation
des prolétaire</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>s</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
en une classe et, par suite, en un parti politique [...] renaît
sans cesse, toujours plus forte, plus solide, plus puissante.
Mettant à profit les dissensions intestines de la bourgeoisie, elle
lui arrache la reconnaissance sous forme de loi, de certains
intérêts des travailleurs, par exemple, la loi des dix heures en
Angleterre</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Marx,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Manifeste
Communiste de 1848</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i). </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ce
qu'il dit serait </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>vrai</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
en situation révolutionnaire. Mais, dans le cadre des </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>institutions
démocratiques</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l
appartient aux</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">normes</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du conflit social</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
fondées sur les</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">savoirs
positifs </span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l'histoire sociale</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et du droit positif</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
laisser s'envenimer le conflit jusqu'à un certain point (jusqu'au
point, précisément, où le rapport de force risque de s'inverser
au détriment de la </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">classe
dominante</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
puis d'apaiser le climat </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">social
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
concédant au </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">prolétariat
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">quelques
"avancées" toujours en-deçà des revendications
initiales et </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">immédiatement</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
compensées par des gains de productivité</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(cf. </span></span></span></span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.fr/2010/04/le-progres-technique-entraine-t-il.html">le
Progrès Technique entraîne-t-il Liberté et Bonheur pour tous ?</a><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
La </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">vérité
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">étant
que</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
derrière les</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
soi-disant</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"avancées sociales", il y a </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">toujours</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'intérêt bien compris de la </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">bourgeoisie</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(ou classe </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">capitaliste</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
: "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
grèves ont régulièrement donné lieu à l’invention et à
l’application de machines nouvelles</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Marx,
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Misère
de la Philosophie</span></u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ii, 5)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
destinées à déprécier la </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">force
de travail</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Bref, l'idée que c'est la combativité collective des travailleurs
qui est seule cause des avancées sociales est un </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mythe
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qui
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">indique</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
certes, une structure sociale conflictuelle, mais qui </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dissimule
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aussi
des intérêts bien compris.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote26">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote26anc" name="sdfootnote26sym">26</a><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Les
signes constitutifs du corps perçu, ces produits d'une fabrication
proprement culturelle, </span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[...]</span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ont pour effet de distinguer</span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Distinction</span></u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Les
</span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">habitus</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
permettent de se distinguer en dehors même de toute recherche de
distinction</span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Raisons
Pratiques</span></u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii).</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Toutefois, tandis que</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'</span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">habitus</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est une connaissance sans conscience</span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Choses
Dites</span></u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
la </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">norme
positive</span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
en amont de l'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">habitus</span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et en aval de la </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">norme
mythique, </span></span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">exige
au contraire que l'agent en soit pleinement conscient</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
afin qu'il puisse, à travers elle, "se situer"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote27">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote27anc" name="sdfootnote27sym">27</a>Foucault
emprunte le terme "panoptique" au philosophe anglais
Jeremy Bentham qui, en 1780, rédige un mémoire éponyme dans
lequel il dresse les plans d'une prison totalement <i>transparente
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">grâce à laquelle "</span><i>la
morale</i><i> [soit]</i><i> réformée, la santé préservée,
l'industrie revigorée, l'instruction diffusée, les charges
publiques allégées, l'économie fortifiée — le nœud gordien
des lois sur les pauvres non pas tranché, mais dénoué — tout
cela par une simple idée architecturale</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bentham,
</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Panopticon</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">).</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
À noter que Jeremy Bentham a été fait citoyen français par la
Constituante en 1791 !</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote28">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote28anc" name="sdfootnote28sym">28</a>Contrairement
à ce que tend à faire accroire la communication officielle,
l'<i>exception</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> n'est pas
nécessairement </span><i>rare</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Est </span><i>exceptionnel</i><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">simplement, c'est </span><span style="font-style: normal;">ce
qui est dérogatoire à la </span><i>règle.</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">U</span><span style="font-style: normal;">ne
</span><i>exception </i><span style="font-style: normal;">peut </span><span style="font-style: normal;">tout
à fait </span><span style="font-style: normal;">être très
fréquente, plus fréquente même que les cas d'application de la
</span><i>règle</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, tout en
demeurant </span><span style="font-style: normal;">une </span><i>exception</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
L</span><span style="font-style: normal;">e fort </span><span style="font-style: normal;">accroissement
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">récent</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
des </span><i>violences </i><span style="font-style: normal;">policières,
tant physiques que verbales, </span><span style="font-style: normal;">sur
les individus que les </span><i>normes </i><span style="font-style: normal;">désignent
comme "dangereux"</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span><span style="font-style: normal;">en </span><span style="font-style: normal;">est
un bon</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;">et
funeste </span><span style="font-style: normal;">exemple</span><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote29">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote29anc" name="sdfootnote29sym">29</a>Marcuse
parle même de "totalitarisme démocratique" : <i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
lutte contre la liberté de pensée et de l’imagination est
devenue un instrument puissant du totalitarisme, qu’il soit
démocratique ou autoritaire. La désublimation répressive
accompagne les tendances contemporaines à l’introduction du
totalitarisme dans le travail et les loisirs quotidiens de l’homme,
dans son labeur et dans son bonheur. Elle se manifeste sous les
formes de la distraction, du relâchement, du grégarisme qui
pratiquent la destruction de l’intimité, le mépris des formes,
l’incapacité au silence, l’exhibition orgueilleuse de la
grossièreté et de la brutalité</span></i></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Marcuse,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Éros
et Civilisation</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
préf.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote30">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote30anc" name="sdfootnote30sym">30</a>"<i>Nous
parlons d'"</i>esprit<i>"</i><i>, de </i><i>"</i>mental<i>"</i>
<i>pour justifier que certains de nos jugements sont indéterminés,
mais c’est cette indétermination qui explique l’utilisation de
ces mots, et non l’inverse [...]. C’est à cause de notre
désaccord sur les motifs, les croyances, les sentiments des gens
que nous adhérons à l’image trompeuse de quelque chose qui est
caché à l’intérieur de l’esprit</i>"(Wittgenstein,
<u>l’Intérieur et l’Extérieur</u>).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote31">
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4205631674593131367#sdfootnote31anc" name="sdfootnote31sym">31</a>"<i>En
même temps qu'il demandait ses cigarettes préférées, trois
autres personnes demandaient les mêmes cigarettes [...]. Marcel</i><i>lo</i><i>
nota qu'il prenait son paquet, le palpait pour en vérifier la
consistance puis en déchirait l'enveloppe de la même manière que
les autres. [Il] observait ces détails parce qu'ils éveillaient en
lui une complaisance presque voluptueuse. Oui, il était semblable
aux autres, semblable à tout le monde [...]. </i><i>L'avènement du
fascisme en Italie d'abord, puis en Allemagne</i><i>, puis la guerre
d'Éthiopie, puis celle d'Espagne. Cette progression lui plaisait
[...] parce qu'il était aisé d'y découvrir une logique plus
qu'humaine et que, de savoir la reconnaître donnait une impression
de sécurité et d'infaillibilité</i><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Moravia,
</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>le Conformiste</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
ii, 1).</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
Encore une fois, le </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">désir
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">de
</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">normalité</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">,
contrairement au </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">désir
mimétique </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">théorisé
par René Girard et à l'</span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">habitus</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
de Pierre Bourdieu, doit son efficacité sélective au fait qu'il
est parfaitement </span></span><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">conscient</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Ce
qui est le cas chez Marcello, le personnage principal du
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Conformiste</u></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span></div></div><div id="sdfootnote33">
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-39421172088852323852023-01-22T10:30:00.010+01:002023-01-23T10:03:18.517+01:00春节, chūn jié, "FÊTE DU PRINTEMPS" OU "NOUVEL AN CHINOIS".<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <span style="color: black;">Le dimanche 22 janvier 2023</span><span style="color: black;"> est, cette année, le jour de </span><span lang="zxx"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">春节</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">,
</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>chūn
jié</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span><span style="color: black;">la
"fête du printemps" appelée aussi par les Occidentaux "le
nouvel an chinois", traduction d'ailleurs très approximative
des termes chinois</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span lang="zxx"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">农历新年</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">,
</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>nóng
lì xīn niá</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>n</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, littéralement, "nouvel an du
calendrier agricole". Je dis "cette année" parce que,
pour ce peuple de tradition fondamentalement agricole, le printemps,
</span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-size: small;">春天
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>chūn
tiān</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span><span style="color: black;">commence</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
le 1</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>°</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> jour
du calendrier lunaire, lors de la deuxième nouvelle lune </span></span><span style="color: black;">suivant</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
le solstice d’hiver et avant la phase lunaire d'équinoxe du
printemps </span></span><span style="color: black;">raison
pour laquelle</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">a
date varie d'une année </span></span><span style="color: black;">à</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
l'autre. </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Comme dans le monde occidental</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">, le passage à la nouvelle année (</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-family: georgia;">过年,</span><b> </b></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>guò nián</i>) </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">est, en Chine, une période festive qui </span></span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">donne lieu a </span></span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">diverses célébrations et réjouissances traditionnelles (cf., pour plus de détails, </span></span><a href="http://www.chine-culture.com/coutumes/comment-feter-le-nouvel-an-chinois.php" style="text-align: left;">http://www.chine-culture.com/coutumes/comment-feter-le-nouvel-an-chinois.php</a><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">). Mais d</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">isons deux mots de la saison </span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de </span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">printemps </span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">春天</span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">, </span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>chūn tiān, </i>saison du (re-)commencement</span></span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">. </span></span></span>.<span></span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">C</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e
grand classique de la sagesse chinoise qu'est le </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">易经</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, </span><i>yì
jīng</i><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, (le </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><u>Livre
des Changements</u></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dit aussi </span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Classique des Transformations</u></span></span></em><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">), débute par ces quatre termes : </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">元</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">亨</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">利</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">贞</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, </span><i>yuán, hēng, lì, zhēn</i><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire "commencement, essor, profit, pureté". On
devine sans peine qu'il s'agit, dans l'ordre chronologique, du commencement du printemps, de l'essor de l'été, du profit de l'automne et de la pureté de l'hiver. Et on comprend
aussi sans grande difficulté qu'au grand recommencement du printemps
et qu'au foisonnement de l'été succède nécessairement le profit de l'automne et la pureté de l'hiver. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Or, il se trouve que la cosmologie chinoise traditionnelle telle qu'elle se dessine dans le </span></span></em></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span lang="zh">书经</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">,
<span lang="fr-FR"><i>shū jīng</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">
(</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>le
Classique des Documents)</u> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">repose, comme on le sait, sur "cinq phases" (</span></span></em></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span lang="zh">五行</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>wǔ
xíng</i>) :<i> </i></span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">木</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>mù</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">la phase du </span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">bois,
</span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">火</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>huǒ</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">, cel</span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">le du </span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">feu,
</span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">土</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>tǔ</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">, celle de </span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
</span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">terre,
</span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">金</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>jīn</i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">, cel</span></span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">le du </span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">métal,
</span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
</span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">水</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>shuǐ</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"> celle de </span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'</span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">eau. Là encore, on associe intuitivement la première phase au printemps, la seconde à l'été, la quatrième à l'automne et la dernière à l'hiver. On se retrouve donc avec une phase, la troisième, celle de la terre, qui ne correspond à aucune saison. Pourquoi ? </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">La raison en est que </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">e </span></span></em><em> </em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">易 经</span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></em><em>yì jīng</em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">définit</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">le</span></span></em><em> </em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><em>dào </em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">comme circulation d'un</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">souffle-énergie (</span></span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><em>, qì</em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">) entre deux limites, le pôle virtuel de toute créativité</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><em>, yáng </em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(modèle du Ciel comme lieu de la chaleur et de l'instabilité originelles) et le pôle actuel de toute réceptivité</span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><em>, yīn </em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(modèle de la Terre comme lieu du froid et de la stabilité) : </span></span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">一阴一阳之谓道</span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><em>, yī yīn yī yáng zhī wèi dào</em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">" un </span></span></em><em>yīn</em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, un </span></span></em><em>yáng</em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, voilà ce qu'on appelle </span></span></em><em>dào</em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">. En croisant <u>le Classique des Documents</u> et <u>le Classique des Transformations</u>, on comprend alors que la phase centrale, celle de la terre (</span></span></em></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">土</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;">, </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>tǔ</i>) est la seule phase </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><em>, yīn</em> tandis que les quatre autres sont des phases </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><em>, yáng</em>. Ce qui revient à dire que les quatre saisons sont des phases de changements, de mutations, d'instabilité, qui, chacune à sa manière, affectent le pôle par excellence d'ordre et de stabilité que représente la terre. Voyons brièvement comment.</span></p><p lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Le printemps est analogiquement associé aux </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">phénomènes</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
suivants </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(entre
autres, je n'en ai sélectionné que quelques-uns : on peut en avoir un panorama plus complet en consultant le site <a href="https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxing_(cosmologie)">https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxing_(cosmologie)</a>) </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">:
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
vert, le bois, </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
planète Jupiter, le foie, la vue, l'acide, la colère, </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'humanité,
la </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">modération</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
e</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">nfin</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
… la note "mi". </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Q</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ue
la couleur verte représente le printemps n'étonnera personne, aussi
n'insisterai-je pas sur ce qui, à l'évidence, justifie cette
correspondance. Pour les autres relations, en revanche, un brin
d'explication est peut-être nécessaire.</span></span></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">-
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">L</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">'association
avec le bois n'est pas très difficile à justifier </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">non
plus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">:
le printemps est la saison de la pousse des végétaux, donc, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">à
terme,</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
de la </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">lignification,
puis, à plus long terme encore, au pourrissement du bois qui
enrichira l'humus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">sur
lequel apparaîtront de nouvelles pousses, etc</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">De
plus, le bois est le résultat d'un processus de lignification. Ce
processus s'arrête en hiver et reprend au printemps afin de
renforcer le végétal en lui procurant une couche supplémentaire de
carapace protectrice.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">-
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">D</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">u
coup, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
printemps</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
est associé aussi à … </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
planète </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Jupiter
qui, en chinois, se dit </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">木星</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>mù
xīng</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">littéralement
"l'étoile/la planète du bois" (les Chinois ont le même
mot pour "étoile" et "planète"). En effet,
Jupiter étant la plus grosse planète du système solaire, il est
naturel qu'un peuple paysan l'associe à l'élément prédominant
dans l'agriculture, à savoir le bois. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Par
ailleurs, la combinaison de sa taille et de son éloignement par
rapport à nous en fait l'astre le plus régulièrement visible à
l’œil nu depuis la Terre.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">-
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">P</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">our
le foie, l'analogie agricole vaut aussi : le foie est un organe
émonctoire, c'est-à-dire qui purge l'organisme d'un certain nombre
de déchets toxiques (de m</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ême
que le rein, le pancréas, le poumon, l'intestin, etc.). L</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">a
purification</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
de l'organisme vivant </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n'</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">est,
pour les Chinois, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">qu'</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">un
cas particulier de drainage </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">puisqu'il</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
s'agit, dans tous les cas, de désengorger les fonctions vitales en
rétablissant la circulation des fluides nourriciers engourdis par
l'hiver, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">bref,
d'assurer l'irrigation du vivant</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
Apparemment, il n'y a aucune raison de donner au foie une primauté
quelconque sur les autres émonctoires, sauf que, dans toutes les
civilisations, les difficultés de digestion ont toujours été
corrélées, à tort ou à raison, à un dysfonctionnement du foie
(en Occident, on a longtemps appelé l'indigestion "crise de
foie").</span></span></span></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">-
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S'agissant
de la vue, on comprend aussi assez facilement pourquoi il symbolise
le renouveau printanier : l'être vivant en général et l'être
humain en particulier sort de son enfermement hiémal, il en a fini
avec son hibernation, il abandonne sa léthargie et l'horizon s'ouvre
de nouveau à lui. Du coup on voit plus loin que le bout de son
confinement</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
et </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">il</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
cherche à percevoir tout ce qui est susceptible </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
relancer </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">son
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">élan
vital. Là encore, la vue n'a aucune raison d'être le seul organe
perceptif en jeu, sauf que, un peu partout, et dans les cultures
paysannes, la perception visuelle a toujours été privilégiée pour
anticiper les adaptations nécessaires, notamment aux changements de
temps.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">-
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Les
deux analogies suivantes, celle de l'acide et de la colère, sont, on
le ressent intuitivement, intimement liées. Ne dit-on pas que
l'acidité gastrique est favorisée par un tempérament un peu trop
irascible ? Mais </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">acidité
et colère participent aussi du renouveau printanier</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
À forte concentration d'ions H+, l'acide, c'est bien connu, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">a
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">des
propriétés dissolvantes, donc, derechef, de nature à fluidifier
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">certaines
substances</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
à tr</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">nsformer
le dur en (quasi-)liquide. Exactement, si l'on peut dire, comme la
colère dont les éruptions sont </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">parfois
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">dissolvantes
à l'égard de situations bloquées (exemple des explosions de colère
révolutionnaire). </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">L</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">es
Chinois </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ont
remarqué qu'il est de saines, voire de saintes colères qui
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">désentravent</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
la circulation des énergies vitales. D'ailleurs, "colère", en chinois, se dit </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span lang="zh">生气</span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
<span lang="fr-FR"><i>shēng qì </i>(littéralement "énergie vitale") qui se traduit aussi par "dynamisme" ou "vitalité". </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Enfin, l'acidité est aussi </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
qualification d'une intensité du vert </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">des
fruits et des légumes </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">naissants,
en cours de</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
maturation. Du coup, par association, l'acide est la saveur de la
jeunesse, laquelle, comme on le sait, a le tempérament sanguin du
renouveau fougueux.</span></span></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">-
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">De
même, humanité, modération sont, tout autant, indissolublement
liées à la renaissance saisonnière. Cela peut paraître paradoxal
après ce que nous venons de dire à propos de l'acidité et de la
colère. Mais non. Celles-ci sont une modalité</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yáng</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">celles-</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">là</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
une modalité </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yīn
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">du
renouveau, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">un
garde-fou moral ou éthique aux débordements de colère, aux excès
d'acidité qu'il faut savoir contenir dans les limites de la
bienveillance ou de l'humanité (en chinois </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">仁</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>rén</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
signifie à la fois "bienveillance" et "humanité"
et est homophone </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">à</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">人</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
"l'humain"). Et ce, à l'égard des "dix-mille choses
sous le Ciel" comme on dit en chinois, pas seulement à l'égard
de ses semblables.</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">L’homme
honorable trouve la paix dans la vertu d’humanité</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
dit Confucius </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Entretiens</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
IV, 2)</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
rejoignant ainsi </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">une
grande constante de la sagesse extrême-orientale, telle, par exemple
que l'exprime Patañjali lorsqu'il dit que " </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
but [</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>du Yoga</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">]
n’est pas de bouleverser l’ordre de la Nature, mais d’écarter
les obstacles à son évolution, à l’instar d’un cultivateur qui
dégage son champ</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Patañjali, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Yoga-Sûtra</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, iv,
3).</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">-
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">La
dernière des associations que j'ai sélectionnées demeure, pour
moi, la plus mystérieuse. </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Certes,
la musique et le son sont, pour les Chinois, l'indice d</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
l'</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">accord
du Ciel, de l'Homme et de la Terre, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">grand
souffle indéterminé de la nature </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[par
lequel] t</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ous
les êtres deviennent pour lui comme un jeu d’anches</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuang
Zi</span></u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
iv). Mais p</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ourquoi
le printemps est-il associé à la note mi dans la gamme
pentatonique (do ré mi sol la) de la musique chinoise
traditionnelle ? </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">D'autant
que la note la plus fondamentale </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
le </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">宫</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">gōng</span></i></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
do </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(équivalant
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u
son "AUM" dans l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme)</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Est-ce
parce que le sinogramme </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">角</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>jué</i></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
signifie tout à la fois "mi", "querelle" </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(cf.
ci-dessus) </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">mais
aussi</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
"acteur, personnage" (c'est-à-dire celui ou celle qui
donne une interprétation, donc une nouvelle vie à un rôle ou une
partition) </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">?
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Je
ne saurais dire. À moins que l'audition du </span></span></span></em><em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFsierfjLhY">prélude
de </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFsierfjLhY">cette
Partita en mi majeur BWV 1006 de Johann Sebastian Bach</a></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
ou </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
cette </span></span></span></em><em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuVBYxId6_0">Sonata
en mi majeur K 135 de Domenico Scarlatti</a></em><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
suffise à donner la réponse.</span></span></span></em></span></p><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-64750689136506205092022-12-12T14:12:00.109+01:002023-12-21T07:05:40.055+01:00VIE, ÉNERGIE, CHAOS ET DOUCEUR.<p style="text-align: justify;"><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">La
pensée occidentale a toujours eu un problème avec la notion de vie
</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(cf</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2022/09/la-notion-de-vie-dans-la-pensee-chinoise.html"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>l</u></span></span></span></span></span></a></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2022/09/la-notion-de-vie-dans-la-pensee-chinoise.html"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>a
Notion de Vie dans la Pensée Chinoise</u></span></span></span></span></span></a></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">En
effet, </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">obsédée
depuis l'origine par l'alternative être/non-être</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
elle ne s'est quasiment jamais sérieusement intéressée au domaine
du devenir par excellence que constitue la vie. De là </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">une</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
oscillation permanente entre l'ignorance méprisante de la part de la science
(qui a tendance à ne voir </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
la vie </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu'une
forme de mécanisme horloger perfectionné) et l</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">a
fantaisie délirante</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
de la part de la métaphysique (qui </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">se plaît</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> à en faire, soit un myst</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ère
transcendant, soit, tout au contraire, un mélodrame niais, <a href="https://blog.mondediplo.net/pleurnicher-le-vivant">une "pleurnicherie" comme le dit Frédéric Lordon</a></span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Du coup, comme l'ont remarqu</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
Nietzsche, </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un
</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Bergson,
</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un
</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Proust
ou </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un
</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Wittgenstein, ce sont les artistes qui, en Occident, se sont vu confier le soin </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">d'illustrer
la vie</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Ces derniers se sont, </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">certes</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
fort bien acquittés de l</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">eur</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
tâche </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ais ni </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">les
uns ni les autres </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ne
se sont pas aperçus que</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> deux pôles, apparemment aussi opposés, de la pensée humaine que
sont les sagesses ancestrales pluri-millénaires et les avancées scientifiques les plus récentes </span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ont
elles aussi questionné la notion de vie</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
C'est donc sous ces deux faisceaux de lumière (qui, en réalité, ne font qu'un), plus précisément
celui d</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">u
</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">taoïs</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
et celui de la physique quantique</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, que nous allons, à présent, tenter de l'éclairer</span></span></span></span></span></cite><cite style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></cite></p><a name='more'></a><p></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Sans
entrer dans des détails scientifiques trop fastidieux
(cf. </span></span></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/4205631674593131367/6475068913650620509#">Information,
Conatus et Entropie</a><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">), commençons par
circonscrire</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> brièvement </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">deux
notions-clés dont nous aurons besoin dans notre développement, à
savoir celle d'énergie et celle d'entropie. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Disons
tout de suite que pour la physique contemporaine (relativiste et quantique), tout ce qui existe </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">se
résout en</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
un champ d'énergie en interaction avec d'autres champs d'énergie et, à la limite, avec l'univers tout entier. L'énergie est donc fondamentalement le tout de l'univers et</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">ce
qu'on a coutume d'appeler "matière", </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">"corps",</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">objet</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">", "entité", "être", </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">etc.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">n</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">e
sont</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">que
les noms qu</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">e
l</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">'on
donne à des</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> discontinuités engendrées par des concentrations d'énergie au sein de champ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">très
denses, des sortes de "grumeaux" dans la "soupe" énergétique</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">D'où
l'illusion de stabilité, de solidité (nous verrons plus loin
pourquoi cette illusion est nécessaire) que nous accordons aux processus "physiques" (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">où les "grumeaux" résultent </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">soit</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> de l'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">interaction</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> gravitationnelle </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">responsable de l'attraction universelle, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">soit</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">l'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">interaction</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> forte </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">responsable de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">la cohésion</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> des particules </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">nucléaires) et aux processus "chimiques" (où a lieu </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">l'interaction électro-faible responsable des structures et changements atomique</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">s</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> et moléculaire</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">s)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Donc</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">,
l'énergie est le processus</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">par
le</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">quel </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">une
entité</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">lconque entre
en </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">général
en </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">interaction avec
d'autres </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">entités</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Dans
le monde macroscopique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">sensible</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
à l'être humain, c</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
interaction</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
conna</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">issent</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
deux formes limites opposées : la forme ordonnée d'un
travail</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(énergie
mécanique) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">et
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">la
forme </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">désordonnée d'un rayonnement</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(énergie thermique
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">le
plus souvent</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Par
ailleurs</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">,
comme l'énergie mécanique peut toujours </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">se</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
converti</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">r</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
en énergie rayonnante</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">mais
non réciproquement (principe de Carnot) du fait de la
résistance des corps qui entrent en interaction, on va appeler
"entropie"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">d'un
corps sa quantité d'énergie </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">rayonnante</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(notamment
thermique) inconvertible en énergie </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">mécanique
ordonnée</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">, donc
son énergie </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">irréversiblement
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">perdue.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Le</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
second principe de la thermodynamique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(loi
de Boltzmann) énonce </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">même
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">tout
corps</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">voit
inexorablement s'accroître son entropie, donc se perdre sous
forme de rayonnement une certaine quantité de</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">son
énergie</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">totale.
Inversement, on parlera de</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">"néguentropie"
d'un corps pour qualifier une entropie négative, autrement
dit l'énergie </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">gagnée
par</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
ce corps </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">en
raison de son interaction avec les autres corps </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">et
partiellement convertible en énergie mécanique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Pour
toutes ces
raisons, on interprète</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">souvent</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">l'entropie</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">d'un corps</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">comme sa
propension spontanée au désordre : par exemple, la
rupture d'un sac dans lequel sont rangés divers objets</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">répandra
inévitablement son contenu pêle-mêle. En général, on
confond l'ordre avec la forme conférée à
de la matière</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">par un</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">travail
humain volontaire (par exemple les gestes que j'ai dû
accomplir pour ranger les denrées dans le sac).</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Cependant,
comme il n'existe pas de corps</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">exempt
de forme (un matériau amorphe possède, par définition, le plus haut degré possible de symétrie donc ... d'ordre !), la mise en ordre, donc en forme,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">est
en réalité</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">la</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">dé-formation d'une
forme préalable donc d'un ordre pré-existant. De
sorte qu'on parle souvent d'ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(dans
les deux sens du mot, à la fois de commandement et
d'arrangement) pour qualifier un certain état de choses auquel
il est accordé une valeur (ce qui est "dans l'ordre des
choses" dit-on). On devra donc considérer que, contrairement
à la notion d'entropie qui est objectivement mesurable,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">l'idée
de</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">désordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">n'est qu'une simple métaphore
anthropomorphe.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Néanmoins, nous
tiendrons</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">pour
synonymes, tout au long de cet exposé,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">les
termes "entropie", "continuité", "dé-formation" et "désordre"
d'une part, "néguentropie", "discontinuité", "(in-)formation" et
"ordre" d'autre part. Le plus important étant</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">de
considérer le caractère fondamentalement processif (en
termes non pas d'état stable mais d'interactions transitoires) des notions
d'ordre et de
désordre comme formation/dé-formation/trans-formation perpétuelle de
toute entité en général</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">en
raison des flux énergétiques dont elle est à la fois le sujet et
l'objet</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">L</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">a
pensée chinoise et, tout particulièrement, l</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">taoïsme</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">au
rebours de la pensée grecque par exemple </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Zénon,
Paménide, Platon, etc., exception faite d'Héraclite)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">s'est
toujours intéressée au changement, au devenir plutôt qu'à </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
stabilité, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">à
l'être</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">En
effet</span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pour</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
la pensée taoïste, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
grand procès de la nature </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">simple
et aisé […] : </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn
et </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng
communiquent spontanément entre eux et tous les existants sont
spontanément à leur aise</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ruǎn
Jí</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Traité
sur la Musique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> in </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Éloge
de la Fadeur à partir de la Pensée et de l'Esthétique de la Chine</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
viii)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dès
son ouverture, l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">e </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Classique
</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>des
</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Transformations</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">易
经</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yì
jīng</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">défini</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
le</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道, </span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dào </span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">comme
circulation d</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">'un</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
souffle-</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">énergie
(</span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>, </span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">qì</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
entre deux </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">pôles
extrêmes</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
le </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">pôle
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">virtuel
</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
toute créativité</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yáng
</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">modèle
du </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ciel
comme lieu </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
la chaleur et </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
l'instabilité </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">originelles, tout le contraire donc du </span></span></span></span></em></span><span style="color: #202945; font-variant-ligatures: no-contextual; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>κόσμος</i> grec</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
et l</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
pôle </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">actuel
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
toute réceptivité</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yīn
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">modèle
de </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
Terre comme lieu </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">du
froid et </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
stabilité, là encore, au rebours de la pensée grecque</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">一阴一阳之谓道</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yī
yīn yī yáng zhī wèi dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
un </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yīn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
un </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
voilà ce qu'on appelle </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Quant
au </span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道, </span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dào,
</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>道
生一</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,
</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span>一生二</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,
</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span>二生三</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,
</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span>三生万物</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>[dào
shēng yī, yī shēng èr, èr shēng sān, sān shēng wàn
wù]</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lǎo
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Z</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǐ,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Dào
dé jīng</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
§4</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">) :</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道, </span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dào</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
est un</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'un
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">est
dual, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
dualité suppose un intermédiaire, et </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">intermédiaire
réside dans </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dào</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Le
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dào</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
est un : </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">c'est
le tout du réel, rien ne lui échappe</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Que
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">cette</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
unité soit duale se comprend alors comme le fait qu</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>故有</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>无</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>相生</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>
</i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>[</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>gù
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǒ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>u</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
wū xiāng shēng</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>]</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>"(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lǎo
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Z</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǐ,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Dào
dé jīng</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
§</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">) </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">:
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordre
et désordre s'engendrent mutuellement</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Plus
précisément</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">si</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
tout </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ce
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">qui
existe vient de et tend vers l'ordre, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">en
revanche </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'ordre
vient de et tend vers le désordre :</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
"</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>天下万物生於有</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,
</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span>有生於无</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>[tiān
xià wàn wù shēng yú </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǒ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>u</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>,
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǒ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>u</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
shēng yú wú]</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lǎo
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Z</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǐ,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Dào
dé jīng</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
§40)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">De
sorte</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
qu'ordre et désordre, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">néguentropie
et entropie, formation et dé-formation, continu et discontinu</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
sont des notions corrélatives </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">non
seulement d'un point de vue logique mais aussi sur un plan
ontologique. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">D'où
l'idée</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
que la dualité ontologique </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
l'actuel</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordonné
</span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yīn</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
du virtuel </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">désordonné
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">repose
sur un troisième terme qui autorise le passage </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
l'un à l'autre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
et </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>vice
versa </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">contrairement
à</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">'έντελέχεια,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'entéléchie,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">aristotélicienne
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">comme
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">intermédiaire</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">univoque
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">entre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; text-align: left;">δύναμις, le
virtuel,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
l'ἐνέργεια, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'actuel</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ce
troisième terme, c'est</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
</span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souffle/énergie
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En
ce sens,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">comme
processus</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">unique
et unitaire </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
flux </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
de reflux </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">perpétuel</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">s
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">du
</span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souffle/énergie
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entre
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yáng
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">se
trouve être</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
"</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>有物混成先天地生
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>[</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǒ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>u</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
wù hún chéng xiān tiān dì shēng]</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lǎo
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Z</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǐ,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Dào
dé jīng</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
§</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">quelque
chose d</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">'inaccompli</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
qui </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">accomplit</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
le ciel et la terre. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">La
co-réalité de </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>混</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
hún </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(inaccompli,
virtuel, continu) et de </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>成</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>chéng</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(accompli,
actuel, discontinu) </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans
un processus perpétuel de </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">formation/</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dé-formation/trans-formation
</span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">易</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yì</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">doit
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">donc
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">s'entendre
non pas tant comme succession dans le temps (d'abord </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>有, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǒ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>u,</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"il
y a", </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ensuite</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>无</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>wú, </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"il
n'y a pas" </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
inversement</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">),
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">mais
plutôt</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
comme simultanéité de </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>有</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǒ</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>u</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">("il
y a") </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>无</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>wú
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">("il
n'y a pas"), </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>成</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>chéng</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(accompli,
actuel, discontinu) </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
de</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>混</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
hún </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(inaccompli,
virtuel, continu), </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yīn </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(ordre,
</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">néguentropie</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
et de </span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yáng </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(désordre,
</span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">entropie</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">C'est en ce sens qu'il faut comprendre ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler "conciliation des contraires" et qu'illustre le très célèbre </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijitu"><span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span>太极图</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: #202945;">, </span></span></a><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijitu">tài
jí tú</a> </i></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">("image
du grand retournement").</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Or, comme
le dit Fritjof Capra "</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>la
plus importante caractéristique de la conception orientale du monde
</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>[…]
</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>est
la conscience de l'unité et de l'interaction de toutes choses et de
tous événements, </i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>[ce
qui] </i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>est
aussi l'une des révélations les plus importantes de la physique
moderne</i></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>le
Tao de la Physique</u></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">I</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l
est difficile, </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">en
effet,</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
de ne pas voir dans cette "conciliation des contraires" </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">au
sein </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">du
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>道</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>, </i></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>dào</i></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">une
analogie avec nombre de concepts et d'expériences de la physique quantique qui, tous, </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">mettent</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
à mal le dogme occidental du principe de (non-)contradiction </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">selon
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">lequel
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'actuel
ou le réel</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
serait </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">nécessairement
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">univoque
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
ordonné </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">par
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">exclusion
du</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">non-actuel
ou du </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">virtuel</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">réputé
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">nécessairement</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">plurivoque
et chaotique</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rappelons-nous, par exemple, </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'expérience
de pensée dite "du chat de Schrödinger", dans laquelle,
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
la "superposition" de deux événements originels</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">mutuellement
incompatibles (présence </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>versus
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">absence
d'une particule sub-atomique censée déclencher un certain processus)</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">suit la superposition de </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">deux événements </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">mutuellement
incompatibles</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
(la mort du chat </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>versus
</i></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">son
maintien en vie). </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Or</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
fonction </i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Ψ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">qui
prédit la probabilité d'un état quantique donné</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>d</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>e
l'ensemble [</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">chat
+ appareil expérimental</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>] s'exprimerait
de la façon suivante : le chat vivant et le [même] chat mort
sont mélangés ou brouillés en proportions
égales</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Schrödinger, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Physique
Quantique et Représentation du Monde</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cephénomène de superposition se confirme dans l'expérience dite <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaNlbnghtwlsGF-KzAFThqA">des fentes
d'Young-Feynmann</a> où une seule et même particule passe par deux endroits à
la fois, ou encore dans les expériences d'Aspect qui montrent que deux
"avatars", apparemment séparés, de la "même" particule sont en réalité intriqués et donc modifiés simultanément et de la même manière alors même que l'opérateur humain
n'agit que sur l'un d'entre "eux". O</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">n
conclut</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans
tous les cas</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
à une </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">co-présence</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans
le même monde réel </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
deux états pourtant </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">logiquement</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">mutuellement
incompatibles (on appelle cette co-présence la "superposition quantique")</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ce
qui ne peut se comprendre que moyennant la violation du</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
principe de (non-)contradiction </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">par
la physique quantique </span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(il
le sera aussi par la psychanalyse)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">du
moins au niveau ontologique, celui des choses (ce principe reste valide
cependant au niveau logique de l'argumentation et de la démonstration).</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bref,
c'est </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'un
des </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dogmes</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
de la rationalité occidentale </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">qui
tombe</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">celui,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">précisément</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
sur lequel repose le caractère soi-disant apodictique de la science </span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">comme
pensée de l'être stable et immuable </span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">excluant
les propriétés qu'il n'a pas (qui ne "sont" pas)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">D'autres
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">catégories encore de la pensée occidentale, proclamées universelles par Ka<span>nt</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"> (localité, temporalité, causalité, réalité, objectivité), seront mises à mal par les
inégalités de Bell et les expériences d'Aspect </span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">qui,
toutes, ramènent à l'intuition fondatrice de la physique quantique,
à savoir que deux événements </span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>E
</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">et
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>non-E
</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ont
beau être, par hypothèse, logiquement opposés (le chat mort <i>et</i> le
chat vivant, l'observant <i>et</i> l'observé), ils ne sont pas pour autant </span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ontologiquement</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">
exclusifs l'un de l'autre mais co-hérents, au sens étymologique du terme (<i>co-h</i><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">æ</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><i>rere</i>, "attacher ensemble"), co-présents, autrement dit, ils forment une unité indissoluble. Notons que cette cohérence quantique ne s'applique pas qu'aux seuls événements sub-atomiques mais vaut pour tout événement à quelque échelle qu'on le situe. Et s'il est difficile de croire qu'un chat peut être en même temps mort et vivant, c'est que la <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hVm_SyUcwE">"dé-cohérence quantique"</a> responsable de la réduction du paquet d'ondes (toujours la fonction </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Ψ) à un seul possible (le chat mort OU le chat vivant) est d'autant plus rapide que le phénomène implique un plus grand nombre d'entités, ce qui est le cas, par hypothèse, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">pour les événements macroscopiques (s'agissant du dispositif </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;">macroscopique impliquant le chat de Schrödinger, on calcule que la dé-cohérence doit intervenir après </span><span style="text-align: left;">un laps de temps d'environ 10</span><sup style="text-align: left;">-30
</sup><span style="text-align: left;">secondes -autant dire instantanément- après la mise en place du protocole !)</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">. Ce qui nous importe ici, c'est que</span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
si les les champs énergétiques dont traite la théorie quantique des champs constitue</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
bien l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'"étoffe"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de l'univers, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
faut admettre </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
la fois </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
le réel n'</span>est<span style="font-style: normal;"> jamais mais toujours </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>devient</i>,<span> que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'il</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
devient est toujours fondamentalement constitué non pas de "choses" mais d'événements, enfin que la survenance de ces événements est toujours chaotique. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Car le <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théorie_du_chaos">chaos</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">est, au sens étymologique de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>χάος</span><span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-contextual;"> </span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">(qui est celui d'Hésiode ou d'Ovide mais aussi celui qu'ont adopté Brown ou Poincaré), non pas le néant, mais, tout au contraire, l'indétermination</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal;"> primitive à partir de laquelle tout est possible. C'est donc, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
l'instar du </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dào<span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sus-évoqué,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ce "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">vide inébranlable à l'usage inépuisable</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, §5), </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">processus continu où ordre et désordre s'engendrent mutuellement (un peu comme dans la danse cosmique de <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataraja">Shiva Natarâja</a>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
et, par conséquent, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
processus toujours, à quelque degré, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">imprédictible
dans la mesure où le chaos </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
inscrit dans</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
la réalité fondamentale et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne
résulte</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
nullement de la limitation de nos facultés de connaissance qui ne peuvent s'exercer que de manière statistique voire, comme on le verra plus loin, de manière illusoire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En tout cas,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">insi
que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'a
remarqué Werner Heisenberg, il existe</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">manifestement
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>une
certaine affinité entre les idées philosophiques traditionnelles de
l'Extrême-Orient et la substance philosophique de la théorie
quantique</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Physique
et Philosophie</u></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">), affinité dont la dualité co-hérente du </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">yīn</em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">et du </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">yáng</em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> d'une part, de la masse et de l'énergie d'autre part sont deux bons paradigmes</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; text-decoration: none; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">C</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e
n'est qu'au </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">début
du </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">XX°
siècle </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">que
la science occidentale s'est cependant décidée </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">à
prendre au sérieux </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">'indétermination (le principe dit d'"incertitude" de Heisenberg, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">en fait, un principe d'indétermination, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Unbestimmtheit</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">non
plus en termes épistémiques de défaut de connaissance </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(comme
le supposait déjà le déterminisme absolu de Laplace) </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">mais comme conséquence </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">irréductible d'une indétermination ontologique du réel : dire que </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;">∆</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>x</i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">.</span><span style="text-align: left;">∆</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>p </i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">≥ </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">ħ</span><span style="text-align: left;"> /</span><span style="text-align: left;">2 (avec </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>x</i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"> la position d'une particule, </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>p s</i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">a quantité de mouvement et </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">ħ</span><span style="text-align: left;"> la constante de Planck </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">≈ </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">1,055×10</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sup><span style="font-size: small;">-34</span></sup></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> J.s</span><span style="text-align: left;">), c'est dire qu'une particule est <i>réellement </i>dépourvue de trajectoire</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
E</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">t,
corrélativement, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">théoris</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">er</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
caractère probabiliste </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
la mesure. C'est ce que fait précisément la "fonction d'onde" (la </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">fonction<i> </i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">Ψ</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">) de Schrödinger qui lie l'énergie totale (ce qu'on appelle aussi le "hamiltonien") d'un système à son évolution dans le temps afin de déterminer une "densité de probabilité de présence " d'une particule donnée dans une position donnée à un moment donné. De là, nécessairement, l'incertitude de la prédiction, en fonction </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">tout
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">à
la fois de la quantité de matière observée (</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>c</i></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">æ</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>teris
paribus</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">moins</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
grand est le nombre d'atomes de même nature impliqués dans un phénomène, plus
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">incertaine</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
est la </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">prédiction</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">),
de son état (</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>c</i></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">æ</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>teris
paribus</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
l'état gazeux d'un corps est plus plus difficilement prédictible que son état liquide, que son état
solide amorphe ou que son état solide cristallin) et de sa température
(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>c</i></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">æ</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>teris
paribus</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
plus est élevée la température d'un corps, plus importante est son
entropie et </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">moins
fiable est la prédiction</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">).
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">La
science météorologique, qui étudie le mouvement des masses d'air
est la plus parfaite illustration de ces limitations ontologiques (raison pour
laquelle elle fait des "prévisions" inductives basées sur des données statistiques <i>a posteriori </i>et non des
"prédictions" <i>a priori</i>). </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">I</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l
est clair que cette concession faite à l'irréductibilité
fondamentale du </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">virtuel
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">non-</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ord</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">onné</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">fait
écho au</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">x</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
vœu</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">x</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">d'humilité
et </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
pauvreté en matière de connaissance qui caractérise</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">nt</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
l</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">a</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
sage</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">sse</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
taoïste proclamant que </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>知者不言</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,
</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span>言者不知
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>[</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>zhì
zhě bù yán, </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>án
zhě bù zhī</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>]</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lǎo
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Z</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ǐ,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Dào
dé jīng</u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
§</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">5</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">6</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">qui
sait ne parle pas, qui parle ne sait pas, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">rappelant
par là que l'obsession rhétorique des discoureurs, en Chine comme
en Grèce, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">a
toujours </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">consist</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">é</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">à</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
prétendre savoir </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">apodictiquement</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">que
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
réel est </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">tel
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et sera tel car il </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ne
peut pas en être autrement</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Il
est significatif que les deux </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">premiers</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>
</span><span lang="zh-CN"><span>卦</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>guà,</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">hexagrammes</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
du </span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u>Classique
</u></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u>des
</u></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u>Transformations</u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>(</span></span></span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">易
经</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span>, </span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yì
jīng</span></span></span></em><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>),
traité par excellence </span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>de
la vénération du chaos</span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">délimitent
tout le champ des possibles entre, d'une part, le </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">pôle
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">virtuel
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yáng
</span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>(le
Ciel) </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et,
d'autre part, l</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e
pôle </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">actuel
</span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">yīn
</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(la
Terre), les 62 autres hexagrammes définissant alors autant de
possibles intermédiaires. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">On
comprend dès lors le statut qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ont</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
toujours eu, dans la pensée chinoise traditionnelle, le modèle des
saisons </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'une
part, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">celui
de la famille </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'autre
part</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Le premier est</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
le plus parfait exemple de l'ordre et de la régularité </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">terrestres
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn</span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">soumis
à</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
la plus totale indétermination et la plus grande imprédictibilité
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">célestes
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng</span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bref
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">négu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entropie
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(ordre,
actuel, formation) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">soumise
à l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entropie
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(désordre,
virtuel, dé-formation)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">co-réalité
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'où
procède </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tout
processus de trans-formation </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">易</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yì</span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Le
second est l'application du </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">modèle
météorologique au cas</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
particulier du vivant </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">humain
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">connaître
la créativité désordonnée</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
masculin</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
conserver </span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
réceptivité</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordonnée
</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">féminin</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tel
est le flux universel</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Étant le </span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">flux
universel</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
il fait un avec le Tao et </span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">adopte
la souplesse enfantine</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Lǎo
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǐ,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
dé jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">28</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Autrement
dit, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
qui caractérise </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
vivant, notamment humain, c'est, comme le souligneront plus tard Nietzsche, Bergson </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou
Popper</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
souplesse </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">柔</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">róu</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
se traduit aussi par "douceur", </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"délicatesse",
"tendresse"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dont
le modèle, pour </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Lǎo
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǐ,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">enfant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
être hybride de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng
</span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">désordonné/</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">masculin</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ordonné</span>/</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">féminin </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span>(à noter
qu'"ordre" se dit </span><span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">如</span></span></span></span></span></span><span>,
</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>rú</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">et
que ce</span></span><span> caractère est
composé de </span><span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">女</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"femme"
et de </span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;">口</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
"bouche"), pôles</span><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entre
lesquels circule le </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souffle/énergie
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Nous
possédons donc à présent tous les éléments d'un modèle </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
transposition au vivant de ce flux</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">perpétuel
d'échanges</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
énergétiques entre les deux pôles opposés mais </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">perpétuellement
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">co-hérents
de l'actuel ordonné et du virtuel désordonné.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">En
termes de science physique,</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'animation
du </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">corps
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">vivant consiste manifestement en une </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">capacité</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> de mouvement </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">croissance,
déplacement</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
visant à compenser l'entropie générée par ce que Prigogine appelle sa "<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Système_dissipatif">structure dissipative</a>" (</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dissipation de l'énergie de cohésion des parties du corps, soient 2 000 à 2 500 kcal. ou 8 000 à 10 000 kJ., soient encore 2 à 3 kW.h quotidiennement pour un corps humain en bonne sa<span>nté</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
en </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">puis</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ant</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dans
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">son
environnement </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
l'énergie</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">qui
sera </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">utilisé</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">pour
partie en </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">efforts mécaniques (à commencer par les efforts d'auto-construction et d'auto-conservation) </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
pour partie en chaleur </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">perdue</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dont
une partie est nécessaire à </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'entretien
du </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">métabolisme des vivants homéothermes)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sauf
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">que
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">si</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">selon la célèbre formule de Bichat, "</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>la
vie est l'ensemble des forces qui luttent contre la mort</i>"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">alors
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
mort </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">est</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
inexplicable. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">À
l'inverse, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">si
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">on
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ajoute
que </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">lutte
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
tout corps, donc, en particulier, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">du
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">corps
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">vivant
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">contre
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">cette
tendance inéluctable </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">à
l'augmentation de l'entropie </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dont</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">il
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">est</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'objet
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">est un </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">processus</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
chaotique, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">c'est
alors la persistance </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
la prolifération </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
la vie qui est inintelligible </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
devient ce mystère sur lequel fait fond, notamment, la théologie</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Or,
si </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">corps
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">vivant
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">est,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">comme
tout corps,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
théâtre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">'un
processus incessant de </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">trans-formation</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(en
grec, μεταβολή)</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> chaotique </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">dont
la persistance (l'existence) témoigne d'un bilan énergétique provisoirement
positif (néguentropie) et la destruction (la mort) d'un bilan énergétique
définitivement négatif (entropie),</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
corps vivant</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
est surtout </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le théâtre d'une</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
trans-formation </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"souple"
qui, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">tout
à la fois,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">procède du chaos </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et l'apprivoise </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">afin
de rendre ce qui est théoriquement imprédictible néanmoins pragmatiquement prévisible</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aristote
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">constatait</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
déjà</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">que
</span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l'âme
</i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[</i></span></span></span></span></em></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ψυχή, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">psukhè</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
la réalisation première d'un corps naturel qui a potentiellement la
vie </i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[</i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ζωή, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">zôè</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Aristote, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>de
l’Âme</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
II, 412a). En effet,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">l'animation
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">est,
potentiellement, l'indice le plus </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">évident</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> de</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
la vie </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">au
sens propre où, comme le dit Pascal, le repos bien compris, c'est la mort, mais aussi au sens figuré où l'on dit que l'on donne une âme à un groupe, qu'on
l'anime, pour dire qu'on peut le diriger, l'ordonner </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">avec
tact, avec discernement, avec souplesse</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Or,
c'est précisément cette souplesse qui explique les phénomènes les
plus caractéristiques de la vie que sont </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la
natalité, la morbidité, et la mortalité</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
L</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
procréation</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">peut,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
effet,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
être comprise comme la transmission d'un</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
série d'ordres</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">depuis
un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(des)
corps</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
générateur</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(s)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
vers</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(des)
corps</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">engendré</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(s)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">formation
procréative s'analyse alors </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
une sorte de</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
pari que </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ferai(en)t
le(s) corps générateur(s) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
son (leur)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
remplacement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
un (des) corps nouveau(x)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
plus s</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ple(s)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
le sien (les leurs) abaissera</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
globalement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
provisoirement</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entropie</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">globale, et accro</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">îtra par là-même </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
probabilité de survie des corps congénères, à commencer par celle du (des) corps engendré(s). </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De même,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tout
événement vital s'analysera en une séquence </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">-</em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-</span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-</span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-
…, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">yīn-</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng-yīn-yáng-
… </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">autrement
dit</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">néguentropie-</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entropie-néguentropie-entropie-
..., qui, selon qu'on l'arrêtera arbitrairement sur un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou
sur un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mettra
respectivement l'accent sur la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bonne
santé </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">身体</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
</span><span> </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>shēn
t</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ǐ</span></span><span>,
qui veut dire aussi "corps"</span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">)
ou </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bien</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
maladie </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生病</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng
bìng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
littéralement, "défaut de la vie"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),
étant entendu </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
le terme ultime de la séquence sera un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dissipation irréversible sous forme de chaleur de l'énergie nécessaire à la
cohésion</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
corps </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">suivie
d'une dispersion </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">définitive
de cette chaleur </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et de la dissolution du corps</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Or</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
mort </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">comme
désordre absolu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">tendance
vers l'entropie maximale </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">et
définitive</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
du vivant </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">n'est</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">tout bien considéré</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
conséquence d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
souplesse de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">cette
lutte contre l'entropie</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Montaigne
disait déjà que nous mourons non de ce que nous sommes malades mais
de ce que nous sommes vivants. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">John
Kerr, Andrew Wyllie et Alastair Currie en 1972 ont </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">d'ailleurs
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">mis
en évidence la fonction vitale de mort cellulaire (apoptose)
confirmant ainsi la thèse de Freud selon laquelle "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
deux instincts, aussi bien l'instinct [de vie] que l'instinct de
mort, se comportent comme des instincts de conservation, au sens le
plus strict du mot, puisqu'ils tendent l'un et l'autre à rétablir
un état qui a été troublé par l'apparition de la vie.
L'apparition de la vie serait donc la cause aussi bien de la
prolongation de la vie que de l'aspiration à la mort, et la vie
elle-même apparaîtrait comme une lutte ou un compromis entre ces
deux tendances</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Freud,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Essais
de Psychanalyse</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De fait</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
comme le dit François Jacob, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
programme génétique qui prescrit la mort de l’individu dès la
fécondation de l’ovule</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Logique du Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C'est
ainsi que la mort cellulaire engrammée (et non pas "programmée" comme on dit couramment)doit être interprétée
comme </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ultime
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dont
s'auto-affecte </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">corps
vivant</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
pour limiter </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souplement
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le désordre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">externe
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu'il génère (on pense évidemment, en premier lieu, au simple fait
d'exister dans des conditions dégradées et donc d'entraver par sa présence, la néguentropie des systèmes congénères, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cf.
le film de S. Imamura <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ballade_de_Narayama_(film,_1983)">la Ballade de Narayama</a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
même temps que l'entropie interne </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lorsque
celle-ci s'accroît sans pouvoir être compensée par aucun</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
autre </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sorte</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">trans-</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">formation</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tout
se passe donc comme si, tel corps vivant faisant un tel constat,
décidait de se "sacrifier", de se "saborder" au profit de la survie de l'espèce, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
faisant </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">délibérément
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tendre
son entropie interne vers son maximum</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Voyons
à présent </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">plus
en détails en quoi consiste </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cette
"souplesse", </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cette
"douceur"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
caractéristique, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">avons-nous
dit,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
mise en </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">néguentropique
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'un
corps vivant par lui-même. U</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n
corps</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
inerte (non-vivant) montre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
par le fait même d'exister, qu'il est affecté de d'un certain ordre, donc de néguentropie,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais qu'il ne peut l'être </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
selon un processus </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fondamentalement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">chaotique, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
dont témoigne les mouvements géologiques ou météorologiques, par exemple. On dira en ce sens, comme nous l'avons déjà fait remarquer à propos de la "conciliation des contraires", que l'ordre procède du désordre (cf. l'expérience de pensée dite du <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Démon_de_Maxwell">démon de Maxwell</a> ou même, à la limite, le fait que l'entropie absolue tend vers le <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zéro_absolu">zéro absolu</a>, autrement dit, vers l'ordre absolu). E</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n
revanche, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;">l'ordre
constaté dans le développement de la vie vient d'une source
différente : […] l'ordre à partir de l'ordre</em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Schrödinger,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu'est-ce
que la Vie ?</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§65). </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En
effet, si la mise en ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
spontané</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de molécules d'eau liquides en cristaux de glace </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne
dépend que du </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_brownien">mouvement brownien</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
masses d'air</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
revanche, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
mise en ordre du métabolisme d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'un
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">animal
en vue de son hibernation résulte de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">connexité
d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u
chaos</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de la météo </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">certain
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre
pré-établi</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">U</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;">n
</span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;">nouveau
</span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;">dé</span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tour
par la pensée ch</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;">inoi</span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
ne </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous
semble </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pa</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;">s
sup</span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">erflu.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"Vivant",
en chinois, se dit </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生命</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng
mìng </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'une
part</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mìng </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
se traduit en général par vie mais aussi par sort, fortune,
destin, ordre, commandement, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">attribution,
etc., </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
d'autre part</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
être né, naître, donner naissance, accoucher, existence, croître, pousser</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
etc. </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
disciple le plus connu de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Lǎo
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǐ,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
raconte comment un prince, fasciné par la virtuosité d'un de ses
cuisiniers, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">aurait
clamé son admiration en disant "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Merveilleux !
Je viens enfin de saisir </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comment
procède </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'art
de nourrir ma vie [</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">得</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">养生焉 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dé
y</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǎ</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ng
shēng yān]</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
iii</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">S'il faut "nourrir sa vie", c'est que </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a longue vie, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;">长生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cháng
shēng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
bien le plus précieux, ou, comme le chante Brassens, notre seul
luxe ici-bas</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Raison
pour laquelle, encore aujourd'hui </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
Chinois se souhaitent volontiers la bonne santé par </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">万岁, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">wàn
suì</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> ("encore </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dix-</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mille
ans") ou </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">长寿, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cháng
shòu</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> ("encore de nombreux
anniversaires"). C'est aussi pourquoi l'étudiant, l'écolier,
se di</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sen</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">t-ils </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;">学</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">xué </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
littéralement "celui qui apprend la vie", et,
naturellement, le médecin, c'est celui qui prend soin de la
vie, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">医生, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yī
shēng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est
donc la vie en tant que processus </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">effectif
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
lutte contre l'entropie par </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">connexion permanente avec le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souffle/énergie
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Quant
à</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mìng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">caractère
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
l'on retrouve dans les expressions </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命官, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mìng
guān</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
mandarin, officiel (littéralement "fonctionnaire de
commandement"), </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">从命 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cóng
mìng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
obéir ("à partir du commandement") </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">革命, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">gé
mìng </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">révolution
("changement de commandement")</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">p</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">our
comprendre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
quoi il diffère</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d'avec </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
lisons à nouveau Zhuāng Zǐ : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Confucius
admirait les chutes de Lü-leang. L’eau tombait d’une hauteur de
trois cents pieds et dévalait ensuite en écumant sur quarante
lieues. Ni tortues ni crocodiles ne pouvaient se maintenir à cet
endroit, mais Confucius aperçut un homme qui nageait là. Il crut
que c’était un malheureux qui cherchait la mort et dit à ses
disciples de longer la rive pour se porter à son secours. Mais
quelques centaines de pas plus loin, l’homme sortit de l’eau et,
les cheveux épars, se mit à se promener sur la berge en chantant.
Confucius le rattrapa et l’interrogea : « Je vous ai pris pour un
revenant mais, de près, vous m’avez l’air d’un vivant.
Dites-moi : avez-vous une méthode pour surnager ainsi ? — Non,
répondit l’homme, je n’en ai pas. Je suis parti du donné, j’ai
développé un naturel et j’ai atteint la nécessité. Je me laisse
happer par les tourbillons et remonter par le courant ascendant, je
suis les mouvements de l’eau sans agir pour mon propre compte […].
Je suis né dans ces collines et je m’y suis senti chez moi : voilà
le donné. J’ai grandi dans l’eau et je m’y suis peu à peu
senti à l’aise : voilà le naturel. J’ignore pourquoi </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">je
me comporte ainsi</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
: voilà la nécessité</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
xix</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
Voilà </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc
un homme qui est né dans les collines </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais
qui a grandi dans l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'eau.
Il n'est </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc
pas </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">amphibie
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
nature</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ais
il</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
été </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">poussé
par la nécessité à </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">survivre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
dans le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">biotope</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
aquatique (par exemple, il </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
appris à ne pas </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
débattre, ou lutter contre le courant, ce qui l'épuiserait et
l'entraînerait vers la mort)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">À</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
tel point même que, tandis que la configuration physiologique
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'êtres
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tortues
et crocodiles</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
amphibies par nature,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
reste incompatible avec le</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ur</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
maintien </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
vie sous une cascade de trois cents pieds, la sienne est, en
revanche, en parfait accord avec ces conditions extrêmes. Il </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne
sait expliquer les mouvements qu'il fait</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Tout ce qu'il sait, c'est qu'il </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
meut</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
par nécessité : </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
est parti du donné, dit-il, ce qui </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lui a procuré une seconde nature</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
L'idée de "nécessité" renvoie à celle de destin, de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fatum</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
(ἀνάγκη en grec). Donc le sens de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mìng </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
plutôt celui </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'une
myriade </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">petits
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">décrets
implicites émanant </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
chaos </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
réel </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">contraignent</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
tout être </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vivant
à s'assimiler le/s'accommoder d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u
réel </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">afin
de rendre possible</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
processus d'auto-(re-)création</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bref,
à la lumière du taoïsme, nous pouvons dire que, pour un organisme
vivant, c</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">réer
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'ordre à partir de l'ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
le dit Schrödinger,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">doit
à peu près </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">signifier
ceci : </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'abord
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">apprivoiser
le</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
désordre, le chaos,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dào</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
construisant </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">1</span></span></span></span></sub></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mìng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) puis parachever cet </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">1</span></span></span></sub></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> en élevant un</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) consistant en ce double mouvement d'accommodation/</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">assimilation</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">i,
en termes modernes, correspond </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">respectivement</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
génétique </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">base
spécifique de tout corps biologique </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">1</span></span></span></span></sub></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">puis</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'ordre
sensible ou intentionne</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">adaptation fine du corps biologique à un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">biotope</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">déterminé
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">La
"douceur" ou "souplesse" inhérente au corps
vivant et qui fait défaut au corps inerte consiste donc en cette capacité à "amortir" le chaos du réel au moyen de
ces deux niveaux de mise en ordre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">C</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ommençons
donc par évoquer le premier niveau d'auto-ordonnancement du
vivant, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">autrement
dit le premier aspect de sa souplesse</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> :
le niveau </span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">1</span></span></span></span></sub></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mìng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">surgissant
du </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">flux
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">désord</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">onné</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> des événements </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dào</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'est
parce que</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’efficacité
de l’évolution ne peut laisser les limites de la vie au hasard des
accidents</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">François
Jacob, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Logique du Vivant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
code génétique, le génome, n'est rien d'autre que </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
formulation</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">biologique</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u
destin</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> individuel dans le sens où </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la
double hélice d'ADN </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">qui va contribuer à construire les cellules </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">d'un
individu quelconque </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">st
un </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ensemble
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">d'</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
de base </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">imposés
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>a
priori </i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">au
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">corps
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">vivant
par </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'histoire évolutive de</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
l'espèce à laquelle il appartient.</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">L'évolution déterminée de cette espèce est donc bien, pour un individu donné,
l'ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></sub></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ou,
plus exactement, une série </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">successive
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">'</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordres</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></sub></span></span> qui constitueront un milieu </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">protidique interne </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">capable de s'auto-organiser, de s'auto-construire (Maturana et Varela parlent à ce propos d'"<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoïèse">auto-poïèse</a>") en </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">se procurant provisoirement </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">une
quantité d'énergie supérieure à celle résultant de sa propre
entropie</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">La
photosynthèse chlorophyllienne par laquelle le chloroplaste puise de
l'eau, du gaz carbonique et des sels minéraux sous la catalyse de
l'énergie lumineuse afin de construire de la matière </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">cellulosique,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
même que l</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">a
réponse</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
immunitaire spontanée </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
l'organisme vivant contre les agents allergènes ou pathogènes, sont</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
bons </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">exemple</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
de </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ce
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">en
quoi consiste</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ce</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">t
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></sub></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> : établir une première discontinuité dans le flux chaotique continu du réel en créant donc un "milieu intérieur" autonome délimité par une barrière physique (cytoplasme, peau, écorce, etc.)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">De
fait </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">tout
code génétique </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">est
une série d'</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordres</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></sub></span></span> s'analysant en </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">une
suite déterminée de "bases" désignées par des lettres (A comme "adénine",
G comme "guanine", T comme "thymine", C comme
"cytosine"</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">) et dont la combinaison forme </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">un arrangement complexe
d'atomes de carbone, d'oxygène, d'azote et d'hydrogène, arrangement protéinique qui peut se "lire" comme une série d'in-formations écrites</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">. "Se lire" et non pas "se déchiffrer" dans le sens où la lecture véritable est toujours l'interprétation contextuelle d'un texte (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2013/11/lire-ii-feyerabend-et-la-lecture.html">Feyerabend et l'Apprentissage Anarchique de la Lecture</a>). </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">C</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">'est
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">donc
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">précisément
une telle configuration chimique </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">arrêtée</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
à un moment donné de l'évolution</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
l'espèce (le moment où commence à se construire ledit "milieu interne" individuel) </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">qui
constitue ce que nous appel</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ons</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></sub></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">lequel,
cependant,</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">reste</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> inéluctablement </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">tributaire
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">des
conditions chaotiques qui ont déjà présidé et continueront de présider à </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">cette
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">évolution spécifique.</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cet
ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></sub></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
tend donc tout à la fois à adapter le milieu biologique interne à son extériorité et </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">à</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
assurer la pérennité de l'espèce (par une sorte de</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> "mémoire" </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">d</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">e</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">l'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">espèce</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">) sur la base du pari </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">inductif</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">selon
lequel </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">l'avenir sera,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>grosso
modo</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordonnable de la même façon que le</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
passé. C'est cet </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></sub></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> génétique qui explique par </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">exemple</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> (</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">cf. </span><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2012/03/sentir-et-percevoir-une-distinction.html" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Sentir ou percevoir, une Distinction Problématique</span></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">), que certains animaux ne perçoivent leurs proies que lorsque celles-ci sont en mouvement </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">(les batraciens), ou ont une certaine couleur (les insectes) ou ont une certaine température (les reptiles). </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mais </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">c'est
précisément parce qu'un tel pari de stabilité adaptative est toujours démenti par les faits</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
que les caractères héréditaires codés dans et par l'ADN ne sont
génotypiques (</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">visant
l'identité de l'espèce</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
que pour une part et phénotypiques (</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">concernant
l'identité individuelle</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
pour l'autre part, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
sorte que ces derniers caractères, tout en étant héréditaire</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
dans les conditions précisées par <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_de_Mendel">les lois de Mendel</a>, restent d'autant plus
susceptibles de variations</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> chaotiques qu'ils </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">sont
jusque là, apparus de manière plus fortuite</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">De
sorte que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">la</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
variabilité </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">des
caractères phénotypiques </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">prépare
le terrain à une </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">éventuelle
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">sélection
naturelle </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
ces mêmes caractères </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">que
l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e
chaos d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">es
circonstances pourraient rendre </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">nécessaires
à la survie de l'espèce, donc </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">génotypique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
(ex. des <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalène_du_bouleau">phalènes du bouleau</a> qui ont tant impressionné Darwin)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">C'est
évidemment en ce sens que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>la
sélection darwinienne apprend aux différentes espèces vivantes à
conserver de l’information et à l’adapter aux divers problèmes
qui se posent à elles</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">"(Popper,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>la
Quête Inachevée</u></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
xxxvii). L</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">e
récent épisode du jeu de gendarme et voleur auquel se sont livrés la techno-science occidentale et le virus du Covid illustre à
merveille l'utilisation souple de l'information génétique
disponible </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">1</span></sub></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">afin
d'adapter le "milieu interne" du virus</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> au problème </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">de
son dépistage éliminatif. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Une
première</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
différence entre corps inerte et corps vivant réside donc manifestement dans </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
constitution préalable</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'un</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">milieu</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
interne" ordonné, c'est-à-dire adaptable sur la base d'une illusion de stabilité </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">1</span></span></span></sub></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">), ordre </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">suffisamment
souple cependant pour absorber, dans une certaine mesure, la cruelle désillusion de l'irréductibilité du chaos à venir</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Cependant, la propriété la plus remarquable de la vie comme </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">shēng</em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>, est celle qui </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>implique</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>l'établissement d'une</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> extension </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">externe </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">(</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2</span></span></sub></span>) </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">du "</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">milieu</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> interne"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">(</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">1</span></span></span></sub></span></span>) par </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>la</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>prise </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>en compte en temps réel </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>du</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> chaos</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>hic et nunc </i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>de ses conditions de subsistance</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ce qui est nécessaire chaque fois que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
circonstances</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> contraignent, sous peine de mort,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> le "milieu interne" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">faire
face à une situation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">exige son </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ajustement
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">biotope</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
sein duquel </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cet
organisme va</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
perd</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">re</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d'autant plus d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">énergie
que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">surgit une situation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">plus
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">inédit</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e pour lui</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Une telle extension externe du "milieu interne" vise donc à établir </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">un "monde propre", une </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwelt">Umwelt</a></i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i>au sens<i> </i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">de Jakob von Uexküll : </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><i>les
signaux perceptifs d'un groupe de cellules perceptives se réunissent
en dehors de l'organe de perception, en dehors du corps animal, en
des unités qui deviennent les caractères des objets situés en
dehors du sujet animal dans son </i>Umwelt</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"(</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><u>Mondes
Animaux et Monde Humain</u></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">).</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>N</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ous
avons </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>déjà
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>emprunté
le modèle du langage humain pour </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>décrire</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
la structure de l'</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>1</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
génétique </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>en
parlant de "code" génétique. Référons-nous</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
à </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>nouveau
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>à
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ce
même modèle </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>afin
d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>'expliquer
en quoi consiste </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2
</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>intentionnel
ou sensible</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Searle
dit vouloir traiter le langage humain "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small; text-align: left;"><i>de
manière naturaliste [en] considér[ant] le sens linguistique, le
sens des phrases et des actes de langage, comme une extension des
formes d’intentionnalité fondamentalement biologiques que sont la
croyance, le désir, la mémoire et l’intention, et de considérer
ces derniers comme les développements d’une intentionnalité plus
fondamentale encore, notamment la perception et l’action
intentionnelle, ou l’intention-en-action</i></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>"(Searle, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><u>what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</u></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>,
i). Pour </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Searle,
en effet</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>le
langage humain est une manifestation particulière de l'intentionnalité fondamentale du vivant. En effet, tout</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
processus </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>intentionnel</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>est
indissolublement lié à la vie en ce qu'il </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>suppose
deux directions </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>(deux
sens) simultanées </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>d'ajustement. D'une part </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>une direction </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>d'</span></span></span>accommodation </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>a</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>u (ou du) monde extérieur </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>par
laquelle le "milieu interne" </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>actualise sous </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>forme de données "chimiques" converties en influx nerveux </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>certaines données "physiques" pertinentes </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>du
monde extérieur</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> (par exemple un danger), pertinentes en ce que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>l'ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>1
</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>génétique aura pré-sélectionnées sous forme de simples potentialités</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>. Le processus d'accommodation n'est donc, en ce sens, qu'un prolongement dans </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2 </span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>intentionnel </span></span></span>du processus basique d'adaptation caractéristique de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">l'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>1</span></span></sub></span> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">génétique. Mais, d'autre part</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>, le "milieu interne" désormais in-formé des perturbations chaotiques les plus pertinentes pour lui du monde extérieur, va assimiler ces nouvelles données en façonnant, par une in-formation en retour, l'<i>Umwelt</i> ainsi constituée </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"à son goût", assimilation dont le paradigme est évidemment la fonction nutritive dont les déjections (exemple de la formation du calcaire par les coquillages) et les échanges gazeux (on pense bien sûr au CO2 des animaux et à l'O2 </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">des végétaux)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Par là, le "milieu interne" étendu à l'<i>Umwelt</i> maximise</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> les chances de satisfaction de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ses
besoins néguentropiques au moyen, notamment, de comportements désirants ou communicants</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Toute</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
communication suppose </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>en
effet</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> une circularité de l'in-formation par laquelle </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>un milieu émetteur </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>a l'intention </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>d'in-former
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>son
environnement proximal après avoir été in-formé par lui</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>soit
qu'il s'agisse de</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
coordonner les </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>comportements</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>organismes
partenaires (congénères ou commensaux), </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>soit
qu'il s'agisse </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>de
retarder ou de dissuader les comportements</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>d'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>organismes
adversaires (prédateurs ou parasites)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>.
Ajoutons</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
que, dans </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>le
cas des espèces les plus évoluées, l'hérédité </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>e
certains avantages adaptatifs glanés </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>par
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>tout
ou partie de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>l'espèce
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>au
long de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>son
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>évolution
se trouve suppléé</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
par un processus </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>spécial
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>de
communication</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>:
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>l'éducation </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>(on
pourrait peut-être parler à ce propos d'un </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>1</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
post-génétique ou d'un</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>1</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>bis</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>) qui est une sorte de méta-communication en ce que les échanges d'in-formation ont lieu dans une fraction de l'<i>Umwelt</i> momentanément soustraite à l'urgence vitale</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>De
là tous les comportements sociaux, et, notamment,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> cette vertu d'humanité (en chinois </span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>仁</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
rén</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>,
qui se traduit aussi par "douceur", "bienveillance"
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>et
qui est homophone à </span></span></span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><span>人</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>"être
humain"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
chère aux confucianistes. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Toujours
est-il que</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>la
communication</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> vise à </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>perpétuer
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ou
parfaire </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ce
qu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>e
l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
génétique (ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>1</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>)
a sélectionné </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>afin
de construire puis d'exploiter un ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>dont
il est fait derechef le pari qu'il sera </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>générateur de néguentropie</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>.
C'est ce que Searle appelle "l'intention-en-action"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>(on songe, par exemple, à la fameuse "danse" des abeilles) "en action" </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>pour
éviter la confusion, trop souvent faite, avec la volition humaine</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>. De
sorte que, dans </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>tout</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>e
in-formation sensorielle</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>même</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>a</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
plus rudimentaire, il y a nécessairement de
l'"intentionnalité-en-action". </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Comme
le dit aussi Elizabeth Anscombe, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">si
vous voulez dire quelque chose d'à peu près exact sur les
intentions [...], une bonne manière d'y arriver sera d'indiquer ce
qu'[on] a effectivement fait ou ce qu'[on] est en train de
faire</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Anscombe,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'Intention</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§4)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Bref,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>que
ce soit dans l</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>'ajustement
par </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>accom</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>m</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>odation
ou </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>par
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>assimilation,
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>cet
ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
est fon</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>cièr</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ement
intentionnel </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>au
sens étymologique : l'organisme biologique concerné </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>reçoit (accommodation) et/ou envoie (assimilation) de l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>(une
in-formation physique et/ou chimique) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>en
étant littéralement, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>in
tensio</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>ne</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>,
c'est-à-dire dans un état de tension</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>(intention,
attention, contention, etc. ont le même radical). Nous qualifierons donc d'"intentionnel" tout comportement biologique qui tend à maximiser en temps réel par des aller-et-retour permanents d'in-formation la pertinence de l'ajustement (accommodation/assimilation) d'un "milieu interne" et du monde extérieur au moyen de l'aménagement d'une <i>Umwelt </i>amortissante. L'intentionnalité fondamentale du vivant</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> montre donc </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
vie consiste en systèmes physiques qui tentent de résoudre des
problèmes</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Popper,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Quête Inachevée</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
xxxvii)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Dans
tous les cas, c</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>'est
la </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>rémanence
d'un certain type bien spécifique de problèmes dans le cadre </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>de
cet </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2</span></span></sub></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
qui explique l'illusion de stabilité </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>u</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> "</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>milieu
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>propre", illusion qui commande tous les ajustements acquis, depuis les réflexes les plus élémentaires jusqu'aux cérémonies humaines les plus sophistiquées. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>L'émergence de cet </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2</span></span></sub></span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>explique notamment, comme l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ont</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
bien compris Kant </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ou
Wittgenstein</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>,
ce besoin qu'ont les hommes d'inventer de prétendues "lois de
la nature" qui ne sont, en réalité, que des discontinuités d'<span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span>2</span></span></sub></span> que l'intentionnalité proprement humaine </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>projette, au moyen du langage et de la culture, dans </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>une</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
<i>Umwelt</i> humaine élargie, à la limite, à l'entièreté de la "nature". On comprend par là en quoi le vivant, tout vivant, a besoin d'une illusion</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> (la fameuse </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">mâyâ </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">hindoue)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> de permanence, de stabilité, de simplicité qui consiste à maximiser outrancièrement la probabilité de l'ordre et à minimiser celle du désordre. S'agissant, par exemple, du "monde propre" de la tique, Jakob von Uexküll souligne que </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><i>la
richesse du monde qui entoure la tique disparaît et se réduit à
une forme pauvre qui consiste pour l’essentiel en trois caractères
perceptifs </i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><i>[acide
butyrique, poils, chaleur] </i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><i>et
trois caractères actifs [se laisser tomber, fouiller, piquer] – son </i>Umwelt<i>. Mais la pauvreté de l'</i>Umwelt<i> conditionne la sûreté de l’action, et la sûreté est plus
importante que la richesse</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"(J.
von Uexküll, </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><u>Mondes
Animaux et Monde Humain</u></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">)</span><span style="text-align: left;">.</span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; text-decoration: none; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">V</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">oilà en tout cas en quoi consiste </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la "souplesse" ou la "douceur" du vivant : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>pour un être vivant, exister consiste à changer, c’est-à-dire à se créer indéfiniment soi-même</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">"(Bergson, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’Évolution Créatrice</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">, i). Tandis que </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'inerte
subit des perturbations physiques (gravitationnelles ou fortes) et/ou chimiques (électro-faibles) qui lui sont </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">imposées</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
brutalement, c'est-à-dire </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">immédiatement et sans recours possible, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par les circonstances, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
vivant, lui, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s'adapte,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"négocie"
en permanence </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
conditions de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sa
trans-formation entropique/néguentropique dans un va-et-vient permanent entre "milieu interne" et monde extérieur <i>via un </i>"monde propre" (<i>Umwelt</i>) qui sert de "tampon" permanent entre les deux</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Il
est </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tentant</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
alors de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qualifier</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d'"intelligence" </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
sens étymologique d'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">intelligere</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
"mettre en relation", "ordonner", en l'occurrence, les éléments chaotiques du réel</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cette
souplesse </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
préside au </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">choix</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
de l'</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></sub></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">(donné
ou reçu) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">le
plus pertinent</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
c'est-à-dire </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">celui</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
qui va maximiser le rapport effet </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vital
produit</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">/contrainte anti-</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vitale subie</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
autrement dit néguentropie/entropie. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Et
même si </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
que nous avons coutume </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
nommer "pertinence" n'est qu'un cas particulier du principe
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">général
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
moindre action </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
concerne les interactions de tous les corps, vivants ou non,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
et d'après lequel "</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lorsqu’il
arrive quelque changement dans la nature, la quantité d’action,
nécessaire pour ce changement, est la plus petite qui soit
possible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Maupertuis,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Accord
de Différentes Lois de la Nature</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
spécificité, encore une fois, du vivant est de le faire
intentionnellement, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est-à-dire
en </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ajustant</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">avec
souplesse </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">son
intériorité </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organique
en accord avec le monde extérieur</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En
ce sens, la connaissance humaine, la sensibilité animale, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
tropisme</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
végétal</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">respectivement,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es
"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">âme</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
intellective, sensitive </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
végétative chères à Aristote)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ne
sont que d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ivers</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">manifestations</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
souplesse avec laquelle </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tout
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisme</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vivant
s'auto-affect</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> intentionnellement </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ordre</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></span></sub></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
plus pertinent </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">afin
d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e garantir,
voire d'étendre </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">son "monde</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> propre" </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
vue de </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">résoudre
des </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">problèmes</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
qui, tous, se résument </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cel</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ui</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-là</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
seul, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">insoluble</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> :
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comment
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lutter
contre l'entropie, autrement dit, comment retarder la mort</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> ?
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C'est
ce </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">principe
d'économie intentionnelle de l'énergie vitale </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu'ont</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">adopté</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sages</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
toutes les civilisations humaines </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
point d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'en</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">faire
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">summum
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'intelligence </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">proprement
humaine</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Ce qui est le plus remarquable, c'est que, dans le cas du vivant humain, c'est contre la dilapidation de l'énergie "morale" ou "intellectuelle" que la sagesse est toujours primitivement convoquée. Comme si la sagesse consistait, <i>ab initio</i>, à pressentir que les plus graves désordres, sanitaires ou sociaux, bref, les plus profonds gaspillages d'énergie vitale trouvaient leur racine dans l'échauffement des "esprits". </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De là,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
les fameux </span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">exercitia
spiritualia</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> dont
fait état Ignace de Loyola dans son ouvrage éponyme et qui
consistent en "</span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">différents
modes de préparer et de disposer l'âme à se défaire de toutes ses
affections déréglées</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Exercices
Spirituels</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
1° annotation), ceux de l'empereur Marc-Aurèle qui se prescrit à
soi-même d'"</span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">efface[r]
cette représentation, arrête[r] cette agitation de
marionnette</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pensées
pour moi-même</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
VII, 29), ceux du sociologue Georges Friedmann qui préconise de
"</span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s'efforcer
de dépouiller [s]es propres passions, les vanités, le prurit de
bruit autour de [son] nom (qui, de temps à autre, [le] démange comme
un mal chronique)</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Puissance et la Sagesse</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ceux
enfin du </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Yoga</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
défini par </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Patañjali
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cessation
de l'agitation mentale</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Yoga-Sûtra</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, i, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">). De là, en particulier, les vœux de pauvreté en matière de parole, voire de mysticisme, que forment tous les Sages au motif que </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">多言数穷</span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">不如守中 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">[duō yán shù qióng, bù rú shǒu zhōng]</span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Dào Dé Jīng</u></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, §5) </span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">: </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">trop de mots, cela appauvrit et détruit l'équilibre. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bref,
si le vivant est cet être qui, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
tout instant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organise
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souplement</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
sa</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lutte
contre </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sa
propre </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">entropie</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
c'est au sens </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">où</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
les stratèges chinois </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ou
les spécialistes d'arts martiaux (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">武术</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">wǔ</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shù </span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">dont le premier caractère </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">武</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>wǔ</i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-family: georgia;">, montre un pied 止arrêtant une hallebarde 弋 !</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">conçoivent
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
lutte : à savoir que l'art </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
combat </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">doit soumettre l'ennemi </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
combatt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ant
le moins possible (pertinence, rapport effet/effort) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
tirant le meilleur parti (néguentropi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e)
du hasard</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> (entropi</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">qu</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">e)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> des circonstances</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
commencer par l'énergie potentiellement destructrice de l'advers</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">air</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e, notamment, s'agissant de l'être humain, de la puissance destructrice du langage et de la pensée</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De là la grande</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> maxime</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> taoïste</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> du </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">为</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>无为</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">wéi </i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">wú
wéi</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">(littéralement "pour que-non-pour que") envisageant de </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">laisser les choses suivre leur cours </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">naturel (ce qui n'exclut pas la lutte dans le cadre des </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">武术</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>wǔ</i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>shù</i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-family: georgia;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Toutefois, si la sagesse est, dans toutes les civilisations, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">valorisée
comme </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
voie par excellence de la vertu, la voie de l'accomplissement d'une vie
authentiquement humaine, cette "vertu" est, souvent,
réduite en Occident, non seulement à sa seule dimension "spirituelle", mais le plus souvent à un simple code de maximes morales</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Or, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en Chine,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a sag</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sse </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">神智</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shén zhì</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, littéralement "puissance de l'intelligence")</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a rien </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;">d'un code mais se trouve, d'emblée, être une </span>praxis</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">德</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dé</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> du </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道德经,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dào dé jīng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le Classique de la Voie et de la Vertu</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">), </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est ce que les stoïciens ou Spinoza ont appelé </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">virtus</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, la "vertu",</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> au sens de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">puissance</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> capable de</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> fournir ou ôter de l'énergie </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(cf. la "vertu" apaisante de telle plante). </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">'où l'importance de </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la méditation (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">禅</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">chán</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">traduction du </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">dhyâna </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sanskrit, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">zen </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en japonais) </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qui </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n'est pas un repli sur soi, et surtout pas ce repli intellectuel de la bonne conscience satisfaite d'elle-même. T</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">out </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">au contraire, la méditation y est </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">une dissolution </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">du moi </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans le </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">dào</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">: </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">quand je m'assois pour méditer</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> [</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">坐忘</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">zuò wàng</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">]</em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">, j'oublie absolument </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">tout</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. […] C’est là la transformation, dans laquelle l’individualité se perd</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Zhuāng Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuang Zi</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, §6), transformation-limite que les taoïstes nomment </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">内丹</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>nèi dān</i></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ou "transformation interne" profonde, par opposition à la simple "transformation externe" (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">外丹</span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">, </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>wài dān</i></span></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">), plus superficielle, occasionnée par les mouvements</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-style: normal;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">On reconnaît là une source taoïste du bouddhisme </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">za-zen</em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> (du chinois </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">坐禅</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>z</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>uò chán</i></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">"méditation assise") dont </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> première de</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span> quatre Nobles Vérités, est que la souffrance (</span><i>duhkha</i>)<i> </i><span>naît de l'attachement (</span><i>trishnâ</i><span>), </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>tout particulièrement à l'</span><i>ego</i>,<i> </i><span>au moi séparé, isolé, en d'autres termes, à un "milieu interne" fermé à son </span><i>Umwelt</i><span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">On y voit aussi</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> l'aveu d'abnégation du sage confucianiste : </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le Sage n'a pas d'idée, pas de nécessité, pas de position, pas de moi</em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Confucius, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Entretiens (S.C.)</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, IX, 4). </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">Mais, tout autant, celui du </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><i>yogi </i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">; </span><em style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>seule la méditation dissout cette idée que nous sommes une entité séparée, un </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">ego</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>, un mental</i></span></span><em style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(J. Bouchart d'Orval, </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">in </em><em style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Patañjali, </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Yoga-Sûtra</span></u></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, iv, 6). Cela dit</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, même si nous n'entendons par "esprit" rien d'autre que l'intentionnalité du corps (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2019/06/corps-et-ame.html">Corps et Âme</a> et <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2019/01/necessite-du-dualisme-corps-esprit_16.html">Nécessité du Dualisme Corps-Esprit</a>)</span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, la sagesse chinoise </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">ne se limite pas à son aspect "spirituel"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Car, plus que tout, il importe, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
effet,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
pren</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ant</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
pour conduit principal le canal régulateur </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">督
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dū
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
la vie,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'e</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ntretenir
le corps/</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">santé</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">身体</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēn
tǐ</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">].
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">onserver
la vie </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">存</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cún</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mìng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
nourrir </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
vie</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">养生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">y</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǎ</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ng
shēng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
parachever les ans </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;">长生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cháng
shēng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sont
alors possibles</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
i</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ii</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Peu
importe, au fond, où on situe </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
"canal régulateur de la vie" (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">督</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dū
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
la médecine chinoise étant </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fondamentalement
une médecine des "méridiens" (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">经</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">jīng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L'important
est qu'il s'y produise</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">toujours,
en dépit </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
chaos </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
circonstances, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
processus </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vital</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
d'aller-retour</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> du</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
souffle/énergie (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
entre le pôle de l'ordre (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
et celui du désordre (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Car</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est
lorsque</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
souffle-</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">énergie
nous travers</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
sans entrave</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous autres vivants, c'est-à-dire </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">天地之间
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tiān dì zhī jiān</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">intermédiaires
entre le ciel et la terre</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">",
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vivons
au plein sens du terme, que nous nourrissons notre processus vital
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">养</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">精</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">y</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ǎ</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">jīng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De
sorte que la "longue vie" (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;">长生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cháng
shēng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
n'est </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ni</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
un objectif </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">immanent
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu'on
se fixe </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">contre
vents et marées</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
ni une récompense transcendante </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qu'on
espère </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">obtenir au prix d'une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sorte
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">résignation</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">deux
attitudes de blocage rigide, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais
l'effet </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">naturel
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'apprivoisement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bienveillant</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
souffle-énergie</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
nous parcourt </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
chinois, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cet
apprivoisement se dit</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气功</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">gōng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
en sanskrit, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">prânâyâma</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
point qu'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
cultivant son souffle [</span></i></span></span></span></span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">专气</span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,</span>
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>zhuān</i></span><i>
</i><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><i>qì</i></span></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">], on devient aussi souple [</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">如</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">,
</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>rú</i></span></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">] qu’un
nouveau-né</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Lǎo
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
dé jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">10</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">D'où
l'importance </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">capitale</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
revêt, pour toutes les sagesses, le</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">processus</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de la respiration (qui n'est, au fond, qu'un processus chimique d'oxydation du glucose contenu dans le sang ou les muscles et produisant de l'énergie -ATP- musculaire et de la chaleur). </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Toutes
les sagesses du monde, sans exception, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ont toujours </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">imput</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">é, fût-ce en la "spiritualisant",</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
l'animation </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
vivant</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
au "souffle" (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">spiritus,
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">πνεῦμα</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="hi-IN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">روح</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><i>
</i></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="hi-IN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">רוּחַ</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>, </span><i>prâna</i>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">etc.)
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
processus d'in-fusion d'une énergie dont le vivant se nourrit presque
à son corps défendant </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">puisqu'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
faut et il suffit, pour </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
vive </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
vivant, qu'il se laisse </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pénétrer</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
(que l'on songe à l'expression française, "être inspiré"
qui met l'accent sur la passivité) par ce souffle-</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">énergie</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
pour manifester une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">néguentropie qui, produisant, avons-nous vu, sa propre entropie,
exige parfois, de la part du vivant, l'expiration forcée </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'air vicié </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pour
seul effort </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">intentionnel
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
ce, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">jusqu'à
ce que le vivant "expire", qu'il rende son "dernier souffle"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C'est
pourquoi la sagesse </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">taoïste,
entre autres</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
met l'accent sur l'expiration (en chinois, on ne "respire"
pas, on "expire-inspire", </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">呼吸</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hū
xī</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et,
d'une manière générale, sur le bon fonctionnement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des divers canaux d'irrigation et d'excrétion</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
propre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du
Sage (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">圣人</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shèng
rén</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
qu'il </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">évite,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
la mesure du possible,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">obstruction</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pathologique,
voire mortelle,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la libre circulation du souffle-énergie</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> :
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
condition qu’il n’y ait pas d’obstacle, l’œil voit,
l’oreille entend, le nez sent, la bouche goûte, le cœur perçoit,
l’esprit produit les actes convenables. Dans toute voie,
l’essentiel est qu’il n’y ait pas d’obstruction. Toute
obstruction produit étranglement, arrêt des fonctions, lésion de
la vie. Pour leurs actes vitaux, les êtres dépendent du souffle [</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì].
Si ce souffle n’est pas abondant dans un homme, la faute n’en est
pas au ciel, qui jour et nuit l’en pénètre ; elle est en
lui, qui obstrue ses voies, par des obstacles physiques ou
moraux</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
x</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">xv</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">i).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">D'où, dans la culture chinoise, d'une part, on l'aura remarqué, le statut de modèle que revêtent la fonction nutritive et la fonction respiratoire chaque fois qu'il s'agit d'interpréter un processus vital, d'autre part, et corrélativement, la valeur métaphorique de l'image du vent, tout
comme celle de l'eau, qui, l'une et l'autre évoquent le flux continu
et diffus, la fluidité désordonnée </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
énergies du</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì
</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ans
le</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
cours (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>dào</i>) de tout phénomène</span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tout cela pour dire que la sagesse chinoise est une hygiène de vie </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">卫生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">wèi
shēng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
"conservation de la vie"). Loin de n'être, en effet, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> que le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">recours </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ultime
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'une intériorité spirituelle qui, selon la dramaturgie </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bien
connue qui</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> traverse toute l'histoire de la pensée occidentale, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est toujours menacée par l'extériorité corporelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> (cf. Descartes : </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">je
suis</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
un esprit mais </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">j'ai</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
un corps), l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'intériorité
dont la pensée chinoise fait la promotion est tout autre :</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
il va s'agir, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">avons-nous
vu,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
nourrir</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> sa vie </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">要养生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yào yǎng shēng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">), sa vie c'est-à-dire </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">non pas un "être" mais un </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">principe de vitalité (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">精, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">shēng</span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;"><i>jīng</i>)</span></span><span face="Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #999999; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">consistant, nous l'avons dit, en un ordonnancement de second (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">ordre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></sub></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>) tendant à assurer un équilibre précaire entre "milieu interne" et monde extérieur </span><i>via </i>une <i>Umwelt</i></span></span></span><span>.
Or, comme </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nourrir
son <em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">processus</span></span></span></span></span></span></em> vital </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">consiste
à </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">maintenir </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">opéra</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tionnel
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">flux
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souffle-</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">énergie (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nous
traverse en </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">circul</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ant</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">perpétuellement</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
entre l'ordre de la Terre (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yīn</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
et le désordre du Ciel (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">yáng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'intériorisation
ne sera rien d'autre qu'une certaine manière, non d'accumuler je ne sais quoi je ne sais où, mais de concentrer, de comprimer (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">强调内进</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qiáng
diào nèi jìn, </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">littéralement
"insister en allant vers le dedans"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
intentionnellement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">son
énergie en </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
dirigeant </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">vers</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> les cinq émonctoires que sont les poumons, la peu, les reins, le foie et les intestins, étant entendu que la respiration</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">呼吸</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">hū xī</em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">) et la nutrition (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">营养</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>yíng
y</i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ǎ</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>ng</i></span></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">) restent les deux modèles de tout processus biologique d'échange énergétique, donc de tout processus vital</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">On
s'évertuera </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
à pratiquer des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">exercitia
corporea </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(et pas seulement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">spiritualia</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
qui </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">visent à </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">aider
sa respiration par des gestes semblables à ceux de l’ours qui
grimpe ou de l’oiseau qui vole</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
x</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">v</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C'est
le cas,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
par exemple, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
la pratique </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">du</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气功</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>gōng</i>, notamment dans</span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><em style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </em><em style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"jeu des cinq animaux"</span></span></span></span></span></em> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ou celui dit "de la bannière de Maw<span>angdui" (sur laquelle on voit, effectivement, des hommes adoptant des attitudes animales)</span>. </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">À
l'encontre de la tendance occidentale, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pensée
chinoise, mais aussi la pensée indienne avec le Yoga,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ont
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">toujours
considéré </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
monde animal, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">voire
végétal, comme </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">LE</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">modèle
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">souplesse</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
harmonieuse dans la circulation des énergies </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vitales.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De
là, l'importance des mouvements naturels agrémentés, çà et là, de quelques mouvements "exotiques" visant à (ré-)activer les échanges chimiques dans toutes les parties du corps
humain, en insistant tout particulièrement sur celles qui, étant le moins souvent sollicitées, ont le plus besoin d'être déliées/désengorgées. À cet égard, le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气功</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qì</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">gōng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">太</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">极</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">
拳</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tài
jí quán </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(littéralement
"la lutte du grand renversement"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">), ou le Yoga sont de parfaits exemples</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'enchaînements
de mouvements souples et doux qui "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nourrissent" (au sens sens chimique le plus littéral) le corps en y faisant</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
circuler le plus harmonieusement possible les énergies naturelles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En outre, pour faire droit à la spécificité bipédique des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vivants
humains (ce qui s'écrit </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">人 en chinois)</span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
marche, parfaite métaphore de l'errance sur la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">voie</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> chaotique du destin </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dào</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">),
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
un statut particulier en ce qu'elle </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">permet
au Sage de respirer par les talons, tandis que le vulgaire respire du
gosier seulement, comme le prouvent les spasmes de la glotte de ceux
qui se disputent ; plus un homme est </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">préoccupé</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
plus sa respiration est superficielle</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">v</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span>). Mais, </span><i>mutatis mutandis</i>, on pourrait dire la même chose d'autres activités spécifiquement humaines qui font circuler harmonieusement les énergies, telles que la musique, la calligraphie, la poésie ou la peinture (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2021/10/paysage-contemple-paysage-senti-paysage.html">Paysage contemplé, Paysage senti, Paysage vécu</a>) et, d'une manière générale, toutes les activités qui favorisent évacuation, unité et paix dans ce milieu à la fois interne et externe au corps vivant que constitue l'<i>Umwelt </i>(cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2020/04/les-yoga-sutra-de-patanjali-sagesse-ou.html">Platon, Lao-Tseu, Patanjali</a> et <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2019/10/les-yoga-sutra-de-patanjali-sagesse-ou_19.html">les Yoga-Sûtra de Patanjali : Sagesse ou Philosophie</a>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dans
tous les cas, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Sage aura à cœur de se concentrer sur </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">son
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">丹田</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dān</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tián</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(le
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hara</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">littéralement
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">champ</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'alchimie</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">", autrement dit, des transformations</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
qui est le</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
processus même de concentration de toutes les énergies vitales. De plus, la localisation physique du </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">丹田 environ deux ou trois doigts sous le nombril en fait aussi </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
centre de gravité </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(cf.
l'importance, en chinois, de la notion de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">中</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">zhōng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
"centre", "milieu") </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'organisme </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">humain</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est-</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à-dire</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">point</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">où, par définition, s'applique la résultante des interactions gravitationnelles dont tout corps est l'objet</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> </span></span>
</p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bref,
la sagesse, notamment chinoise, n'est, en ce sens, qu'une </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">application
au cas particulier du vivant humain</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
du principe de pertinence dans la construction de ce que nous avons
appelé l'ordre</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. Il s'agit, en l'occurrence, de lutter intentionnellement contre l'épuisement thermique (entropie) engendré par la rigidité, donc par la résistance physique au changement physique, que ce soit par le mouvement ou </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
la méditation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"longue
vie" (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-style: normal;">长生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cháng
shēng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
taoïstes</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
vie </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bienveillante,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sage,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">douce
ou souple, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est
finalement une vie où </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
se concentre [</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">强调内进</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qiáng
diào nèi jìn] avec douceur </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">客气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
kè qi] </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sur
ce qui contribue à nourrir notre processus vital </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">喂养</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
wèi yǎng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">].
Alors, </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">exécuté
avec </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lenteur
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">缓慢</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">huǎn
màn</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
cohérence </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">连贯</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lián
guàn</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
harmonie </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">叶</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">xié</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
respiration </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">呼吸</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hū
xī</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
le mouvement correct </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
fera avec</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">beaucoup</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">amplitude
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">幅度要大</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
fú dù yào dà</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Zhuang
Yuan Ming, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Qi-Gong
des 18 exercices</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">,
préambule). On comprend dès lors que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l'économie "spirituelle" de langage ou de pensée n'est qu'un aspect particulier de cette hygiène corporelle tournée vers la prévention de tout blocage. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Bref, la "longue
vie", c'est, très loin d'une soi-disant "vie éternelle", simplement une vie au cours de laquelle les facteurs de
rigidité du corps (</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">身体</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;">,
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>shēn
t</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">ǐ</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
le chinois emploie le même terme pour dire "corps" et "santé") auront été, dans la mesure du possible,
réduits au minimum</span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En
chinois, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"vivant"
se dit aussi </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生动</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">shēng
dòng</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
c'est-à-dire "vie en mouvement".</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Vivre,
c'est </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">donc </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se mouvoir de manière à adoucir harmonieusement le mouvement
chaotique du réel mais, en même temps, y </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">glaner ces </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">quanta
</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'énergie
qui vont compenser l'entropie </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
tend à décomposer </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">tout
corps physique. E</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ncore faut-il donc </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">se
mouvoir</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de manière à t</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">enter
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">gagner
plus d'énergie qu'on n'en perd, à minimiser l'entropie et à
maximiser la néguentropie, ce que font, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">spontanément</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
tous les existants, vivants ou non, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">même
si </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les vivants le font souplement, c'est-à-dire avec adaptabilité et intentionnalité. Dans le cas bien particulier
d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u
vivant humain, la difficulté consiste à</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> retrouver </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
spontanéité naturelle, dont, depuis toujours, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sa
complexification historique l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'éloigne
tendanciellement. </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Concentration,
l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">enteur,
cohérence, harmonie, respiration, sont</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
alors quelques-unes des</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> condition</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de possibilité d</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'une
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">amplitude
</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
mouvement</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
c'est-à-dire d'un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ajustement
mécanique/thermique, physique/chimique à la fois</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> ordonné mais souple</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> à la continuité chaotique du réel</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pour
cela</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">suivez
la règle du Sage, videz votre </span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">esprit</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
r</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">emplissez</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
votre ventre, affaiblissez votre volonté, renforcez vos os. […] En
ne faisant rien de plus, vous vivrez bien"</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Lǎo
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
dé jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-22045279036071352582022-10-04T08:09:00.006+02:002023-12-21T07:06:01.940+01:00PARADOXE, SCEPTICISME ET SIDÉRATION.<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">S'il
est vrai que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
philosophie est un combat contre la fascination que des formes
d’expression exercent sur nous</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Cahier Bleu</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
27), il est une forme d'expression qui nous fascine depuis toujours
et qui, par conséquent, mérite certainement de susciter
l'entreprise philosophique : c'est l'expression paradoxale. Admettons
avec <a href="https://studylibfr.com/doc/5588047/introduction---julien-dutant">Julien Dutant</a>
que
l'"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">on
peut définir un paradoxe comme une conclusion apparemment
inacceptable dérivée de manière apparemment valide de prémisses
apparemment acceptables</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".
Le cas des <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_sorite">paradoxes sorites</a> étant
particulièrement intéressant, je voudrais développer à présent
deux points qui me paraissent importants : d'abord l'idée que les
paradoxes sorites ne sont pas une conséquence du caractère vague de
certains prédicats mais plutôt du caractère inexistant des sujets
auxquels on attribue ces prédicats, aussi précis soient-ils ;
ensuite je montrerai que le paradoxe en général n'est rien d'autre
que la forme d'une figure rhétorique au moyen de laquelle la
connaissance savante entend clouer le bec de l'opinion et, partant,
la décourager d'agir en produisant un discours exclusif sur ce qu'il
convient de qualifier ou non de "réalité".<span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><a name='more'></a><p></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br />À
première vue, il semblerait que le propre du paradoxe du sorite soit
le caractère continu de l'addition ou de la soustraction des grains.
Certes, la considération du continu pose, par hypothèse, le
problème de l'arrêt, de la frontière qui ne sera jamais, par
définition, naturelle, mais toujours arbitraire. C'est manifestement
le cas si une règle pose, par exemple, que telle épreuve doit durer
une heure : à partir de quelle durée en plus ou en moins un
candidat malheureux est-il fondé à former un recours pour
non-respect de la réglementation ? Mais la difficulté à définir
les termes sorites, à réduire ce que Dutant appelle "la
tolérance" inhérente au "vague" et qui, selon lui,
est leur principale caractéristique ne tient pas seulement au
caractère arbitraire (non-naturel) de la frontière. On admettra
qu'un "tas" de sable, quelle que soit l'extension qu'on est
prêt à lui accorder, est nécessairement composé de "grains"
de sable, c'est-à-dire d'entités atomiques (au sens
étymologique </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">a-tomos</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> =
"indivisible"), </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
fine</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> insécables.
Tandis que le temps, comme le soulignait déjà Aristote, n'est pas
composé d'"instants" atomiques, insécables. Comme
l'explique Cantor, une durée a <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puissance_du_continu">la puissance du continu</a>. En d'autres
termes, quelle que soit la durée considérée, l'ensemble des
fractions de cette durée <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Équipotence">est équipotent à</a> l'ensemble R des
réels, c'est-à-dire qu'entre deux fractions successives </span>t1<span style="font-style: normal;"> et </span>t2<span style="font-style: normal;">, avec </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>t1<t2</i> et <i>t2-t1</i> tendant vers 0, </span></span></span></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">on pourra toujours intercaler une
fraction intermédiaire telle que </span>t1<ti<t2<span style="font-style: normal;">.
Il est à noter que la notion de continu était déjà connue des
Grecs puisqu'il était présupposé par Zénon puis explicitement
employé par Aristote lorsque celui-ci, dans <a href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/philosophes/Aristote/phys614.htm">le livre VI de laPhysique</a>,
déconstruit les fameux <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxes_de_Zénon">paradoxes de Zénon</a>
au moyen,
précisément, de l'argument du continu. Soit, par exemple, le
paradoxe d'Achille et de la tortue : Zénon prétend qu'Achille ne
rattrapera jamais la tortue au motif que, quelle que soit la fraction
de distance (Zénon prend 1/2, mais il est facile de montrer qu'on
peut prendre n'importe quel rationnel non nul inférieur ou égal à
1) qui les sépare au départ, si on nie l'unité indivisible de
l'espace, il existera une infinité de parties à parcourir (et entre
deux parties contiguës, une infinité de sous-parties, etc.) avant
d'accomplir ladite fraction de distance. Et comme, si on nie l'unité
indivisible du temps, même la plus infime de ces parties requiert
une certaine durée pour être parcourue, Achille, qui aurait donc
besoin d'une durée infinie pour atteindre son but, ne l'atteindra
jamais. Or, objecte Aristote, même si on nie l'unité indivisible de
l'Être, ni la distance, ni la durée ne sont des quantités
discrètes, c'est-à-dire composées par contiguïté, ou, si l'on
préfère, par addition ou composition de parties. L'une et l'autre
ont, comme le dirait Cantor, la puissance du continu dans le sens où,
quelle que soit la partie du tout d'une durée ou d'une distance, la
partie ne pré-existe pas à ce tout qui en serait la composition
mais, à l'inverse, c'est ce tout qui pré-existe à la partie,
laquelle n'en est qu'une division a posteriori. Ce qui n'est pas le
cas pour un tas de sable. La quantité de ses grains est toujours
équipotente à l'ensemble N des entiers naturels, autrement dit, la
quantité de "grains" (aussi petits soient-ils, à la
limite, réduits à des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">quanta</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> de
matière) d'un "tas" est non seulement mesurable mais aussi
dénombrable. Bref, un tas de sable n'a pas la puissance du continu
et ce n'est donc pas cela qui engendre le paradoxe du sorite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Apparemment,
comme le dit Julien Dutant, il n'y a de paradoxe sorite qu'en raison
du caractère vague (pour la distinction du vague d'avec l'ambiguïté,
la généralité et la relativité, cf. son cours sus-reférencé) de
certains prédicats. Rappelons d'abord qu'un prédicat est, dans le
métalangage de la logique (différent en cela de celui de la
grammaire naturelle) le corrélat d'un sujet logique auquel il
attribue une propriété (cf. sur ce point, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sens
et Dénotation</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> de
Frege). Par exemple, dans "César conquit les Gaules",
"César" est le sujet et "… conquit les Gaules"
est le prédicat (pour Frege, le couple sujet/prédicat est un cas
particulier du couple </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">x,y</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ou
encore </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">x,
f(x)</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> de
l'analyse mathématique). En tout cas, tout couple sujet/prédicat
est paraphrasable sous la forme "S est un P". On voit tout
de suite où se situe le danger sorite : jusqu'où peut-on
valablement dire que S est un P ? Comme le souligne Julien Dutant,
dans le langage naturel, nombreux sont les prédicats vagues qui
rendent difficile, voire interdisent de définir une frontière entre
P et non-P et donc qui, en conséquence, prêtent le flanc à
l'objection sceptique de l'arrêt. </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">A
contrario</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
en logique ou en mathématiques, la question est vite résolue : il
faut et il suffit que S fasse partie du domaine de définition de P
(on peut se demander si un triangle donné est isocèle ou non, mais
pas si un ver de terre est isocèle ou non) pour, en consultant la
définition de P, savoir si P est ou n'est pas une propriété de S.
Dans de tels cas (idéaux), le risque de sorite est nul : je ne peux
pas être dit "plus ou moins" électeur ; où je satisfais
les conditions (c'est-à-dire les critères définitionnels du
prédicat) pour être électeur, ou non. </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Tertium
non datur</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Apparemment, il devrait en aller de même avec les concepts
scientifiques. L'on sait, en effet, depuis Kant et les Lumières qu'il ne peut y avoir
de de prédicat scientifique (concept) que mathématisé. Or la
précision du concept mathématisé devrait être de nature (sans
doute est-ce même sa fonction) à garantir la bivalence d'un énoncé
l'attribuant à un sujet appartenant à son domaine de définition :
nécessairement tel corps résiste ou ne résiste pas à telles
contraintes de température, d'humidité et de pression, telle
molécule soigne ou ne soigne pas l'hypothyroïdie, etc. Dès lors,
sous ces conditions, les deux réponses contradictoires "S est
P" et "S n'est pas P" à la question "S est-il P
?" seront nécessairement l'une vraie et l'autre fausse. Ce qui
est le propre du principe de bivalence (pour la distinction entre
"contradiction", "tiers exclu" et "bivalence",
cf. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion:Principe_du_tiers_exclu">Discussion du Principe de Tiers Exclu sur Wikipedia</a>).
Donc si, comme le dit Julien Dutant, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
paradoxes sorites menacent surtout le principe de bivalence,
c’est-à-dire nous poussent à considérer certains énoncés
apparents comme n’étant ni vrais ni faux</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">",
on pourrait croire qu'à l'instar de ce qui se passe dans les
mathématiques et dans la logique, en général, tout prédicat
non-vague, en particulier, tout concept scientifique, est immunisé
contre le risque de paradoxe sorite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Et
pourtant ce n'est pas le cas. On voit poindre ce risque, en effet,
dès qu'il s'agit, non plus de répondre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
abstracto</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
à la question "est-ce que S est P ?", mais </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
concreto</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> en
vue d'en déduire une maxime d'action, et cela, quand bien même P
est un prédicat (concept) scientifique. C'est que, comme l'a
remarqué Aristote, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’intellect
qui raisonne en vue d’un but [</i>logizomenos<i>] c’est-à-dire
l’intellect pratique [</i>praktikos<i>] se distingue de l’intellect
théorique [</i>theoretikon<i>] par sa fin [</i>telei<i>]. [...] Le terme final du
raisonnement [</i>sullogismos<i>] est le point de départ de l’action</i></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
(Aristote, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
Anima</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
433a 13-16). Et de distinguer deux sortes de raisonnements ou
syllogismes : le syllogisme théorique dont la forme la plus simple
est "tous les Σ sont P, or S est Σ, donc S est P", et le
syllogisme pratique. Exemples de syllogismes pratiques "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">j’ai
besoin d’un manteau. Ce dont j’ai besoin, il faut que je le
fasse. Je </span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dois</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"> donc
fabriquer un manteau</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
(Aristote, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
Anima</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
701a 17-19 ). La forme canonique du syllogisme pratique est "je
vise S comme fin souhaitable (ex. : avoir un manteau) ; pour
atteindre S, il me faut un moyen pratique P (ex. : fabriquer S) ;
donc S </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> être
P (ex. : S doit être confectionné)". Rapporté à nos deux
exemples précédents, cela va donner : "j'envisage de
construire un pont ; cet alliage est réputé résistant aux
contraintes mécaniques que le pont aura à subir ; donc le
pont </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> être
construit au moyen de cet alliage" ; ou encore "il importe
de soigner les insuffisances thyroïdiennes ; manifestement, telle
molécule compense les insuffisances thyroïdiennes ; donc
l'insuffisance thyroïdienne </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> être
soignée par telle molécule". Dans les deux derniers cas, on
voit bien que "S </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> être
P" est la conclusion nécessaire du raisonnement pratique et que
P n'est pas un prédicat vague mais, pour le dire avec des termes
actuels, un prédicat (concept) scientifique. Il reste que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
terme final du raisonnement est le point de départ de l’action</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".
Et c'est évidemment là que commencent les difficultés : quelle
proportion d'alliage dois-je utiliser pour construire le pont, quelle
quantité de molécule dois-je inclure dans le médicament, etc. ? On
dira que la première question n'équivaut pas à "cet alliage
est-il résistant ?" ni la deuxième à "cette molécule
a-t-elle des vertus thérapeutiques ?". Or, de telle questions
n'exemplifient la question théorique "S est-il P ?" (avec
P concept scientifique) qu'à condition de supposer tout un ensemble
de critères qui, par hypothèse, rendent P précis et non vague. Et
parmi ces critères, il en est qui sont relatifs aux connexions de ce
concept avec le monde réel : les "concepts" de centaure ou
de pierre philosophale sont, certes, connectés avec des mondes
possibles, mais non avec le monde réel, tandis que ceux d'"alliage
résistant" ou de "molécule thérapeutique", eux, le
sont. Or, justement, la connexion avec le monde réel ne réside pas
dans la conclusion théorique du syllogisme (S est P) mais dans sa
conclusion pratique (S </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> être
P). Il ne s'agit pas de savoir si tel alliage est résistant ou si
telle molécule est efficace mais si, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
facto</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ils le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">seront</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Le problème est donc, à présent, de savoir comment on passe de
l'une à l'autre forme, c'est-à-dire comment ont fait pour que le
concept pratique hérite, si possible, de la précision du concept
théorique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Il
est, désormais, assez évident que la réponse à cette question n'a
pas grand chose à voir avec la précision du prédicat (concept)
scientifique de résistance aux contraintes ou de valeur
thérapeutique puisqu'il s'agit d'appliquer ou non ledit concept à
des choses futures, des choses qui n'existent pas encore au moment de
la réflexion. Dans les termes de la métaphysique traditionnelle, on
dira qu'on n'est plus dans le domaine de l'être (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">esse</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
mais dans celui du devoir-être (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">futurum
esse</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
On oublie un peu vite (surtout depuis l'avènement de la morale
kantienne) que le "devoir-être" renvoie, étymologiquement
autant qu'ontologiquement, au futur. Autrement dit, tandis que dans
une perspective théorique, toutes les conditions d'attribution du
prédicat au sujet sont supposées actuellement réalisées et
connues, ce n'est plus le cas dans une démarche pratique puisque
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l’expérience
nous montre, en effet, que les choses futures ont leur principe dans
la délibération et dans l’action, et que, d’une manière
générale, les choses qui n’existent pas toujours en acte
renferment la puissance d’être ou de n’être pas, indifféremment
; ces choses-là peuvent aussi bien être que ne pas être, et par
suite arriver ou ne pas arriver</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Aristote, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l’Interprétation</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
19a) : la réalisation du pont, la santé du malade sont des sujets
dont l'existence, dépendante de l'issue de mon action, n'est que
potentielle et, pour cette raison, éminemment contingente. Pourtant,
c'est bien de l'attribution du même prédicat P qu'il est question,
tant dans le syllogisme théorique (S est P), que dans le syllogisme
pratique (S doit être P). De sorte que, d'une part, l'alliage est
(au présent) résistant, oui mais jusqu'à quand le demeurera-t-il
(dans le futur) une fois appliqué à la construction que nous
envisageons ; cette molécule soigne l'hypothyroïdie, oui mais
jusqu'à quand soignera-t-elle (dans le futur) les malades atteints
de cette pathologie ? Et, d'autre part, l'alliage est résistant
(d'une manière générale et abstraite), oui mais le sera-t-il une
fois appliqué à CE cas particulier et concret de la construction
que nous envisageons ; cette molécule soigne l'hypothyroïdie (d'une
manière générale et abstraite), oui mais dans quelle mesure
sera-t-elle efficace une fois administrée à CES malades
particuliers et concrets atteints de cette pathologie ? Par où l'on
voit que le passage du raisonnement théorique fondé sur ce qui est
au raisonnement pratique envisageant ce qui doit être se heurte à
deux écueils : ce qui a toujours été jusqu'à
l'instant </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">t</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> demeurera-t-il
après </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">t</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ?
; ce qui vaut </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
abstracto</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> vaut-il
encore </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in
concreto</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ?
On sait que Hume a été le premier à exposer ce problème avec
clarté : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">notre
idée de nécessité et de causalité naît entièrement de
l’observation d’une uniformité dans les opérations de la nature
où des objets semblables sont constamment conjoints les uns avec les
autres et l’esprit déterminé par accoutumance à inférer l’un
de l’apparition de l’autre. Ces deux circonstances forment le
tout de la nécessité que nous attribuons à la nature. En dehors de
la constante conjonction d’objets semblables et de l’inférence
qui en résulte, nous n’avons aucune notion d’aucune nécessité
ou connexion [...]. Aussi, le principal usage de l’histoire est
seulement de nous faire découvrir les principes constants et
universels de la nature humaine en montrant les hommes dans toutes
les diverses circonstances et situations, et, en nous fournissant des
matériaux d’où nous pouvons former nos observations et nous
familiariser avec les ressorts réguliers de l’action et de la
conduite humaine [...]. Il ne faut certes pas attendre que
l’uniformité des actions humaines soit portée à un tel point que
tous les hommes, dans les mêmes circonstances, agissent précisément
de la même manière, sans aucune considération de la variété des
caractères, des préjugés et opinions. Mais on ne trouve dans
aucune partie de la nature une telle uniformité sur tous les
points</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Hume, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Enquête
sur l’Entendement Humain</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
VIII, 1). D'où la position humienne classiquement qualifiée de
sceptique : bien que le "doit être" soit inféré de
l'accoutumance à l'"être", une telle inférence n'est pas
nécessaire dans le sens où on ne peut pas déduire un "doit
être" d'un "être".</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Voilà
qui jette un nouvel éclairage sur le paradoxe sorite : j'ai beau
connaître précisément la définition du prédicat "résistance
à contraintes déterminées" ou "valeur thérapeutique
déterminée", pour autant, la précision de l'affirmation "S
est P" ne m'est que d'un secours tout relatif quant à
l'application d'une telle affirmation à un cas particulier (la
solidité de CE pont, la santé de CE malade) qui, non seulement
n'existe pas encore dans la mesure où son existence dépend de mon
action, mais encore dont l'importance tant qualitative que
quantitative des propriétés concrètes sont imprévisibles et ont
donc toutes les chances de relativiser le poids de ladite précision.
Exactement de la même façon que je suis incapable de dire si ce tas
de sable que j'ai sous les yeux en sera toujours un lorsque j'en
aurai prélevé 1, 2, 3, … </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> grains,
même à supposer que je sache avec précision ce qu'est "un
tas", parce que j'ignore comment se comportera mon "tas"
lorsque j'aurai effectué </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> prélèvements. </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">A
fortiori</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> si,
de plus, le concept de "tas" est, comme le souligne Julien
Dutant, un concept vague, autrement dit un concept pour lequel nous
pouvons, certes, avoir un schème mental tiré de l'accoutumance,
mais aucun critère définitionnel. Bref, plutôt que de dire, à
l'instar de Julien Dutant, que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
paradoxes sorites exploitent le caractère vague de certains
prédicats (peut-être de tous les prédicats du langage ordinaire)</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">",
il faudrait dire plutôt que le paradoxe sorite surgit lorsque je me
demande si un prédicat, aussi précis (et donc scientifique)
soit-il, va pouvoir être valablement attribué à un sujet dont
l'existence est conditionnée par mon action elle-même conditionnée
par l'application que je vais faire dudit prédicat à des
circonstances futures que je ne maîtrise pas. Après tout, il
revient au même de se demander à partir de combien de grains
retirés à un tas, le tas n'est plus tas, que de se demander à
partir de combien ponts qui s'effondrent notre alliage résistant
n'est plus résistant, ou à partir de combien de malades décédés
après administration de la molécule thérapeutique, la molécule
n'est plus thérapeutique. Du coup, on se rend compte que le paradoxe
sorite ne contrevient nullement au principe de bivalence, comme le
prétend Julien Dutant. Certes, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">il
est clair qu'il n'est pas nécessaire que, pour toute affirmation ou
négation prise parmi des propositions opposées l'une soit vraie,
l'autre fausse. Car ce n'est pas sur le modèle des choses qui sont
que se comportent les choses qui, n'étant pas, sont en puissance
d'être ou de ne pas être</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Aristote, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
l'Interprétation</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
19a). Or, le principe de bivalence, qui exclut qu'une affirmation
telle "S est P" puisse être vraie et fausse en même
temps, ne vaut que pour la conclusion du syllogisme théorique.
Tandis que l'application de la conclusion du syllogisme pratique "S
doit être P" peut tout aussi bien donner lieu, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">a
posteriori</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
au constat que "S est P" est vraie qu'au constat inverse
que "S est P" est fausse, lequel constat n'étant pas la
conclusion d'un raisonnement théorique mais celle d'une évaluation
de l'application d'un raisonnement pratique faisant intervenir non
seulement des critères objectifs mais aussi la psychologie de
l'évaluateur. On doit donc dire que c'est dans l'ignorance des
circonstances futures de l'application pratique d'un prédicat à un
sujet qui n'existe pas encore que semble prendre sa source le
paradoxe sorite. Auquel cas, le vague n'est pas toujours inhérent à
l'imprécision du langage ordinaire comme le prétend Julien Dutant,
mais peut faire suite au caractère potentiel (non-actuel) de
l'application d'un concept, aussi précis soit-il actuellement (comme
c'est le cas, nous l'avons montré, des concepts scientifiques).
Certes le vague de certains prédicats facilite le risque de paradoxe
sorite mais il ne l'engendre pas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Demandons-nous
à présent quelle peut bien être la fonction d'un paradoxe en
général. Certes, il existe plusieurs plusieurs sortes de paradoxes,
antinomies contradictions (contrairement à ce que fait Quine
dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">the
Ways of Paradox</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
nous n'établirons pas de distinctions entre ces catégories). Si les
paradoxes de Zénon sont des paradoxes métaphysiques, il y a aussi
des paradoxes géométriques (illusions d'optique, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objet_impossible">objets impossibles</a>), des paradoxes
épistémiques (par exemple, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_de_Cantor">le paradoxe de Cantor</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_de_Russell">le paradoxe de Russell</a> ou <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_de_Richard">le paradoxe de Richard</a>), et, comme le
souligne Julien Dutant, des paradoxes sémantiques, catégorie dont
fait partie le paradoxe du sorite et dont la version originale est
attribuée (comme d'ailleurs le fameux <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_du_menteur">paradoxe du menteur</a>) à
Eubulide de Milet, un logicien de <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/École_mégarique">l'école mégarique</a>. Désormais, nous
généraliserons ce que nous avons dit à propos du paradoxe du
sorite, à savoir que, ce qui est paradoxal dans tout paradoxe, c'est
qu'il est toujours de nature théorique lors même qu'il trouve son
origine dans le domaine de l'action. Afin de montrer l'intrication du
pratique et du théorique dans la genèse d'un paradoxe, examinons
donc en détail celle d'un des paradoxes les plus célèbres du XX°
siècle, le paradoxe logique qui fonde <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théorèmes_d'incomplétude_de_Gödel">les théorèmes d'incomplétude de Gödel</a>)
parce que Gödel va utiliser de manière virtuose tous les ressorts
de la paradoxalité. Gödel est un logicien autrichien de la première
moitié du XX° siècle. Précision importante car, bien entendu, il
connaît parfaitement les ambitions philosophiques des programmes
logicistes de Frege, de Russell et du Cercle de Vienne, lesquels
s'appuient sur les recherches techniques très poussées des
mathématiciens Cantor, Hilbert, Zermelo, Fraenkel et Peano, entre
autres. Tout cela pour dire que Gödel connaît parfaitement tous les
"prodiges et vertiges" (pour parler comme <a href="https://autourdejacquesbouveresse.blogspot.com/2021/05/jacques-bouveresse-resumes-des-trois.html?m=1">JacquesBouveresse</a>)
de la logique et que sa méthode sera pleinement logiciste tout en
portant portant sur un objet pleinement mathématique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Le
logicisme de Gödel va s'appuyer, dans son mémoire de 1931 (</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sur
les Propositions Formellement Indécidables des Principia Mathematica
et des Systèmes Apparentés</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">),
sur un métalangage. Rappelons qu'un métalangage est un langage
d'ordre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
étant entendu qu'un langage d'ordre 1 est un langage d'objets ("la
pomme est verte"), un langage d'ordre 2 est un langage qui parle
du langage d'ordre 1 ("vert est une couleur"), un langage
d'ordre 3 est un langage qui parle du langage d'ordre 2 ("couleur
est un prédicat"), etc. Le langage "métamathématique"
a donc pour fonction, précisément, de se distinguer du langage
d'objets mathématiques proprement dit, en l'occurrence, les nombres
entiers naturels tels que théorisés par <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomes_de_Peano">l'arithmétique de Peano</a>. Lequel métalangage
ne sera d'ailleurs rien d'autre que <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcul_des_propositions">la logique propositionnelle</a> et <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcul_des_prédicats">la logiquedes prédicats du premier ordre</a> qu'avaient
employée avant Russell en montrant sa puissance herméneutique pour
prouver la contradiction recélée par le système frégéen
des </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Grundgesetze
der Arithmetik</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> dans
<a href="https://www.philomedia.be/russell-et-les-paradoxes/">une lettre de juin 1902</a>. En
particulier, Gödel va faire usage d'un accessoire logique dont
Russell a montré la redoutable efficacité : le paradoxe (appelé
aussi "antinomie" ou "contradiction") au point
que Frege avouera dans l'appendice à l'ouvrage mentionné </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">supra</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> que
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">pour
un écrivain scientifique, il est peu d’infortunes pires que de
voir l’une des fondations de son travail s’effondrer alors que
celui-ci s’achève. C’est dans cette situation inconfortable que
m’a mis une lettre de M. Bertrand Russell, alors que le présent
volume allait paraître</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Après
quelques remarques liminaires sur l'usage de son métalangage, Gödel
va s'attacher à démontrer <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complétude_(logique)">l'incomplétude logique</a> de
l'arithmétique de Peano. La conclusion à laquelle il </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> parvenir
est donc la suivante : l'arithmétique de Peano, autrement dit le
système logique le plus simple possible (réductible à cinq axiomes
seulement) après le calcul des propositions et le calcul des
prédicats du premier ordre (dont Gödel avait, préalablement, dans
un autre mémoire, démontré la complétude) n'est pas complètement
axiomatisable. Etant donné que la complétude logique au sens du
métalangage dont nous avons fait état s'entend comme la propriété
d'un système formel, décidable et consistant, Gödel va partir de
l'arithmétique de Peano qui est, effectivement un système formel,
décidable et consistant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Qu'est-ce
qu'un système formel, décidable et consistant ? Dans un langage
"naturel" (humain ou non, peu importe), les règles 1) sont
imposées par l'usage pragmatique qui en est fait et qui vise vers la
survie de l'individu et la perpétuation de l'espèce ; 2) sont
implicites dans le sens où elles se confondent avec la régularité
de l'usage. Dans un langage "formel", c'est-à-dire un
langage créé par des hommes afin de résoudre un type très
spécialisé de problèmes (par opposition aux langages naturels qui
sont polyvalents car tournés vers la vie en général), en revanche,
les règles 1) déterminent l'usage et ne sont pas déterminées par
lui, 2) sont arbitraires dans le sens où elles sont imposées par un
tout petit nombre d'individus (un seul à la limite), donc, 3) sont
explicites et, pour cela, formulées dans un métalangage,
c'est-à-dire un langage supérieur qui organise et interprète
l'usage qui doit être fait du langage de base, lequel métalangage
est toujours exprimé dans un langage naturel dont on aura simplement
détourné ou spécifié explicitement l'usage qui doit être fait de
certains termes. A partir de quoi, un système formel est dit
décidable (ou calculable) si et seulement s'il existe une procédure
mécanique (un calcul) pour démontrer, en un nombre fini d'étapes,
qu'une expression valide dans S est, soit un axiome, soit un
théorème, c'est-à-dire une chaîne d'inférences qui commence par
un axiome et qui progresse jusqu'à une conclusion en n'utilisant que
les règles formelles déjà spécifiées. Et un tel système sera,
de plus, réputé consistant dès lors que, pour toute
expression </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">e</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> formellement
démontrée, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">non-e</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
indémontrable. Autrement dit, un système formel est consistant si
et seulement s'il est possible de démontrer soit la vérité d'une
expression </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">e</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> soit
la vérité de sa négation </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">non-e</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> mais
pas les deux à la fois, parce qu'alors, de la conjonction des deux,
nécessairement fausse, on pourrait déduire n'importe quoi ("</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ex
falso quodlibet sequitur</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
disaient déjà les scolastiques). Pour finir, un tel système sera
dit "complet" si et seulement si toute formule vraie y est
une formule formellement démontrable et "incomplet" si ce
n'est pas le cas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">L'arithmétique de Peano étant un bon
exemple de système formel, décidable et consistant particulièrement
simple à manipuler, afin de démontrer que ce système
(appelons-le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
est "incomplet", Gödel va donc s'employer, comme jadis
Russell l'avait fait à l'égard de Frege, à démontrer qu'il recèle
une contradiction. Cette contradiction </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> être
la suivante : soit </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
une proposition métamathématique qui énonce : </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> =
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
formellement indémontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".
Insistons sur "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".
Insistons sur le fait que Gödel n'a pas "découvert"
l'incomplétude de l'arithmétique. Il l'a "construite" en
considérant la conclusion comme celle d'un raisonnement dont il
fallait, régressivement, remonter les inférences jusqu'aux
prémisses. C'est lui-même qui le dit : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">nous
allons maintenant construire une proposition indécidable du système
[S], c'est-à-dire une proposition A pour laquelle on ne puisse
démontrer ni A ni non-A</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
(Gödel, <u>sur les Propositions formellement Indécidables des
Principia Mathematica et des Systèmes Apparentés</u>). Pour parvenir
à ses fins, et c'est là sa trouvaille diabolique, Gödel va
<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codage_de_Gödel">"arithmétiser"</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire va faire correspondre à </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> un
nombre (dit, justement, "nombre de Gödel", appelons-le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
atteignable par les étapes de la démonstration, elles-mêmes
"arithmétisées" en ne suivant que les axiomes de Peano.
En conséquence, Gödel, considérant que les étapes
métamathématiques (c'est-à-dire, rappelons-le, logiques) de la
démonstration sont parfaitement reflétées par les étapes
mathématiques (c'est-à-dire arithmétiques au sens de Peano), ce
nombre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> n'étant
atteint par aucun calcul, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> sera
réputée indémontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Donc </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
vraie puisque telle était l'hypothèse de départ : il </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> être
vrai que </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> soit
indémontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
En conséquence de quoi </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
à la fois vraie et indémontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> le
système formel décidable et consistant le plus simple qui soit
après le calcul des propositions et le calcul des prédicats du
premier ordre ! Le paradoxe est imparable ! D'où premier théorème
de Gödel : il existe, dans l'arithmétique de Peano, au moins une
formule </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> vraie
mais indémontrable. Du coup, puisqu'il est établi depuis le début
que </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
consistant, on admet aussi que c'est justement parce que </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
consistant qu'il a pu être établi que G est vraie (tout en étant
indémontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Or, si </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> mais
pas </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">non-G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
vraie, c'est bien parce que </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
consistant. Appelons à présent </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">H</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> la
proposition : </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">H</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> =
"si la consistance de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
démontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
alors celle de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> l'est
aussi". Mais, avons-nous dit, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
vraie mais non démontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Conclusion : la consistance de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> n'est
pas démontrable non plus dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Et, deuxième théorème de Gödel : si l'arithmétique de Peano est
consistante, alors cette consistance est indémontrable dans
l'arithmétique de Peano. Deuxième paradoxe tout aussi imparable que
le premier !</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Gödel
convient lui-même que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'analogie
qui existe entre [son] raisonnement et le paradoxe de Richard saute
aux yeux , il est également étroitement apparenté au "menteur"
puisque la proposition indécidable [G affirme que G] n'est pas
démontrable. Nous sommes donc en présence d'une proposition qui
affirme d'elle-même qu'elle n'est pas démontrable</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
(Gödel, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sur
les Propositions formellement Indécidables des Principia Mathematica
et des Systèmes Apparentés</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
On voit clairement les deux ressorts principaux qu'utilise Gödel :
d'une part, le recours théorique à un métalangage, d'autre part la
visée pratique d'un effet de sidération. Examinons d'abord le rôle
instrumental que joue le métalangage. Dans le premier théorème de
Gödel, il ne s'agit pas tant de démontrer ou de ne pas démontrer
une formule dans l'arithmétique de Peano, mais plutôt d'affirmer
une proposition d'ordre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n+1</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> à
propos d'une proposition d'ordre </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Russell a été le premier (après la découverte de l'antinomie
frégéenne) à se rendre compte de l'effet pervers que peut
engendrer l'utilisation d'un métalangage : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Les
paradoxes de la logique symbolique concernent diverses sortes
d'objets : propositions, classes, nombres cardinaux et ordinaux, etc.
Grâce à la théorie (expliquée plus loin) qui ramène les
affirmations verbalement exprimées en termes de classes et relations
à des affirmations exprimées en termes de fonctions
propositionnelles, ces paradoxes sont ramenés aux paradoxes
concernant les propositions et les fonctions propositionnelles.
Les paradoxes qui concernent les propositions sont du genre de
l'Épiménide [paradoxe d'Epiménide le Crétois aussi connu sous le nom de <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_du_menteur">"paradoxe du Menteur"</a></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>]</i></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">, et ils ne relèvent qu'indirectement de la
mathématique. Les paradoxes qui intéressent plus directement le
mathématicien se rapportent tous aux fonctions propositionnelles.
Par "fonction propositionnelle" j'entends quelque chose qui
contient une variable x et exprime une proposition chaque fois qu'une
valeur est assignée à x. Autrement dit, elle diffère d'une
proposition seulement par le fait qu'elle est ambiguë: elle contient
une variable dont la valeur n'est pas assignée. Elle se rapproche
des fonctions ordinaires des mathématiques en ce qu'elle contient
une variable, dont la valeur n'est pas assignée ; elle en diffère
par le fait que les valeurs de la fonction sont des propositions.
C'est ainsi, par exemple, que "x est un homme" ou "sin
x=1" est une fonction propositionnelle. Nous allons découvrir
qu'on peut tomber dans le sophisme du cercle vicieux dès qu'on
commence à admettre comme arguments possibles pour une fonction
propositionnelle des termes qui présupposent la fonction même.
Cette forme de sophisme est très instructive, et, comme nous allons
le voir, on est conduit, si on veut l'éviter, à l'idée de la
hiérarchie des types</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Russell, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Théorie des Types Logiques</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Concrètement, pour Russell, la formule </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> n'affirme
rien au sujet d'elle-même : la formule "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
indémontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
est une fonction propositionnelle qui pourrait être paraphrasée </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G
(x)</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> où </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">x</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
la proposition "il n'existe pas de démonstration possible d'une
certaine formule </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">F</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> de </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
et où </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
la fonction "ne pas être démontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".
Dès lors, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> affirme
d'elle-même qu'elle n'est pas démontrable dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">S</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
doit être reformulée, dans la théorie russellienne de la
hiérarchie des types logiques, comme une formule de
type </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n+1</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> prédiquant
quelque chose d'une certaine formule de type </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">n</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Le paradoxe naît évidemment de ce que la hiérarchie des types est
violée par le fait que les deux formules, de type différent donc,
ont exactement le même nom : </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">G</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
L'ambiguïté, en logique comme ailleurs, provient de l'homonymie. Quine, dans <u>the Ways of Paradox</u>, propose une autre façon de voir les choses. Aussi commence-t-il par paraphraser <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_du_menteur">le paradoxe du Menteur</a> de la manière suivante : << "Est faux lorsque prédiqué de sa propre citation" est faux lorsque prédiqué de sa propre citation >>. Appliqué au paradoxe qui découle du premier théorème de Gödel, cela donne : << "Est indémontrable lorsque prédiqué de sa propre citation" est indémontrable lorsque prédiqué de sa propre citation >>. Ces deux paraphrases ne sont évidemment pas les seules possibles pour les paradoxes en question mais elles ont toutes deux le mérite de mettre en évidence le rôle que joue le recours au métalangage dans leur genèse .</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Voyons maintenant le deuxième ressort du
paradoxe : l'effet de sidération intentionnellement visé par Gödel.
Encore une fois, c'est lui qui le dit : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">ainsi,
la proposition qui, dans le système [S] est indécidable, pourrait
pourtant être décidée par des considérations métamathématiques.
L'analyse précise de cette étrange situation conduit à des
résultats étonnants quant aux démonstrations de non-contradiction
des systèmes formels</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
(Gödel, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sur
les Propositions formellement Indécidables des Principia Mathematica
et des Systèmes Apparentés</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Quels sont ces "résultats étonnants" ? Entre autres
qu'"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">on
soulève la question de savoir s'il est possible de construire une
machine à calculer qui rivaliserait avec l'intelligence humaine dans
le domaine des mathématiques [...]. Or, comme le montre le théorème
d'incomplétude de Gödel, la théorie élémentaire des nombres
contient un nombre infini de problèmes qui tombent hors de portée
de la méthode axiomatique et que de telles machines sont capable de
résoudre</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
(Nagel et Newman, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Gödel's
Proof</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
viii). Voilà donc ce qui est étonnant, ce qui </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doit</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> nous
étonner : les machines ne supplanteront peut-être pas l'humain du
point de vue de l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">intelligence</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
et </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><strong><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">tous</span></span></span></span></span></strong><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> les
problèmes de mathématiques ne trouveront peut-être pas de solution
! Quelques grands invariants métaphysiques sont donc subrepticement
convoqués : l'esprit, l'infini, la totalité, la vérité. À cet
égard, Bergson fait une conjecture intéressante en disant que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
métaphysique date du jour où Zénon d’Élée signala les
contradictions inhérentes au mouvement et au changement</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bergson, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée et le Mouvant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
intro.). En effet, les paradoxes de Zénon étaient mis au service de
la thèse parménidienne de l'unité indivisible de l'Être, qui est
une thèse métaphysique puisqu'elle vise à discréditer
l'appréhension spontanée du monde physique par les sens en
"prouvant" que le mouvement ou la multiplicité sont
inconcevables : plus exactement, il veut "montrer" que, si
on admet les prémisses implicites qui sont celles de notre
perception spontanée du monde physique, on arrive à une
contradiction : on analyse ce qui est en jeu dans le mouvement et on
"conclut" que, par là, le mouvement est impossible. Le
problème est, comme l'a brillamment expliqué Aristote, que lesdites
"prémisses" sont interpolées de manière tout à fait
fantaisiste. Mais peu importe si nous sommes toujours, à y bien
réfléchir, irrésistiblement entraînés vers une conclusion
contre-intuitive dans un raisonnement dont, par ailleurs, nous
acceptons sans discussion les prémisses. Et ainsi de suite : il
existe des énoncés mathématiques vrais mais indémontrables alors
même qu'il nous paraît évident que les mathématiques sont, par
excellence, le domaine de la démonstration,
Achille-aux-pieds-de-vent ne devrait pas rattraper la tortue alors
que tout le monde sait qu'il va le faire en trois enjambées,
l'escalier d'Escher nous ramène au rez-de-chaussée tout en
continuant à monter indéfiniment, le barbier de Russell ne se rase
lui-même que si et seulement s'il ne se rase pas lui-même, le tas
de sable peut, si je le réduis grain par grain, ne plus comporter
qu'un seul grain. Donc, même si l'enjeu de tout paradoxe n'est pas
toujours explicitement de se mettre au service d'une thèse
métaphysique, il s'agit toujours, en quelque façon, de conclure à
l'impossibilité théorique de faire quelque chose. Chose qui a
pourtant déjà fait la preuve de son évidente réalité, un peu
comme Antisthène qui, contre Zénon, disait que la réalité du
mouvement était établie chaque fois que l'un d'entre nous met un
pied devant l'autre. Avec Bergson et Rosset, nous qualifierons
désormais de "métaphysique", toute démarche
intellectuelle visant à nier la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">self
evidence</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> du
réel spontanément perçu : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">comme
toute manifestation oraculaire, la pensée métaphysique se fonde sur
un refus comme instinctif, de l'immédiat</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Rosset, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Réel et son Double</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Bergson
n'a donc certainement pas tort de considérer que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
principal effort des philosophes anciens et modernes a consisté à
surmonter, par un travail intellectuel de plus en plus subtil, les
difficultés soulevées par la représentation intellectuelle du
mouvement et du changement</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bergson, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée et le Mouvant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
intro.), en d'autres termes, que la philosophie s'est, d'emblée,
assignée la tâche historique de faire de la métaphysique en niant
l'existence du mouvement et du changement pour promouvoir une
supposée stabilité éternelle et immuable des choses. D'où, en
particulier, l'idée d'une infériorité ontologique de la pratique à
l'égard de la théorie, l'idée que toute action est un
affaiblissement de la pensée, thèmes fondateurs d'une certaine
tradition philosophique puisque, comme le dit Platon, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">il
est dans la nature des philosophes de s’attacher à la connaissance
qui peut leur dévoiler cette essence immuable, inaccessible aux
vicissitudes de la génération et de la
corruption</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Platon, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">République</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
VI, 485b). De fait, Bergson est tout à fait fondé à voir une forte
corrélation entre l'inclination métaphysicienne qui est celle de la
philosophie dès son origine et la pratique du raisonnement
paradoxal, puisque c'est l'école mégarique (à laquelle appartient
Eubulide de Milet) qui, en se réclamant des enseignements de Socrate
et de Platon, a raffiné le raisonnement dialectique platonicien
réputé être "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
seule méthode qui, rejetant les suppositions, s'élève jusqu'au
principe même pour établir solidement ses conclusions, et qui,
vraiment, tire peu à peu l'œil de l'âme de la fange grossière où
il est plongé et l'élève vers la région supérieure, en prenant
comme auxiliaires et comme aides pour cette conversion les arts que
nous avons énumérés</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Platon, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">République</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
VII, 533 b-d), et ce, jusqu'à en extraire une matrice formelle dont
s'inspireront les éléates (dont Zénon) et les stoïciens et qui
n'est rien d'autre que l'ancêtre de notre logique formelle. Revenons
à Bergson qui voit dans le raisonnement paradoxal en général la
manifestation d'un simple antagonisme de l'intelligence et de
l'intuition : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'intelligence
part ordinairement de l'immobile [...], l'intuition part du
mouvement, le pose ou plutôt l'aperçoit comme la réalité même.
[...] Pour l'intuition, l'essentiel est le changement</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
(Bergson, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée et le Mouvant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii). Ce pourrait n'être qu'une variation parmi tant d'autres sur le
thème dualiste, pour le coup terriblement métaphysicien, de la
double nature de l'homme (ange et démon, corps et esprit, conscient
et inconscient</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
etc.). Nous y voyons plus : la pratique du raisonnement paradoxal
comme méthode éristique propre à engendrer scepticisme et
sidération. Il serait d'ailleurs intéressant, mais nous ne le
feront pas ici, d'analyser la curieuse coïncidence historique qui
fait que la logique formelle naît, à peu près à la même époque
(V° siècle avant l'ère commune) en Grèce avec les mégariques,
mais aussi en Inde avec le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Nyaya</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> et
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Vaisheshika</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
et en Chine avec l'école moïste (de Mò Zǐ), et que, précisément,
dans les trois cas, c'est toujours la puissance éristique du
métalangage logique qui est mise en avant pour faire naître des
paradoxes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Considérons
à présent cet extrait de la pièce de Brecht intitulée </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Vie de Galilée</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> :
"(Galilée, s'adressant au cardinal Barberini pendant son
procès) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Et
si votre altesse apercevait maintenant ces étoiles impossibles aussi
bien qu’inutiles ? </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">-
(un mathématicien) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">On
pourrait être tenté de répondre que votre lunette faisant voir
quelque chose qui ne peut pas être, doit être une lunette peut
fiable, non ?</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> -
(Galilée) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Que
voulez-vous dire par là ?</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> (le
même mathématicien) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Il
serait bien plus profitable, monsieur Galilée, que vous nous donniez
les raisons qui vous amènent à supposer que, dans la plus haute
sphère du ciel immuable, des astres errant librement pourraient se
mouvoir.</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> -
(un philosophe) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Des
raisons, monsieur Galilée, des raisons !</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> -
(Galilée) </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">Des
raisons ? Quand un seul coup d’œil sur les astres eux-mêmes et
sur mes relevés montrent le phénomène ?</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Brecht, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Vie de Galilée</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
sc.4). Voilà encore un fameux paradoxe : là où il suffirait d'un
coup d’œil à la lunette astronomique pour constater la réalité
du phénomène (l'existence des satellites de Jupiter), le
mathématicien et le philosophe s'allient à l'éminence cléricale
pour décréter l'irréalité de toute prétendue entité dont
l'existence ne se conclurait pas d'un raisonnement ("Des
raisons, monsieur Galilée, des raisons ! "). C'est ici que nous
semble résider l'enjeu du paradoxe, de tout paradoxe : produire un
raisonnement théorique concluant à ce que la </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">doxa</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
l'opinion, c'est-à-dire l'adhésion spontanée d'un sujet humain au
monde dans lequel il se meut et agi, adhésion qui n'est ni théorique
ni pratique mais indissolublement les deux à la fois, n'est qu'une
illusion. À l'inverse, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">qui
donc atteindrait le plus haut degré de pureté en la connaissance,
sinon celui qui recourrait le plus possible à la seule pensée, sans
conjoindre à cette activité la vue non plus qu’aucune autre
sensation, sans en laisser traîner aucune avec le
raisonnement</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Platon, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Phédon</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
66a). Au point même que, "l</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">es
choses qui ne sont pas, personne, à coup sûr, ne les dit, car on en
ferait déjà quelque chose ; mais toi, tu es d'accord pour dire
qu'une chose qui n'est pas, il n'est possible à personne d'en faire
une chose qui est. De sorte que, d’après ce que tu dis, personne
ne peut mentir, et s’il est vrai que Dionysodore parle, il dit la
vérité et ce qui est</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Platon, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Euthydème</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
284c6). En d'autres termes, si dire la vérité, c’est dire ce qui
est, et si ce dire le faux, c'est dire aussi ce qui est (faux), alors
dire ce qui est faux, c’est, d'une certaine manière, participer de
la Vérité de l'Être. Magnifique paradoxe fondateur, comme on le
sait, de la théorie métaphysique des Idées chez Platon !</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Or,
la science occidentale moderne est loin d'être exempte de métaphysique
paradoxale, chez le physicien, par exemple, qui va "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">nous
explique[r] que le plancher sur lequel nous tenons n’est pas
solide, contrairement à ce que pense le sens commun, au motif que
l’on a découvert que le bois est fait de particules qui
remplissent l’espace de manière si ténue qu’on peut presque
dire qu’il est vide</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Cahier Bleu</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
46). Vous croyez que le sol est solide, mais ce n'est là qu'une
illusion qui fait suite à votre opinion ignorante : si vous
possédiez une connaissance digne de ce nom, vous sauriez qu'il n'en
est rien. Paradoxe. Selon la même démarche, si selon son opinion
vulgaire, le pauvre et faible se croit exploité par le riche et
puissant, conformément à la </span><span>doxa</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> qui a pignon sur rue, en revanche, le pauvre
et faible est exploité par d'autres pauvres et faibles, plus pauvres
et plus faibles que lui-même (les "assistés"). Paradoxe. Ou encore, si d'après
l'opinion vulgaire de l'abstentionniste, le cirque électoral n'est
que l'autre nom d'une campagne de communication et de désinformation
pour faire supporter des décisions douloureuses et déjà prises, la
métaphysique politique va s'attacher, au contraire, à démontrer
que les élections sont l'essence même de la prise de décision
démocratique. Paradoxe. Autre variante bien connue : contre
l'opinion vulgaire du laïc d'après laquelle la mort est dissolution
pure et simple dans le néant, la métaphysique théologique
claironnera que c'est bien plutôt après la mort du corps que
commence la vraie vie, celle de l'âme enfin libérée du pesant fardeau du corps. Paradoxe. En fait, il s'agit
toujours, comme le suggère d'ailleurs l'étymologie de "paradoxe",
d'aller </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">para
tèn doxan</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"contre l'opinion", cette opinion qu'il faut détruire à
tout prix au motif que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l'opinion
pense mal ; elle ne pense pas : elle traduit des besoins en
connaissances. En désignant les objets par leur utilité, elle
s'interdit de les connaître. On ne peut rien fonder sur l'opinion :
il faut d'abord la détruire. Elle est le premier obstacle à
surmonter</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bachelard, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Formation de l'Esprit Scientifique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i). Si la science occidentale est si friande de paradoxes, c'est bien parce que
son projet final vise, non seulement à décrédibiliser l'opinion en
la vidant de toute valeur de vérité mais aussi à l'humilier en la
vidant de toute valeur morale en jetant l'opprobre sur son porteur.
N'en déplaise à Galilée, le point de vue de la science occidentale consiste à
prétendre que
participer du réel exige toujours des raisons de sorte qu'"un
seul coup d’œil […] montre le phénomène" à condition que ledit coup d’œil s'inscrive, fût-ce </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">a
posteriori</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
dans "l'appareil des raisons". Du coup, se trouve inversé le vieil adage selon lequel </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">negante
evidentiam probatio incumbit</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"la charge de la preuve appartient à celui qui nie l'évidence",
puisque c'est maintenant au partisan de l'évidence (du mouvement, de la divisibilité, du
néant, de la calculabilité, de l'inutilité des élections, etc.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, que les Barberini de la métaphysique (autrement dit les "philosophes") réclament des "preuves" et s'évertuent à établir, notamment au moyen de l'usage éristique
du paradoxe logique, que l'opinion n'a jamais de preuve, c'est-à-dire de raison, de ce qu'elle avance.
D'où le double verdict, épistémique et moral, selon lequel l'opinion est ignorante et devrait avoir honte d'elle-même : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">l’âme
ne peut tirer aucun bénéfice des enseignements qui lui sont
dispensés avant que l’examen critique ait amené celui qui en est
l’objet à éprouver de la honte et l’ait débarrassé des
opinions qui font obstacle aux enseignements</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Platon, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Sophiste</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
231c).</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ainsi,
la science occidentale a-t-elle, objectivement, partie liée avec la philosophie,
la logique, la mathématique et la théologie dans l'exacte mesure où
l'une et l'autre s'enivrent de paradoxes. C'est que, comme nous
l'avons suggéré </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">supra</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
le paradoxe engendre la perplexité théorique et la perplexité
théorique l'embarras pratique dans la mesure où la pensée
occidentale est, depuis toujours, structurée par la prééminence du
Verbe sur l'agir. Cela dit toute perplexité, tout embarras ne sont
pas nécessairement destructeurs. En fait, ils se situent quelque
part entre deux pôles opposés : respectivement, le doute </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">versus</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> le
scepticisme, l'étonnement </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">versus</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> la
sidération. L'étonnement est ce que manifeste le chercheur
lorsqu'il se rend compte que son plan d'action rencontre un obstacle
inattendu. Dans ce cas, le paradoxe est découvert, c'est un accident
(on pense au paradoxe de Russell, mais aussi à celui de Langevin ou
à celui de Schrödinger) : aussi le chercheur problématise-t-il sa
difficulté, c'est-à-dire qu'il élabore une stratégie afin
d'éliminer l'obstacle même s'il conçoit quelque doute quant à
l'issue de sa démarche. L'étonnement, comme le doute, supposent
donc tout une armature méthodologique sur fond de laquelle se
manifeste et se résout tout à la fois le problème. L'exemple
paradigmatique de l'étonnement et du doute radicaux est celui d'un
Descartes qui s'aperçoit qu'il lui est loisible de douter de
l'existence de toute chose sauf de la sienne propre. Or, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">remarquant
que cette vérité : je pense, donc je suis était si ferme et si
assurée que toutes les plus extravagantes suppositions des
sceptiques n'étaient pas capables de l'ébranler, je jugeai que je
pouvais la recevoir, sans scrupule, pour le premier principe de la
philosophie que je cherchais</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Descartes, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Discours
de la Méthode</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
IV). Et de reconstruire patiemment l'édifice ontologique
provisoirement ruiné par l'étonnement. L'étonnement et le doute
sont donc des marques de confiance : ils n'entravent pas le besoin
d'agir mais le stimulent au contraire. Tout autres sont la sidération
et le scepticisme. La sidération, c'est le cas de force majeure non
seulement imprévisible quant à sa survenance mais irrésistible
dans ses effets : la sidération laisse démuni, béat, hébété sur
l'instant, craintif, voire désespéré quant à la suite. Et la
sidération fait toujours suite à l'abîme qui se fait jour entre ce
à quoi on s'attend, conformément à une opinion ou adhésion
spontanée à l'égard du réel et ce qui se prétend connaissance
"vraie" dudit réel. Sauf que la sidération détermine non
pas un doute confiant mais bien plutôt un scepticisme méfiant.
C'est, typiquement, le cas de Bouvard et de Pécuchet qui "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">en
regardant brûler la chandelle, [...] se demandaient si la lumière
est dans l'objet ou dans leur œil […]. Et ils marchaient ainsi
parallèlement […]. Dans cette méditation, des pensées avaient
surgi […]. Et la métaphysique revenait […]. Pécuchet réfléchit,
se croisa les bras : "mais nous allons tomber dans l'abîme
effrayant du scepticisme !</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">""(Flaubert, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bouvard
et Pécuchet</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
viii). Résoudre un problème consiste à montrer en quoi la question
posée, pour aporétique qu'elle soit, est néanmoins solutionnable
dans la mesure même où il existe une méthode pour y répondre.
Tandis qu'un paradoxe ne se résout pas. Tout au plus peut-il être
dissous lorsqu'apparaissent les ressorts cachés à la façon dont on
fait cesser l'enchantement d'un tour de "magie" en
dévoilant le "truc" qui le rendait fascinant. Mais comment
répondre à la "question" de savoir si la lumière est
dans l'objet vu ou dans l’œil voyant, comment répondre à la
"question" de savoir à partir de combien de grains enlevés
au tas de sable le tas n'est plus un tas ? On ne peut pas y répondre
parce que, précisément, ce ne sont pas là des questions : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
scepticisme […] est évidemment dépourvu de sens puisqu’il veut
élever des doutes là où on ne peut se poser de questions. Car le
doute ne peut subsister que là où subsiste une question, une
question seulement où une réponse est
possible</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
6.51). Ce ne sont des questions qu'en apparence, car en réalité, ce
sont des exclamations de stupeur. Elles ont toujours la forme d'un
"ah, ben ... ça alors !". Tel est bien, au fond, le paradoxe
du paradoxe. À l'instar de Flaubert, de Wittgenstein et, peut-être
aussi, de Bergson, appelons "métaphysique" cette
propension de l'esprit humain à produire des paradoxes, autrement
dit des pseudo-questions sans réponse. En ce sens, la métaphysique
ne produit pas du doute et de l'étonnement, mais bel et bien de la
sidération et du scepticisme. Si l'étonnement est provoqué par un
problème qu'il s'agit de résoudre avec confiance, la sidération
participe, au contraire, d'un abandon à l'égard d'un réel
effrayant qui nous dépasse. Tandis que l'étonnement et le doute
reposent sur la confiance, la sidération et le scepticisme, en
revanche ouvrent la porte à la crainte superstitieuse. Comme le dit
Wittgenstein, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
superstition […] provient de la peur et est une sorte de fausse
science. [La foi] est une confiance</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Remarques
Mêlées</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
22).</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">L'enjeu de cette analyse du paradoxe en termes de
technique rhétorique propre à engendrer scepticisme et sidération
est clairement politique. Ce qui n'est pas nouveau : Platon,
lorsqu'il prétend confier les rênes du pouvoir au philosophe ne dit
pas autre chose. D'ailleurs, qu'est-ce qu'il conseille au
philosophe-roi de dire aux citoyens une fois investi de sa fonction
politique : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">vous
êtes tous frères dans la Cité, leur dirons-nous, [...] mais le
dieu qui vous a formés a fait entrer de l’or dans la composition
de ceux d’entre nous qui sont capables de commander, aussi sont-ils
les plus précieux, de l’argent dans la composition des gardiens,
du fer et de l’airain dans celle des laboureurs et des autres
artisans</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Platon, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">République</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
III, 415a). Version métaphysique du fameux paradoxe orwellien selon
lequel "nous sommes tous égaux mais d'aucuns sont plus égaux
que d'autres" ! De fait, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">si
la connaissance se donne comme connaissance de la vérité, c’est
qu’elle produit la vérité par le jeu d’une falsification
première et toujours reconduite qui pose la distinction du vrai et
du faux […]. Il s’agirait de savoir si la volonté de vérité
n’exerce pas, par rapport au discours, un rôle d’exclusion
analogue à celui que peut jouer l’opposition de la folie et de la
raison, ou le système des interdits</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Foucault, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Leçons
sur la Volonté de Savoir</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Autrement dit, si, comme y insiste Bachelard, connaître consiste
toujours à réformer l'opinion, le savoir et le pouvoir sont
nécessairement, jusqu'à un certain point, intriqués. Jusqu'à un
certain point seulement, car il n'appartient nullement à l'essence
de la connaissance savante d'engendrer sidération et scepticisme et,
par conséquent, démission superstitieuse devant un réel effrayant.
La science, par exemple, pourrait tout à fait (c'est le cas dans la plupart des "sagesses" traditionnelles dont, précisément, la science occidentale dénie le caractère "scientifique") se concevoir comme "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
prolongement du sens commun […], nous posons l’existence d’objets
au niveau atomique pour simplifier et rendre plus maniables les lois
gouvernant les objets macroscopiques […] ; nous recherchons
l’économie d’expression en cherchant à énoncer avec aisance et
brièveté</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Quine, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d’un
Point de vue Logique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii, 6). En d'autres termes, la connaissance scientifique rend
évidemment service à l'opinion lorsqu'elle simplifie la
compréhension des phénomènes météorologiques, par exemple, en
les unifiant sous un petit nombre de problèmes solubles par
un </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">corpus</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> de
lois communes plutôt qu'en les attribuant aux caprices des dieux de
l'Olympe. Mais tout est dans la manière de procéder : problématique
ou paradoxale. Dans le premier cas, tout part de l'opinion et de son
besoin d'agir et tout y revient à travers la satisfaction de ce
besoin. Dans ce cas, dire que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
caractère de la réalité, c’est l’affaire de l’homme de
science</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Quine, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Mot et la Chose</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§6), c'est dire seulement que l'homme de science est un expert
ès-objets physiques au sens où "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">conceptuellement,
les objets physiques sont des intermédiaires commodes que nous nous
imposons, […] comparables, du point de vue de leur statut
théorique, aux dieux d’Homère. […] L’une et l’autre sorte
d’entités ne trouvent leur place dans notre croyance que pour
autant qu’elles sont culturellement postulées. Si le mythe des
objets physiques est supérieur à la plupart des autres, du point de
vue théorique, c’est qu’il s’est révélé être un instrument
plus efficace que les autres mythes</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Quine, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d’un
Point de vue Logique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii, 6). Il y a alors continuité entre la connaissance vulgaire et la
connaissance savante : c'est, au fond, deux expressions, l'une
analogique et spontanée, l'autre mathématisée et instrumentée de
la même chose, un peu comme quand on dit que le soleil "se
lève" ou "se couche" alors qu'on sait pertinemment
que c'est la Terre qui tourne autour du Soleil et non l'inverse. Mais alors, "réel"
s'oppose à "spontané" et non plus à "illusoire" : spontanément, j'ai l'impression que le Soleil tourne autour de moi, mais ce n'est pas là une illusion, simplement le "scientifique" m'a convaincu que que si </span><span><i>a </i>tourne autour de <i>b </i>sans avoir d'autre point de repère que <i>b</i>, <i>a </i>aura naturellement l'impression que c'est <i>b </i>qui tourne et non <i>a</i>. Comme on le voit, i</span><span style="font-style: normal;">l ne s'agit plus là de détruire l'opinion spontanée mais de la faire
évoluer en lui montrant qu'elle est "myope", qu'elle manque de profondeur de champ dans son accommodation au réel. Tandis que </span><span><i>the way of paradox</i></span><span style="font-style: normal;"> que privilégient Platon ou Bachelard met l'accent sur la
rupture, sur la discontinuité entre l'opinion et la connaissance.
Selon cette conception, l'opinion n'a, par définition, jamais
commerce avec la réalité : "</span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
réel n'est jamais « ce qu'on pourrait croire » mais il est
toujours ce qu'on aurait dû penser. La pensée empirique est claire,
après coup, quand l'appareil des raisons a été mis au point. En
revenant sur un passé d'erreurs, on trouve la vérité en un
véritable repentir intellectuel</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bachelard, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Formation de l’Esprit Scientifique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i). : la relation épistémique opinion/connaissance recoupe la
relation sémantique vrai/faux et la relation éthique bon/mauvais,
voire, comme le souligne Foucault, la relation biologique
santé/maladie. Ce qui peut se résumer à supériorité/infériorité
ou, si l'on préfère, domination/soumission. En ce sens, tout
discours concluant à la réalité de cela seul qui est
"scientifiquement connu" et condamnant aux oubliettes de
l'illusion tout ce qui est cru spontanément, n'est rien d'autre qu'un discours de
pouvoir qui gagne à être le plus fascinant et, donc, le plus
anesthésiant possible </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(on en a eu un exemple édifiant lors de "la crise du Covid", au cours de laquelle "science" a été le nom d'une matraque épistémique)</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">. Comme le dit aussi Wittgenstein, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">pour
s'étonner, il faut que l'homme -et peut-être les peuples-
s'éveillent. La science est un moyen de les
endormir</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Remarques
Mêlées</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
5). Et, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">mutatis
mutandis</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ce qui vaut pour la science vaut aussi pour la philosophie, la
mathématique, la logique et la théologie. Toutes ces activités, et
pas seulement la dernière nommée, dans la mesure où elle se sont
enrôlées sous la commune bannière de la métaphysique paradoxale,
peuvent faire office et, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
facto</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
font office d'"opium du peuple".</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Pour
conclure, en règle générale, l'objet d'un paradoxe est non pas l'être
mais le devoir-être, lequel, à travers une mystification
métaphysique est frauduleusement replié non seulement sur l'être,
mais encore sur l'Être réputé immuable et éternel. C'est
typiquement le cas lorsque le paradoxe de Gödel nous conduit à
admettre qu'il existe une infinité actuelle de problèmes
mathématiques qui seront à jamais insolubles par des ordinateurs.
En quoi nous autres, êtres finis, sommes-nous concernés par cette
infinité éternelle ? Ne nous suffit-il pas de nous rendre compte
avec une certaine satisfaction que nombre de problèmes de vie qui se
posent concrètement à nous sont, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">de
facto</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
calculables et solutionnables ? Tandis qu'à travers la pratique
systématique du paradoxe, la honte, la peur et la superstition qui
accompagnent la sidération et le scepticisme fonctionnent clairement
comme des instruments d'aliénation. Peu importe, finalement, que ce
soit la science, la philosophie, la logique, la mathématique ou la
théologie qui assume cette fonction sédative de sidération ou de
fascination. Le paradoxe n'est, au fond, que la forme la moins
coûteuse en temps, en énergie, en infrastructures et en argent, du
spectacle. Car "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">le
spectacle n’est pas un ensemble d’images, mais un rapport social
entre des personnes [dans le sens où] il ne peut y avoir de révolte
hors de l’activité, et dans le spectacle, toute activité est
niée</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Debord, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Société du Spectacle</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§§ 4-27). De ce point de vue, se demander à partir de quelle
quantité de grains de sable un tas de sable mérite d'être qualifié
de "tas", où si le plus grand nombre entier possible est
le cardinal du plus grand ensemble possible ou bien le cardinal de
l'ensemble de ses parties, tout cela participe pleinement de
l'abrutissement des masses par la société du spectacle, tant il est
vrai qu'"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">aux
malheureux, retiens mon avis, c’est l’occupation qui manque,
c’est pas la santé. Ce qu’ils veulent, c’est que tu les
distrayes, les émoustilles, les intrigues avec leurs renvois…
leurs gaz… leurs craquements… que tu leurs découvres des
rapports… des fièvres… des gargouillages… des inédits</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
(Céline, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mort
à Crédit</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">). </span></span></span></span></span></span></em>
</p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-80069004044543438702022-09-15T07:28:00.004+02:002023-12-21T07:10:47.515+01:00LA NOTION D'"INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIELLE" ET LE MYSTÈRE DE LA CHAMBRE CHINOISE.<p style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Tapez
"Searle Turing" dans un moteur de recherche quelconque,
vous obtiendrez, immanquablement, des articles relatifs au </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>Chinese
Room Argument</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">.
C'est que l'argument dit "de la Chambre Chinoise" recèle
un parfum de mystère digne du </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Mystère
de la Chambre Jaune</u></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">dont
la rigueur de l'exposition et du raisonnement ont été, à juste
titre salués. Nous allons montrer que, contrairement au roman
policier de Gaston Leroux, l'expérience de pensée de John Searle
connue sous ce nom ressemble plutôt à une escroquerie
intellectuelle.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Commençons
par en retracer la genèse. Dans un célèbre article paru dans la
revue </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Mind</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">en
octobre 1950 et intitulé </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u><a href="https://academic.oup.com/mind/article/LIX/236/433/986238?login=false">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a></u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
Alan Turing suggère une expérience de pensée permettant de
déterminer dans quelle mesure une machine peut être dite
"intelligente" au sens humain du terme, autrement dit,
dotée d'une sorte de "pensée" capable d'effectuer
suffisamment d'opérations banalement humaines pour abuser
l'observateur Lambda qui ne serait pas au courant de sa nature
non-humaine, mécanique. Soit un jeu à trois "joueurs",
deux étant humains, le troisième étant un ordinateur. Un
observateur humain extérieur pose alors des questions ouvertes aux
"joueurs". S'il est incapable de déceler, dans la teneur
des réponses, lesquelles proviennent de la machine et lesquelles de
l'homme, alors la machine sera réputée "intelligente".
D'où la question : une telle expérience de pensée constitue-t-elle
ou non un critère opérationnel d'attribution de l'"intelligence"
à de l'"artificiel" ? On sait que, dans son article
non-moins célèbre </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u><a href="https://web-archive.southampton.ac.uk/cogprints.org/7150/1/10.1.1.83.5248.pdf">Minds, Brains and Programs</a></u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
John Searle y a répondu négativement en 1980 au motif qu'une
machine pourrait bien, à la limite, "mémoriser" par
avance non seulement toutes les questions possibles mais aussi toutes
les manières possibles d'y répondre. En ce sens, elle se
comporterait comme quelqu'un qui ignore tout de la langue chinoise
mais détiendrait un manuel d'instructions suffisamment complet pour
faire face à toutes les situations langagières possibles dans cette
langue. En conséquence de quoi, la machine pourrait, théoriquement,
"berner" l'expérimentateur sans rien comprendre aux
questions posées et donc sans faire le moins du monde preuve
d'intelligence.</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Il
nous semble que l'on peut, préalablement à l'examen du </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>chinese
room argument</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">searlien,
élever deux objections sérieuses contre le "critère" de
Turing :</span></span></div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;">1
- le domaine de définition de l'intelligence y est abusivement
réduit</div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;">2
- ce soi-disant "critère" n'en est pas un, c'est plutôt
un symptôme.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">1
- Dans quelle mesure sommes-nous fondés à réduire le domaine de
définition de l'intelligence à la seule compétence consistant à
répondre normativement à des questions ouvertes ?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">1
- 1 : pourquoi des questions "ouvertes" et non "fermées"
? On aurait tendance à dire spontanément que les questions
"ouvertes" sont susceptibles d'un éventail de réponses
bien plus large que les questions "fermées" auxquelles,
par définition, on ne répond que par oui ou par non
(éventuellement, par l'abstention). Or on suppose que plus large est
l'éventail des réponses possibles, plus il est difficile de
répondre, donc plus il faut faire preuve d'"intelligence"
pour le faire. Il est réputé plus difficile et donc plus méritoire
de répondre à la question "quelle est la date de l'assassinat
d'Henri IV ?" qu'à la question "Henri IV est-il mort à la
date </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>t</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">?"
car, en répondant au hasard (c'est-à-dire de manière supposée
"inintelligente") à celle-ci, la probabilité est de 0,5
de dire vrai, ce qui incline à penser que le risque de se tromper en
répondant à une question fermée est trop faible pour être
discriminant. Voilà qui est très problématique pour cinq raisons
au moins :</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">-
premièrement, on présuppose que ce qui est vrai n'est pas faux et
ce qui est faux n'est pas vrai, ce qui pose le problème de
l'évidence d'un des principes logiques tout à la fois les plus
intangibles et les plus contestables de l'histoire de la philosophie,
à savoir, depuis Aristote et ses </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Réfutations
Sophistiques</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
le principe dit de (non-)contradiction. Or les recherches menées
dans le domaines de la logique formelle au XX° siècle ont montré
que rien n'est moins évident que ce principe. Car il se peut très
bien que, étant entendu qu'elles ne peuvent être simultanément
vraies, deux contradictoires peuvent, en revanche, être
simultanément fausses ou simultanément dépourvues de
signification. En termes de logique formelle, nous dirons qu'il y a
confusion entre principe de contradiction, principe de tiers-exclu et
principe de bivalence (je ne m'étends pas ici sur cet aspect, très
technique, du problème). Tout ça pour dire qu'on pourrait, tout au
contraire de ce qui est présupposé dans l'argument turingien,
considérer comme très "intelligent" de répondre à des
questions "fermées" autrement que par oui ou par non, par
exemple en répondant "oui et non", "ni-oui ni-non",
"question dépourvue de sens" ou encore "oui à x %,
non à y %"</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;">-
deuxièmement, même en négligeant le problème inhérent à la
confusion sus-évoquée, il suffirait de faire tendre vers l'infini
le nombre de questions "fermées" posées pour que tende
vers 0 la probabilité d'y répondre correctement par simple hasard
(probabilité de répondre "juste" à une seule question fermée =
1/2 ; probabilité de répondre "juste" à <i>n</i>
questions fermées = 1/2^<i>n</i> ; or 1/2^<i>n</i> tend vers 0 lorsque <i>n</i> tend vers
l'infini) ; ce qui est au principe même de la légitimité des QCM en général</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;">-
troisièmement, si on augmente indéfiniment le nombre de questions
posées, qu'elles soient "fermées" ou ouvertes, hasard ou
pas, au bout d'un certain temps, l'humain (vivant) va se fatiguer tandis que
la machine (non-vivante), pour peu qu'elle soit convenablement alimentée en
énergie, continuera inexorablement sur sa lancée ; d'où le
paradoxe : si on veut limiter les risques d'erreur liées à la
fatigue biologique de l'intelligence humaine, il faut aussi limiter
le nombre de questions posées, et donc limiter le processus de
vérification au risque de limiter aussi la valeur de cette
vérification</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">-
quatrièmement, le problème posé par les questions "ouvertes",
c'est que, justement, l'éventail des réponses étant, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>a
priori</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
indéfini, leur domaine d'acceptabilité l'est aussi ; ainsi, à la
question portant sur la date de la mort d'Henri IV, l'"intelligence"
de la réponse "1610" sera-t-elle réputée la même que
"mai 1610", "le 14 mai 1610", "le 14 mai
1610 à telle heure", etc. ? À l'inverse, n'y a-t-il pas des
erreurs plus "intelligentes" que d'autres (répondre "1611"
au lieu de "1789" par exemple) ? La solution qu'est censée
apporter le caractère "ouvert" des questions posées n'en
est donc pas une en soi parce que le prétendu "critère"
définitionnel de l'intelligence sous-jacent, d'une part est beaucoup
trop vague, d'autre part, fût-il plus précis, semble ne pas devoir
faire l'économie d'une interprétation au cas par cas (j'y
reviendrai ultérieurement)</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">-
cinquièmement, enfin, le fait d'exclure les questions "fermées"
comme trop propices aux réponse aléatoires dénote un contexte
culturel dévalorisant le hasard au motif que tout phénomène est
censé être déterminé causalement, de manière univoque et
définitive, bref, un contexte qui fait fond sur une métaphysique de
l'Être immuable et nécessaire où les choses sont ce qu'elles sont
et ne peuvent donc pas être autrement qu'elles ne sont, une
métaphysique, donc où, comme le dit Hegel, "être, c'est avoir
été" ; il en va différemment, si l'on adopte un point de vue
héraclitéen, bouddhiste ou taoïste, voire quantique qui privilégie
le flux, le passage, l'indétermination et non pas l'Être ; or, de
ces derniers points de vue, le hasard devenant le fondement
ontologique du réel, répondre aléatoirement à des questions d'un
certain type (par exemple celles portant sur le possible ou sur le
futur, comme dans le </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Yi
King</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">chinois)
sera plutôt considéré comme une preuve d'intelligence.</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">1
- 2 : dans quelle mesure l'intelligence doit-elle être cantonnée à
la faculté de produire une réaction langagière à
un </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>stimulus</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">langagier
? Quelle que soit la forme des questions posées par Turing à la
machine, on est quand même obligé de se demander par quelle étrange
perversion on en est arrivé à considérer que le meilleur (on n'ose
pas dire "le seul") indicateur de l'intelligence d'une
entité réside dans les réponses que cette entité fournit
lorsqu'elle est soumise à un interrogatoire. Même le cognitivisme,
malgré sa foi indéfectible dans la validité d'un modèle
scientiste de l'intelligence, est plus subtil que cela. Ainsi, Michel
Imbert précise-t-il bien que "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>le
cognitivisme est l'étude de l'intelligence, notamment de
l'intelligence humaine, de sa structure formelle à son substratum
biologique, en passant par sa modélisation, jusqu'à ses expressions
psychologiques et anthropologiques [...]. Il est évident, et
personne ne peut raisonnablement en douter que ces processus
cognitifs sont représentés, incarnés dans le système nerveux ;
qu'ils sont, en dernière instance, autant de manifestations et
d'expressions du fonctionnement du cerveau</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Imbert, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Neurosciences
et Sciences Cognitives</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>in</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Introduction
aux Sciences Cognitives</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
I, i) : pour lui, il est clair que le fait de répondre à des
questions ne peut être que l'une des multiples "manifestations
et [...] expressions du fonctionnement du cerveau" parmi
d'autres. Je ne vois pas, personnellement, d'autre raison au
réductionnisme forcené présupposé par le test de Turing que celle
consistant à dire, à l'instar de Bourdieu, que le modèle implicite
de ce </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>modus
operandi</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">est
"l</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>a
réussite scolaire que l’on identifie à
l’“intelligence”</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Bourdieu, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Questions
de Sociologie</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
ii). Si Bourdieu dit vrai, comme la "réussite" scolaire
n'a jamais su s'évaluer qu'à travers des questionnaires divers et
variés, il est facile de comprendre que, de même que le maître
pose des questions à l'élève, de même le programmateur humain va
poser des questions à sa créature. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit de
savoir de quel degré celle-ci se rapproche de celui-là. L'obsession
du questionnement serait donc, à cet égard, une synthèse entre un
effet Pygmalion et ce que Bourdieu appelle un "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>narcissisme
herméneutique [par lequel] le connaisseur affirme son intelligence
et sa grandeur par son intelligence empathique</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Bourdieu, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>les
Règles de l’Art</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
iii, 1). Bref, pour Bourdieu, l'évaluation de l'intelligence par des
batteries de questions n'est que l'effet d'un </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>habitus</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">culturel,
autrement dit "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>le
produit de l’incorporation des structures objectives de l’espace
social, ce qui incline les agents à prendre le monde social tel
qu’il est, plutôt qu’à se rebeller contre
lui</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Bourdieu, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Langage
et Pouvoir Symbolique</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
iii, 5). En ce sens, déceler l'"intelligence" d'une entité
au moyen d'un interrogatoire serait une manifestation particulière
de l'assimilation culturelle de l'intelligence à la réussite
scolaire.</span></span></div></span></span>
<p style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Fort
heureusement, pour qui se refuse "à prendre le monde social tel
qu’il est", notamment en matière de conception de
l'intelligence, la philosophie offre quelques conceptions
alternatives intéressantes. A titre d'exemples, nous en citerons
trois : celle d'Aristote, celle de Bergson et celle de Spinoza (de la
plus restrictive à la moins restrictive). Sans trop entrer dans les
détails de systèmes philosophiques assez difficiles à comparer,
nous pouvons toutefois remarquer que</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">-
pour Aristote, "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>nous
avons deux facultés [désir -orexis- et intelligence -noûs-] qui
sont donc principes du mouvement local. [...] L’intelligence [noûs]
raisonne en vue d’un but [logizomenos] et l’intelligence pratique
[noûs praktikos] se distingue de l’intelligence théorique [noûs
theoretikon] par sa fin [telei]. [Auquel cas] le terme final du
raisonnement est le point de départ de l’action</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Aristote, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>de
l'Âme</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
III, 433a)</span></span></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">-
pour Bergson, "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>qu'est-ce
que l'intelligence ? La manière humaine de penser. Elle nous a été
donnée, comme l'instinct à l'abeille, pour diriger notre conduite.
La nature nous ayant destinés à utiliser et à maîtriser la
matière, l'intelligence n'évolue avec facilité que dans l'espace
et ne se sent à son aise que dans l'inorganisé. Originellement,
elle tend à la fabrication : elle se manifeste par une activité
qui prélude à l'art mécanique et par un langage qui annonce la
science [...]. Elle est l'attention que l'esprit prête à la
matière</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Bergson, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>la
Pensée et le Mouvant</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">)</span></span></div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">-
et pour Spinoza, "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>l’Esprit
et le Corps sont une seule et même chose, conçue tantôt sous
l’attribut du Corps, tantôt sous l’attribut de la Pensée, [même
si] certains sont persuadés que le corps obéit au commandement de
l'esprit, [car] ni le corps ne peut déterminer l’esprit à penser,
ni l’esprit ne peut déterminer le corps au mouvement ou au repos
[...] ; la décision de l’Esprit et l’appétit ou détermination
du Corps sont choses naturellement simultanées, ou, pour mieux dire,
sont une seule et même chose. [Or], dans la mesure où l’esprit
comprend [intelligit] toutes les choses comme nécessaires, il a sur
les affections une puissance plus grande, autrement dit, il est moins
passif</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Spinoza, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Éthique</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
III, 2 - V, 6)</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">En
bref, si l'on refuse le postulat implicite de Turing réduisant
l'intelligence à une simple faculté de répondre d'une certaine
manière à des questions posées par un examinateur, en gros, nous
avons trois types d'extensions possibles de la notion : en restant
dans le cadre strictement langagier, celle d'Aristote consistant à
circonscrire l'intelligence à la possibilité de délibérer
rationnellement, celle de Bergson pour qui l'intelligence est le
prolongement proprement humain de l'instinct adaptatif du vivant en
général, celle enfin, de Spinoza qui fait de l'intelligence d'un
être le synonyme de sa compréhension du réel donc de son
adéquation au réel. Dans les deux premiers cas, la notion
d'"intelligence artificielle" est une contradiction puisque
seuls les humains peuvent être réputés intelligents. Dans la
troisième acception, de loin la plus tolérante, c'est une
tautologie lorsqu'on veut parler d'un objet en adéquation avec son
milieu (que serait un objet "inadapté" à son milieu ?),
soit une contradiction si on prétend déceler dans cette adéquation
des degrés comme c'est le cas pour l'être humain. Bref, on ne voit
pas bien comment on pourrait éviter l'une de ces deux branches de
l'alternative : ou bien on abandonne l'aspect soi-disant
problématique de l'attribution de l'intelligence à la machine (dans
le sens où la question serait, soit contradictoire, soit
tautologique), ou bien, on s'y cramponne au prix d'une réduction de
la notion d'"intelligence" à la portion congrue que nous
avons dénoncée, à savoir un certain type de réaction langagière
à un </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>stimulus</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">langagier
calquée sur le modèle scolaire : le maître interroge, l'élève
répond.</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Pourtant,
d'un point de vue historique, cette réduction aussi absurde
qu'arbitraire est d'autant plus prégnante qu'elle est,
traditionnellement, masquée par un tour de passe-passe rhétorique
consistant à noyer la notion d'"intelligence" dans celle
de "calcul" à l'occasion de l'émergence de ce que le
monde intellectuel de langue anglaise a baptisé "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>the
mind-body problem</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">".
On citera évidemment l'article de Gilbert Ryle de 1949 qui dénonce
le dualisme philosophique substantialiste (notamment, celui de
Descartes), plus précisément, "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>la
représentation de la personne humaine comme un fantôme ou un esprit
mystérieusement niché dans une machine</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Ryle, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>the
Concept of Mind</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">).
Ce qui fournit immédiatement un vernis de respectabilité
ontologique aux travaux d'Alan Turing commencés vingt ans plus tôt
et portant sur la cybernétique, c'est-à-dire sur les systèmes
physiques qui sont capables de "faire" des inférences
logiques valides au point de transformer les pensées en simples
calculs, sous-entendant par là qu'il y a bien un "agent"
sous-jacent et que cet "agent" n'est justement pas un
"fantôme" ou un "esprit" mais une entité sans
mystère. Ce qui tombe bien car, depuis Platon jusqu'à Russell en
passant par Descartes et Leibniz, LA logique et le calcul sont
considérés par la plupart des philosophes rationalistes comme le
paradigme de l'excellence en matière de pensée. Du coup,
l'intuition de Turing, qui est un logicien et un mathématicien, est
la suivante : voyons si nous ne pourrions pas construire des systèmes
mécaniques qui sont capables d'utiliser la logique propositionnelle
et la logique des prédicats du premier ordre. Si c'est le cas,
l'esprit ou, pour dire le moins, une de ses propriétés
essentielles, à savoir l'intelligence, ne sera plus "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>the
ghost in the machine</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"
mais fera intégralement partie d'une procédure mécanique. D'où la
thèse de Turing qui affirme que "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>pour
toute procédure, manipulation ou fonction d'entier que l'esprit
humain peut exécuter ou calculer concrètement, effectivement, à la
manière dont les mathématiciens depuis l'aube des temps appliquent
des algorithmes […], il existe une machine (de Turing) capable
d'exécuter cette procédure ou de calculer cette
fonction</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Andler, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Calcul
et Représentations : les Sources</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>in</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Introduction
aux Sciences Cognitives</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
intro.). Or, de fait, nous savons construire des machines
fonctionnant sur le principe dit du </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>modus
ponens</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
c'est-à-dire qui, de l'instruction "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>si
p alors q</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"
et de l'information "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>p</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">",
déduisent "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>q</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">",
de l'instruction "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>pour
tout x appartenant à D, il existe un y tel que y=f(x)</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"
et de l'information "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>x=a,
a appartenant à D</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">",
infèrent "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>y=f(a)</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">".
Bref, il est tout à fait possible de construire des machines à
calculer (en anglais, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>computers</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">),
"calculer" étant ici synonyme de "utiliser la logique
propositionnelle et la logique des prédicats du premier ordre".
C'est là la première étape (manifestement couronnée de succès)
pour "défantômatiser" l'esprit, c'est-à-dire, au sens de
Ryle, pour montrer que celui-ci désigne un ensemble de fonctions
sans mystère et donc, en ce sens, communes à l'homme et à sa
créature mécanique. De là, comme chacun sait, et au-delà du
succès industriel et commercial de l'entreprise, la naissance d'un
courant de recherches universitaires particulièrement dynamique
connu, depuis soixante-dix ans, sous les noms de neuro-sciences ou
encore de sciences cognitives, lequel, de fait, s'est évertué, non
pas tant à atténuer d'éventuelles différences de nature entre
l'homme, le vivant et le mécanique pour les requalifier en
différences de degré à l'instar d'un Spinoza, mais plutôt à tout
confondre (là encore, au sens étymologique de "fondre
ensemble", "con-fondre") en réduisant à néant les
différences de degré et, notamment, en assimilant l'intelligence du
vivant, et celle de l'homme en particulier, à un certain type de
fonctions mécaniques. Mieux que cela : si l'ordinateur produit avec
des règles et des symboles des propositions valides, c'est que,
jusqu'à un certain point au moins, le langage humain doit
fonctionner comme une sorte de calcul. D'où, évidemment, le
problème de savoir si ce que nous appelons l'"intelligence",
la "compréhension", la "signification" etc. ne
seraient pas de faux problèmes relatifs à notre mécompréhension
de la nature véritable, c'est-à-dire mécanique, de la pensée.
Nombre d'éminents philosophes du langage ont, au XX° siècle, cédé
à la tentation de cet embrigadement idéologique qui a conduit,
entre autres, à forger le mythe de l'</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>homo
œconomicus</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">idéalement
rationnel. Parmi eux, Wittgenstein qui a commencé par défendre une
position similaire en disant que "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>l’acte
de penser comme son application [le langage] se déroulent pas à pas
comme un calcul [...]. C’est à l’extérieur que le calcul de la
pensée se rattache à la réalité</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Grammaire
Philosophique</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
I, §110-111). Ce qui est intéressant, ce sont les raisons pour
lesquelles il se rétractera ensuite en affirmant tout au contraire
"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>qu’en
général nous n’utilisons pas le langage en suivant des règles
strictes – il ne nous a pas été enseigné au moyen de règles
strictes. Nous, pourtant, dans nos discussions, comparons constamment
le langage avec un calcul qui procède selon des règles
exactes</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>le
Cahier Bleu</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
49). Nous y reviendrons.</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Ce
qui nous importe, pour le moment, c'est que les sciences cognitives
ont fini par attribuer l'"intelligence" à la machine en
tant que celle-ci simule un certain type de comportement humain que
l'on a coutume d'associer à la notion d'intelligence, en
l'occurrence, le comportement calculatoire. Demandons-nous donc à
présent si nous tenons là, à tout le moins, un critère
opérationnel pour faire le départ entre ce qui est "intelligent"
et ce qui ne l'est pas. La question nous semble d'autant plus
pertinente que la forme d'"intelligence" dont il s'agit est
dérivée d'un modèle scolaire dans le cadre duquel un interrogateur
pose des questions à un impétrant non pas pour avoir une
information, mais pour savoir si l'impétrant est digne d'être admis
à un examen, un grade, une charge, une dignité, un emploi, etc. On
pourrait donc raffiner le protocole turingien en imaginant un
examinateur qui a sous les yeux une série de réponses anonymes
écrites rédigées en caractères d'imprimerie par des candidats
parmi lesquels se trouverait un ordinateur couplé à une imprimante,
ou encore un GMI qui dispute des parties d'échecs simultanées
contre des adversaires humains dont l'un ne ferait que déplacer des
pièces conformément au calcul d'un ordinateur caché. Dans tous les
cas, le problème est : le juge (examinateur, GMI) est-il capable de
soupçonner la présence de la machine ? Si ce n'est pas le cas,
moyennant les réserves déjà faites sur la nature, la forme et le
nombre des questions posée, on sait que Turing préconise de
conclure que la machine impliquée dans le protocole est
intelligente. Auquel cas, le test dit de Turing aurait effectivement
valeur de critère d'attribution de l'intelligence à une machine.
Or, les deux analogies que nous avons proposées (celle de
l'examinateur et celle du joueur d'échecs) vont nous aider à
comprendre pourquoi le le "test de Turing" ne constitue pas
un critère. Dans le premier cas, l'examinateur est certainement
supposé savoir par avance quelles sont les bonnes réponses si les
questions sont fermées, mais il sera embarrassé si on lui demande
de préciser </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>a
priori</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">l'éventail
d'acceptabilité des réponses en cas de questions ouvertes. Dans le
second cas, le GMI est réputé suffisamment expérimenté pour
reconnaître une série de coups qui trahissent une culture
échiquéenne acceptable mais il n'est vraisemblablement pas capable
d'expliquer ce qu'est un bon coup ou un coup acceptable autrement que
de manière tautologique en le rapportant à l'issue favorable ou non
de la partie. On dira que, dans le cas d'un examen ou d'un concours
par question fermées (QCM), on possède des critères de correction
dont aucun ne sera suffisant mais qui seront tous nécessaires pour
définir la valeur du candidat. Mais autrement, le juge en général
ne pourra fonder son jugement que sur des symptômes tirés de sa
familiarité avec sa matière d'expertise. Or nous nous souvenons que
c'est de cette manière que procède le test de Turing. Nous devons
donc établir à présent une distinction entre ce qui relève du
critère et ce qui ressortit au symptôme.</span></span></div></span></span>
<p></p>
<p style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>A
la question « comment sais-tu que ceci ou cela a lieu ? », nous
répondons parfois en indiquant des critères et parfois de
symptômes. Quand, en médecine, l'inflammation causée par tel
bacille est qualifiée d'angine et que, dans ce cas précis, nous
demandons : « Pourquoi sais-tu que cet homme a une angine ? », la
réponse : « J'ai trouvé dans son sang le bacille X ou Y » nous
indique le critère ou ce que nous pouvons appeler le critère de
définition de l'angine. Si, en revanche, la réponse était : « Il
a une inflammation de la gorge », il nous indiquerait là un
symptôme de l'angine. Par symptôme, je désigne un phénomène dont
l'expérience que nous en faisons est concomitante du phénomène qui
est notre critère de définition. Dire alors « Quelqu’un a une
angine si on trouve qu’il est porteur du bacille » est une
tautologie, ou une manière vague d’énoncer la définition de «
angine ». Mais dire « Un homme a une angine à chaque fois qu’il
a la gorge enflammée », c’est faire une
hypothèse</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>le
Cahier Bleu</u></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
48). En d'autres termes, nous ne sommes en présence d'un critère
autorisant à conclure en faisant le départ entre ce qui est correct
et ce qui ne l'est pas qu'à condition de posséder, </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>a
priori</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
un corpus théorique qui recense les conditions nécessaires à la
validité de la conclusion, bref, à condition de posséder ce qu'on
appelle une définition, laquelle sera alors de la forme "si et
seulement si </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>C1</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">et </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>C2</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">et </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>C3</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">et
... </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>Cn</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">alors </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>V </i>(ou <i>non-V</i>)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"
(avec C pour "critère" et V pour "valeur").
C'est le cas dans l'exemple proposé par Wittgenstein (le biologiste
se demandant si le tableau infectieux constaté correspond à telle
ou telle affection répertoriée </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>a
priori</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">),
c'est encore le cas pour l'examinateur qui fait passer un QCM et qui
a sa "grille" de correction, mais ce n'est le cas ni pour
le joueur d'échecs, ni pour le juge judiciaire, ni pour le critique
d'art, ni pour le clinicien, etc. Aussi expérimentés soient-ils, et
bien qu'il existe, dans tous les cas, nombre de traités théoriques
d'"acceptabilité", ils ne disposeront l'un et l'autre que
de schèmes mentaux de correction </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">purement empiriques, purement inductifs</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> et non d'une véritable théorie
de la correction. Ils en seront donc réduits à conjecturer la
valeur de ce qu'ils jugent.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Ce
qui n'est, en soi, nullement un problème, nullement une objection
sceptique de type humien. Car les jugements effectués sur la base d'un constat de
symptômes sont, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>de
facto</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
infiniment plus fréquents et au moins aussi pertinents que ceux qui
découlent de l'application de critères en bonne et due forme. Le
problème que suscite la distinction wittgensteinienne entre critère
et symptôme réside non dans l'enjeu pragmatique mais plutôt dans
l'enjeu épistémologique d'une telle distinction. C'est que le
critère renvoie, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>via</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">la
possibilité de définir </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>a
priori</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ce
qui a de la valeur et ce qui n'en a pas, à une forme de certitude
scientifique, voire mathématique, donc de jugement solide. Tandis
que la présence d'un simple symptôme empirique comme base de
jugement est réputée, dans la culture occidentale moderne et
post-moderne, appartenir au domaine du flou artistique, voire de
l'arbitraire de l'opinion. Ce que la tradition philosophique est loin de cautionner. Relisons, par exemple, ce passage
du </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Charmide</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">dans
lequel Socrate interroge Critias : "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>-
pour ma part, j'affirme [dit Critias] à peu près que ce en quoi
consiste la modération, c'est cela même : se connaître soi-même,
et je suis d'accord avec celui qui a apposé à Delphes une telle
inscription. [...] La raison de tout mon discours, Socrate, la
voici : je retire tout ce que je t'ai accordé auparavant ;
peut-être, en effet, est-ce toi qui avais en un sens davantage
raison, à ce sujet, peut-être était-ce moi, en un autre sens, tout
n'était pas clair dans nos propos. Mais à présent, je consens à
te rendre raison de cette définition-ci, si tu ne m'accordes pas que
la modération, c'est se connaître soi-même. - Mais Critias,
dis-je, d'abord tu te comportes à mon égard avec l'idée que
j'affirme savoir ce sur quoi je pose des questions, et que je
t'accorde ce que tu dis à condition de le décider. Or ce n'est pas
ainsi que cela se passe ! Au contraire, je mène constamment la
recherche avec toi sur ce qui est proposé, parce que, moi-même, je
ne sais pas. C'est donc après avoir examiné que je consens à dire
si je suis d'accord ou non</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Platon, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Charmide</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
164d-165c). Or l'expérimentateur turingien prétend, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>de
jure</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
détenir un critère de ce que doit être l'"intelligence
artificielle", tandis qu'il est, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>de
facto</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
dans la situation de Critias ébauchant une définition qui n'est pas
absurde en soi mais qui n'est encore qu'hypothétique, conjecturale,
hésitante, en tout cas nullement définitive : c'est une étape,
comme le souligne Socrate, dans la recherche commune de la meilleure
définition possible que, pour l'heure, personne ne connaît. En ce
sens, donc, le "test de Turing" ne nous fournit aucun
critère opératoire (scientifique ou technique) d'attribution de
l'"intelligence" à la machine faute d'une théorie
sous-jacente délivrant, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>a
priori</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
une définition à peu près stabilisée et partagée de ce qu'est
l'"intelligence". La seule réponse possible au problème
que nous avons soulevé est, en l'occurrence, celle de Socrate : "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>ce
n'est pas ainsi que cela se passe ! Au contraire, je mène
constamment la recherche avec toi sur ce qui est proposé, parce que,
moi-même, je ne sais pas</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">".
Le fait de répondre d'une certaine manière à une batterie de
questions est, manifestement, un simple symptôme d'acculturation à
l'occidentale que Turing tire de sa propre culture et de sa propre
expérience, de son propre </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>habitus</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
dirait Bourdieu, et ne peut valoir, dans le meilleur des cas, que
comme hypothèse de travail, nullement comme test à valeur
conclusive.</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Dans
une entrevue accordée au magazine </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Sciences
Humaines</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
John Searle a déclaré son scepticisme à l'égard de la valeur
conclusive du "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>symbolisme
binaire d’une machine de Turing. C’est ce que montre [son]
argument de la chambre chinoise. [...] Supposons que je sois dans une
pièce fermée avec la possibilité de recevoir et de donner des
symboles, par l’intermédiaire d’un clavier et d’un écran, par
exemple. Je dispose de caractères chinois et d’instructions
permettant de produire certaines suites de caractères en fonction
des caractères que vous introduisez dans la pièce. Vous me
fournissez l’histoire puis la question, toutes deux écrites en
chinois. Disposant d’instructions appropriées, je ne peux que vous
donner la bonne réponse, mais sans avoir compris quoique ce soit,
puisque je ne connais pas le chinois. Tout ce que j’aurais fait
c’est manipuler des symboles qui n’ont pour moi aucune
signification. Un ordinateur se trouve exactement dans la même
situation que moi dans la chambre chinoise : il ne dispose que de
symboles et de règles régissant leur manipulation</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">".
Searle propose donc une expérience de pensée dans laquelle il
remplace la machine par un opérateur humain qui reçoit des messages
codés (en l'occurrence, une suite de sinogrammes) en </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>input</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
qui analyse lesdits messages au moyen et uniquement au moyen d'un
manuel d'instructions qu'il consulte afin de traiter le plus
adéquatement possible l'information écrite reçue, enfin qui
fournit en </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>output</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">un
autre message codé (toujours sous forme de sinogrammes) qui n'est
autre que l'information reçue et traitée conformément au manuel
d'instruction. Pour Searle, on peut parfaitement concevoir un
opérateur humain qui "fonctionne", temporairement, comme
une "machine de Turing" (autrement dit une "machine
intelligente", bref, un ordinateur), à savoir qu'il traite de
l'information qu'il ne comprend pas et qu'il répond par de
l'information qu'il ne comprend toujours pas. La conclusion qu'en
tire Searle, c'est que, même si la réponse est correcte aux yeux de
l'observateur, dans une telle situation, l'opérateur, qu'il soit
humain ou mécanique ne peut être dit "intelligent". Bref,
il critique implicitement l'orientation "fonctionnaliste",
c'est-à-dire, en fait "computationnaliste" que le test de
Turing a imprimée à la philosophie de l'esprit. Si nous reprenons
notre analogie scolaire développée </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>supra</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
nous dirons que, pour Searle, l'épreuve imposée par l'examinateur
ne permet pas de faire la différence entre une machine programmée
pour réussir l'examen, un candidat valeureux et honnête et un
candidat qui, sans être nécessairement un tricheur, possède une
mémoire suffisamment efficace pour apprendre "par cœur"
toutes les questions et toutes les réponses possibles au programme
de l'examen (après tout, rien n'interdit à l'impétrant de
mémoriser le "manuel d'instructions" dont Searle fait
état).</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Le
nœud du problème vient donc de ce que le test de Turing ne permet
pas de conclure à l'"intelligence" d'une machine qui se
comporterait comme un homme au motif que, tout en lui imposant une
épreuve langagière, c'est-à-dire, comme nous l'avons vu, une
épreuve censée mettre en lumière ce qu'il y a de plus "humain"
en l'homme, le test ne sollicite, en fait, que la seule composante
syntaxique du langage. Plus précisément, "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>l’argument
de la chambre chinoise montre que la sémantique du contenu mental
n’est pas intrinsèque à la syntaxe du programme
informatique</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Searle,
entrevue donnée au magazine </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Sciences
Humaines</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">).
Sans trop rentrer dans des détails techniques, rappelons brièvement
que "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>les
modèles classiques du langage présentent les langues telles que le
français ou l’allemand comme composées de trois éléments : le
composant phonologique qui détermine comment les mots et les phrases
sont prononcés, le composant syntaxique qui détermine la
combinaison des mots et des morphèmes en phrases, et le composant
sémantique qui assigne un sens ou une interprétation aux mots et
aux phrases. Des modèles plus sophistiqués ajoutent qu’il doit y
avoir aussi un composant pragmatique</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Searle, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
ii). Une telle quadripartition est devenue classique dans toutes les
formes (philosophiques ou scientifiques) de réflexion moderne sur le
langage en général : la phonologie (en fait, la morphologie qui
inclut l'orthographe du langage écrit) fait l'inventaire des
phonèmes ou des graphèmes constitutifs des symboles admissibles
dans une langue donnée, la syntaxe régit les rapports des symboles
entre eux, la sémantique les rapports des symboles à ce dont ils
sont les symboles et la pragmatique les rapports des symboles au
comportement de leurs utilisateurs. De plus, cette quadripartition
est cumulative, c'est-à-dire que la syntaxe présuppose la
morphologie, la sémantique se construit sur la syntaxe et la
morphologie, la pragmatique enfin sur la sémantique, la syntaxe et
la morphologie. Or la programmation de l'ordinateur, tout comme les
manœuvres dilatoires du simulateur searlien enfermé dans </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>the
chinese room</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ne
vont pas plus loin que la manipulation de la morphologie et de la
syntaxe d'un langage. Searle en conclut que ni l'un ni l'autre
ne font, à proprement parler, usage d'un langage et, en conséquence,
ne sauraient être dits "intelligents". Car, pour qu'il y
ait langage, et, corrélativement, intelligence (Searle ne développe
pas de théorie de l'intelligence mais fait implicitement de l'usage
d'un langage une condition nécessaire à l'exercice de
l'intelligence), il faut impérativement envisager en outre, nous
dit-il, un "contenu mental", c'est-à-dire des
considérations sémantiques et pragmatiques, ce dont une suite
morpho-syntaxique d'instructions opératoires, qu'elles soient
destinées à une machine ou à un être humain, est nécessairement
dépourvue.</span></span></div></span></span>
<p style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Pourquoi
donc une compétence à traiter du langage aux seuls niveaux
morphologique et syntaxique n'est-elle pas une compétence à
proprement parler linguistique et donc, ne mérite-t-elle pas d'être
considérée comme un symptôme d'intelligence ? Pour Searle, et à
l'instar de Spinoza ou de Bergson et même, dans une certaine mesure,
d'Aristote, l'intelligence est l'extension naturelle des systèmes
biologiques de communication. "</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>À
quoi ressemblerait une tentative de traiter le langage comme je le
conçois, de manière naturaliste ? Le premier pas, que beaucoup de
philosophes n’ont pas voulu franchir, serait de considérer le sens
linguistique, le sens des phrases et des actes de langage, comme une
extension des formes d’intentionnalité fondamentalement
biologiques que sont la croyance, le désir, la mémoire et
l’intention, et de considérer ces derniers comme les
développements d’une intentionnalité plus fondamentale encore,
notamment la perception et l’action intentionnelle, ou
l’intention-en-action</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Searle, </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</u></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
i). Pour lui, tout acte humain de langage (</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>speech
act</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">)
possède nécessairement un sens, ou bien ce n'est pas du langage. Et
la nature de ce qu'on appelle "sens" n'a rien de mystérieux
puisqu'elle s'ancre dans l'une des deux directions d'ajustement de la
communication biologique de base : d'une part, la direction
monde->individu (c'est le cas de la perception, mais aussi de la
croyance et de la mémoire : l'individu biologique acquiert et,
éventuellement, retient de l'information pertinente à propos de son
biotope) ; d'autre part la direction inverse individu->monde (dans
le cas du désir ou de l'intention, pare exemple, l'individu
biologique modifie tant soit peu son biotope en fonction de ses
intérêts bien compris). Parler de direction d'ajustement d'un
système biologique de communication est important parce que cela
suppose que l'individu qui communique a l'intention de communiquer un
message destiné à coordonner les actions des organismes partenaires
(congénères, mais aussi commensaux et parasites) et des organismes
adversaires (ennemis, prédateurs) dans une direction précise
(garder ou perpétuer ce qui est profitable, éviter ou fuir ce qui
est nuisible). C'est ce que Searle appelle l'intention-en-action,
autrement dit le "sens" (tout à la fois </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>sense</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">et </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>meaning</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">)
que l'émetteur du message entend donner à son action et à celle de
ses congénères et dont son message (on songe, par exemple, à la
fameuse "danse" des abeilles) est l'expression.
L'important, pour notre discussion, est que, puisque même dans le
système de communication biologique le plus rudimentaire, il y a
nécessairement de ce que nous appellerons désormais du
"sens-intentionalité-en-action", </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>a
fortiori</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
il ne saurait exister de langage humain qui en fasse l'économie, et,
par conséquent, des composantes sémantique et pragmatique de ce
sens-intentionalité-en-action.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Ces
deux composantes sont indissociables car la sémantique inhérente à
tout système biologique de communication ne se résume pas aux
seules conditions de possibilité du message, à savoir que
l'individu qui communique communique son intention d'agir dans une
direction déterminée. Au-delà, c'est toute l'expérience des
conditions de satisfaction de son action qui est communiquée à ses
cibles potentielles par l'émetteur du message : "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>du
fait que les perceptions, les intentions, les croyances, les désirs,
etc., sont des formes d’intentionnalité, ils véhiculent avec eux
la détermination des conditions de leur succès ou de leur échec.
Un animal affamé, par exemple, a une envie de manger, et toute
pathologie mise à part, il a pour cela l’aptitude de reconnaître
quand son désir est satisfait ou non. On peut généraliser comme
suit : tout état intentionnel détermine ses conditions de
satisfaction, et un animal normal, qui a des états intentionnels,
doit être capable de distinguer, de reconnaître quand les
conditions de satisfaction sont effectivement remplies […]. Avoir
des croyances et des désirs, par exemple, c’est avoir déjà
quelque chose qui détermine des conditions de satisfaction, et qui
implique la capacité de reconnaître le succès de
l’échec</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Searle, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
iv). C'est une autre manière de dire qu'un individu "intelligent"
ne communique pas seulement ses croyances et ses désirs pour être
compris mais, comme le disent aussi Grice, Sperber ou Wilson, pour
être optimalement compris, c'est-à-dire pour maximiser les chances
de survie de soi-même, du groupe dont il fait partie et, au-delà,
de son espèce tout entière. Dit d'une autre manière, la sémantique
(ensemble des conditions de satisfaction du message) présuppose la
pragmatique comme ensemble des conditions de satisfaction de
l'intention du message. Bref, un langage est un système de
communication fondamentalement biologique qui ne saurait faire
l'économie, outre de la morphologie et de la syntaxe, de la
sémantique et de la pragmatique. Ce qui implique d'abord qu'un
ordinateur, qui n'est pas un être biologique, ne saurait être
évalué sur la base d'une compétence pseudo-langagière réduite à
la seule maîtrise d'une morphologie et d'une syntaxe. Mais il y a
plus : à supposer même qu'il parvienne à mimer sémantiquement
l'adaptation biologique d'un être vivant en "apprenant"
par lui-même (on pense au </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>deep-learning</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">)
ou en mimant l'intentionalité (par exemple dans le cas d'un
programme qui "joue" aux échecs) en faisant comme s'il
prenait en compte ses propres "intérêts" (mettre le roi
adverse échec et mat), encore faudrait-il qu'il fasse tout cela dans
l'intention fondamentale de maximiser ses chances de survie. Ce qui,
d'une part, ne se rencontre que dans les scénarios
de science-fiction, et, d'autre part, constitue une contradiction dans les termes puisque la machine, par définition, n'est pas "vivante".</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Nous
pouvons donc dire à présent que Searle ne se borne pas à réfuter
l'efficacité du test de Turing lorsqu'il s'agit d'évaluer
l'intelligence d'une machine. En fait, c'est sa pertinence même
qu'il réfute en tant que ce test repose sur une épreuve en fait
faussement langagière. Dès lors, en effet, que tout système de
communication, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>a
fortiori</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">tout
langage, repose indissolublement sur une morphologie, une syntaxe,
une sémantique et une pragmatique, il est clair que, pour lui, dans
la mesure où le langage est un système de communication utilisé
par des agents vivants pourvus d'intentionalité-en-action dérivant
elle-même de l'intention fondamentale de survivre, un langage ne
peut être que naturel et non-artificiel. Bref, l'ordinateur ne
"communique" pas et, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>a
fortiori</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
ne parle pas. Vouloir le questionner est, dès lors, complètement
absurde. Est-ce à dire que Searle va jusqu'à refuser la notion
d'"intelligence artificielle" ou bien est-ce que, selon
lui, l'ordinateur pourrait, après tout, être analogiquement
qualifié d'"intelligent" sur la base de compétences
autres que proprement langagières ? Jusque là, Searle, dont
l'"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>argument
de base est que c’est une erreur de croire qu’on peut créer un
esprit avec le symbolisme binaire d’une machine de Turing</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Searle,
entrevue accordée au magazine </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Sciences
Humaines</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">)
a rejeté la thèse dite "forte" (assumée par le
cognitivisme post-turingien) de l'"intelligence artificielle",
celle qui confond intelligence, esprit et calcul, mais non celle,
plus "faible", de Turing qui confond l'intelligence,
l'esprit et le calcul tout en prenant bien garde à dissocier
l'intelligence de "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>l'âme
immortelle de l'homme</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"
(ce sont les termes mêmes de Turing). Est-ce donc que Searle
pourrait se réconcilier avec Turing en admettant, après tout,
qu'une machine calculante puisse être dite "intelligente",
étant entendu que sa puissance de calcul ne suffira jamais à
combler le gouffre ontologique qui la sépare l'homme ? On se
souvient que, pour Searle, la sémantique d'un langage n'est pas
intrinsèque à sa syntaxe, que la sémantique est un niveau de
perfection qui survient après (ou au-dessus) de la syntaxe. Or, "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>à
l’époque [en 1980] j’admettais que la machine possédait une
syntaxe. En fait, si l’on pose la question de savoir si cette série
de zéros et de uns est un processus intrinsèque à la machine, on
est obligé d’en convenir que ce n’est pas le cas. J’ai proposé
depuis (dans </i></span><span style="color: black;"><i><u>la
Redécouverte de l’Esprit</u></i></span><span style="color: black;"><i>)
un nouvel argument. La distinction la plus profonde qu’on puisse
effectuer n’est pas entre l’esprit et la matière, mais entre
deux aspects du monde : ceux qui existent indépendamment d’un
observateur, et que j’appelle intrinsèques, et ceux qui sont
relatifs à l’interprétation d’un observateur. La computation
informatique n’est pas un processus qui a lieu dans la nature. Elle
n’existe que relativement à une interprétation syntaxique qui
assigne une certaine distribution de zéros et de uns à un certain
état physique. Ce nouvel argument, plus radical, montre que la
syntaxe n’est pas intrinsèque à la nature physique. Une chose
donnée n’est un programme (i.e. une structure syntaxique) que
relativement à une interprétation. Ceci a pour effet de démolir
l’assomption de base de la théorie computationnelle de l’esprit.
La question “Le cerveau est-il intrinsèquement un ordinateur ?”
est absurde car rien n’est intrinsèquement un ordinateur si ce
n’est un être conscient qui fait des computations. N’est
ordinateur que quelque chose auquel a été assignée une
interprétation. Il est possible d’assigner une interprétation
computationnelle au fonctionnement du cerveau comme à n’importe
quoi d’autre. Supposons que cette porte égale 0 quand elle est
ouverte, et 1 quand elle est fermée. On a là un ordinateur
rudimentaire. Cet argument est plus puissant que le premier mais plus
difficile à comprendre</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Searle,
entretien accordé à la revue </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Sciences
Humaines</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">).</span></span></div></span></span><p></p><p lang="fr-FR" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2021/06/turing-searle-et-le-probleme-de_6.html">(à suivre dans ...)</a></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-66523497106967288922022-09-15T07:04:00.002+02:002023-12-21T07:16:28.582+01:00LA NOTION D'"INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIELLE" ET LE MYSTÈRE DE LA CHAMBRE CHINOISE (suite et fin).<div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2021/06/turing-searle-et-le-probleme-de.html">(suite et fin de ...)</a><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;">
<span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Searle
reconnaît donc qu'à l'époque de la première version de sa
réfutation de l'argument de Turing, il avait admis un peu vite que
l'ordinateur possédait, à défaut de sémantique, néanmoins une
syntaxe comme, précise-t-il, "qualité intrinsèque".
Qu'est-ce donc qu'une qualité intrinsèque ? La définition en est
très simple : est intrinsèque une qualité qui existe objectivement
"dans les choses", extrinsèque, une qualité qui dépend
de l'interprétation d'un observateur. Cette distinction est assez
banale, en tout cas classique depuis que Locke a distingué "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
qualités premières [qui] sont les qualités absolument inséparables
du corps, quels qu'en soient l'état, les altérations, la force
exercée sur lui et que les sens trouvent constamment dans toute
particule de matière [et] les qualités secondes [qui] ne sont rien
dans les objets sinon des pouvoirs de produire en nous diverses
sensations par le moyen des qualités premières de leurs parties
insensibles</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Locke, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Essai
Philosophique concernant l’Entendement Humain</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, viii, 10), la différence étant que la notion un peu mystérieuse
de "pouvoir" (</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">power</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
chez Locke fait place, chez Searle, à celle d'interprétation
intentionnelle. Et il n'y a d'ailleurs d'interprétation
qu'intentionnelle : "Le Débat : </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pourquoi
ne pas considérer que le cerveau est un ordinateur qui s’interprète
lui-même ? </span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">John
Searle :</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il
y a assurément des processus dans le cerveau qui sont
intrinsèquement computationnels, par exemple lorsque nous effectuons
des calculs, mais ces calculs n’ont rien d’intrinsèque, il ne
s’agit de calculs que pour la conscience. </span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
Débat : </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">N’y
a-t-il pas une différence entre, par exemple, la simulation d’un
diagnostic médical par un ordinateur, qui n’est que
l’interprétation que nous assignons à ses opérations, et les
calculs arithmétiques que la machine effectue réellement ? </span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">John
Searle : </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Les
calculs sont relatifs à notre interprétation tout autant que les
autres « productions » de l’ordinateur. La seule chose qui ait
effectivement lieu dans un ordinateur qui est en train de
fonctionner, ce sont des flux électriques. Nous, nous pouvons leur
associer des symboles mais, la machine, elle, n’en contient pas.
[…] L’ordinateur [...] ne produit rien du tout, sinon l’état
suivant d’exécution du programme</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Searle,
entretien accordé au magazine </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Débat</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
n°109, mai 2000). Donc, d'après Searle, l'ordinateur ne possède
intrinsèquement pas plus de morphologie ou de syntaxe que de
sémantique ou de pragmatique. Les seules propriétés intrinsèques,
celles qui, rappelons-le, "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">existent
indépendamment d’un observateur [par opposition à celles] qui
sont relati[ves] à l’interprétation d’un observateur</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
qui peuvent lui être attribuées sont des propriétés géométriques
et des propriétés physiques statiques (matière, masse) ou
dynamiques (mécaniques, électriques, électroniques), c'est-à-dire
des propriétés causales. La syntaxe doit, par conséquent, être
considérée comme une propriété extrinsèque de la machine car
c'est ainsi que NOUS interprétons intentionnellement ce qui, dans
son fonctionnement, possède pour NOUS, en tant que "calcul",
un intérêt (en l'occurrence, celui de nous épargner un certain
nombre d'efforts). Il n'existe donc pas de calculs intrinsèques,
même s'il y a bien des processus intrinsèquement computationnels,
c'est-à-dire des processus physiques qui produisent causalement des
états que nous qualifions, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
fine</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
de "calculs". C'est NOUS AUTRES, êtres humains, qui
associons intentionnellement une série d'impulsions électriques
d'une certaine sorte avec la valeur "1", une autre série
avec la valeur "0", puis une certaine série de 0 et de 1
avec tel symbole, enfin telle série de symboles avec telle autre
série pour en amener une troisième, etc. Bref, c'est encore et
toujours NOUS qui conférons une interprétation à tel système
physique doté de certaines qualités intrinsèques existant
indépendamment de nous. Or c'est précisément le cas pour un
programme informatique de computation de symboles. L'exemple que
donne Searle est tout à fait significatif : qu'est-ce qui nous
empêche, au fond, de considérer une vulgaire porte comme un
ordinateur rudimentaire ? Il suffirait pour cela de coder son
fonctionnement en attribuant la valeur 0 à sa fermeture, la valeur 1
à son ouverture. Et pourquoi ne le faisons-nous pas ? Eh bien parce
que nous n'y avons aucun intérêt : dans le contexte culturel qui
est le nôtre, une porte est destinée à réguler des flux physiques
de personnes et de choses et non pas à transmettre des informations.
Mais il n'est pas interdit d'imaginer deux personnes qui, pour une
raison ou une autre, ne pourraient communiquer entre elles qu'en
ouvrant et fermant une porte un certain nombre de fois, à la manière
dont fonctionne le code morse, par exemple. Pour le redire une
nouvelle fois, tout notre système de communication, tout notre
langage donc, obéit à des considérations d'ordre pragmatique
déterminées conjointement par l'évolution biologique et par la
pression de l'histoire. Or nous avons dit que Searle a, en ce sens,
"naturalisé" l'intentionnalité comme propension à
optimiser, pour l'individu comme pour l'espèce, l'adaptation
biologique à un milieu déterminé et, donc, à maximiser les
chances de survie. Tout cela pour dire que ce n'est jamais
l'ordinateur qui, dans cette perspective, pense, déduit, calcule,
assemble, traite de l'information, bref, fait preuve
d'"intelligence", fût-ce aux niveaux élémentaires de la
morphologie et de la syntaxe. C'est NOUS qui le faisons en utilisant
l'ordinateur comme outil parce que nous y avons intérêt. Ce qui
ruine la thèse "faible" de la production d'un calcul comme
symptôme possible d'"intelligence" et, par contre-coup, la
thèse computationnaliste consistant à considérer le cerveau humain
comme une sorte de super-ordinateur. Car, contrairement à
l'ordinateur, le cerveau produit intrinsèquement, c'est-à-dire
naturellement, des phénomènes et des états (esprit, intelligence,
intention, conscience, langage, désir, émotion, etc.) qui vont lui
permettre d'auto-évaluer la pertinence tout à la fois de ses
messages et des intentions-en-action qui justifient ses
messages.</span></span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bref,
si d'"intelligence artificielle" il doit être question, ce
sera toujours dans le sens analogique d'une "intelligence"
extrinsèque, fruit d'une interprétation, au sens où "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c’est
seulement de l’être humain et de ce qui lui ressemble que l’on
peut dire qu’il parle, qu’il a des sensations, qu’il voit,
qu’il a des états de conscience, etc.</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Recherches
Philosophiques</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§281). Dès lors, qu'une machine puisse être qualifiée
d'"intelligente", cela semble supposer définitivement
que tout outil puisse être tautologiquement qualifié d'intelligent
du simple fait que nous ne pouvons pas nous en passer pour effectuer
certaines tâches. Autant dire alors que ma montre ou ma machine à
laver sont "intelligentes" en ce sens, (ce que, d'ailleurs,
la publicité n'hésite pas à suggérer à travers l'usage très en
vogue de l'adjectif "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">smart</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">").
Tandis qu'</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
contrario</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
même un animalcule très primitif sera intrinsèquement intelligent
dans la simple mesure où il est capable, à un stade très
archaïque, de procéder à des opérations intentionnelles en vue de
servir ses intérêts "bien compris" (que l'on songe à la
réplication virale dans la cellule saine sur le modèle du cheval de
Troie, ou au "gène égoïste" de Dawkins). Mais alors, que
doit-on penser du soi-disant contre-argument que Searle adresse à
Turing et selon lequel, l'ordinateur étant définitivement et
intrinsèquement inintelligent, un être humain pourrait néanmoins
imiter l'idiotie de l'ordinateur en répondrait en chinois à des
questions posées en chinois sans rien connaître de la sémantique
et de la pragmatique du chinois mais simplement en traitant la langue
chinoise du point de vue de sa morphologie et de sa syntaxe ? Nous
voudrions montrer à présent que ce contre-argument connu sous le
nom racoleur de </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Chinese
Room Argument</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
encore plus absurde que l'argument qu'il entend réfuter.</span></span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dans
un premier temps, Searle affirme avec raison qu'"</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
n’est pas très compliqué d’imaginer une langue qui découpe les
objets différemment de ce que nous faisons, qui ne traite pas un
arbre comme un tout, mais comme une moitié supérieure et une moitié
inférieure, et qui a deux mots distincts pour chaque moitié. C’est
sans aucun doute une possibilité logique. Il est également possible
d’imaginer une langue qui ne permet pas de faire référence aux
objets, mais seulement aux procès comme états de choses. De la même
manière que nous disons « Il pleut » ou « Il neige », nous
pourrions imaginer une langue où au lieu de dire « C’est un arbre
», ou « C’est une pierre », nous pourrions dire « Ça arborise
ici » ou « Ça pétrise ici » sur le modèle de « Il pleut ici »
ou « Il neige ici », où « Il » ne réfère à aucun
objet</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Searle, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
v, 4). Sauf qu'il s'empresse d'ajouter qu'"</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
telle langue, si elle existe, va à l’encontre de notre
phénoménologie de perception. Notre appareil perceptif tel qu’il
existe est fait de telle sorte que nous traitons naturellement les
entités discrètes de l’espace-temps comme des unités
singulières, et celles-ci sont typiquement représentées par les SN
[syntagmes nominaux] de notre langue</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Searle, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
v, 4). Or, comme une telle langue existe, puisque le chinois en est
une, d'après Searle, elle va "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
l’encontre de notre phénoménologie de perception</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">".
Le problème, c'est que la langue chinoise, tout en s'adressant à
"</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">notre
appareil perceptif tel qu'il existe</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">",
comme d'ailleurs la totalité des langues humaines, ne traite
justement pas "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
entités discrètes de l’espace-temps comme des unités singulières
[...] représentées par les SN</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">".
Mieux (ou pire), Searle prétend que "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’animal
possède des contenus (en termes de perceptions et de croyances) mais
[que] ceux-ci manquent de structure syntaxique ; il peut voir, et
donc croire, quelque chose dont nous pouvons rendre compte (mais pas
lui) comme : « Ça vient vers moi ». […]. J’ai supposé que ces
éléments se décomposent à la manière des langues européennes
que je connais, mais ce n’est pas une hypothèse nécessaire [sic
!]. J’ai supposé que le venir-vers-moi-chose-maintenant
présyntaxique se décompose en un outil qui réfère à un homme
contextuellement spécifique et en une prédication qui exprime le
fait de venir vers moi en ce moment, comme dans : L’homme vient
maintenant vers moi</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Searle, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
viii). Donc, pour Searle, il est clair que l'on passe d'un système
de communication animal à un langage authentiquement humain
lorsqu'une représentation pré-syntaxique (donc non-syntaxique) de
la réalité se structure syntaxiquement sur le modèle syntagme
nominal/syntagme verbal (ou, pour dire plus simplement
sujet/prédicat). Concrètement, il s'agit de passer, par exemple de
la représentation chaotique "venir-vers-moi-quelque
chose-maintenant" à, par exemple, "l'homme vient vers moi
maintenant", c'est-à-dire d'une juxtaposition inorganisée (où
peu importe leur ordre de présentation) des morphèmes à une
structuration ordonnée de la chaîne des morphèmes. Bref, pour lui,
il n'y a de langage au plein sens du terme que lorsque l'on passe de
la parataxe à la syntaxe. Le problème c'est que la langue chinoise
n'est pas structurée par un net découpage syntaxique des
propositions affirmatives en syntagme nominal (sujet) et syntagme
verbal (prédicat). En effet, en chinois "l'homme vient vers moi
maintenant" se dira </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">人现在来找我</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">rén
xiànzài lái zhǎo wǒ</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
littéralement "homme-maintenant-venir-chercher-moi". La
langue chinoise n'accordant pas les substantifs, ni en genre, ni en
nombre, ne conjuguant pas les verbes, ne déclinant pas les cas est
une langue fondamentalement parataxique, c'est-à-dire qui se
construit par juxtaposition de morphèmes, lesquels, dans la langue
chinoise, ne sont ni des mots ni des syllabes, mais des caractères
idéogrammatiques (des "emblèmes" dit Granet, aujourd'hui,
on dirait aujourd'hui des "logos") dont l'étymologie est
également parataxique (par exemple, le terme "bien" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">好
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
formé de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">女</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"femme" et de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">子</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"enfant", le terme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">间</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"espace" de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">门</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"porte", et de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">日</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"soleil", etc.). Du coup, il est littéralement impossible
de rendre en chinois l'article "l'", le verbe "venir"
conjugué à la troisième personne de l'indicatif, l'adverbe "vers"
(remplacé par la redondance de "venir" et "chercher"),
quant à </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">来</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"venir", il peut aussi, selon les contextes être traduit
par l'adjectif "suivant", ou "prochain" ou
"environ". De plus, le même sinogramme (par exemple </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">过</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
guò ou </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">服</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
fú ) peut, tantôt être traduit en français par un nom, tantôt
par un verbe, tantôt par un adjectif, tantôt par un adverbe, tantôt
par une conjonction, etc. Bref, si on suit Searle, le chinois étant
non seulement pré-syntaxique mais carrément parataxique, ce serait
donc une sorte de système animal (pré-linguistique) de
communication, un langage qui, selon son expression, n'engendrerait
que des "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">actes
de langage simplement expressifs</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">",
laissant donc de côté la faculté de rendre possible également des
actes de langage "représentatifs": "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
actes de langage simplement expressifs, même effectués
intentionnellement, ne sont pas « linguistiques » au sens que nous
cherchons à expliciter, et les mots qui leur correspondent dans les
langues existantes ne sont pas des « mots » au sens où nous
l’entendons. Aïe ! Bon sang ! Beurk ! Super ! servent à exprimer
des états mentaux à la fois intentionnels et non-intentionnels,
mais ce ne sont pas le genre de phénomènes linguistiques que nous
cherchons à expliquer. Pourquoi ? Parce que, bien qu’ils laissent
libre cours aux états intentionnels ou autres du locuteur, ils ne
représentent pas. Ce que nous cherchons à comprendre, c’est
comment nos hominidés peuvent, au cours de l’évolution, acquérir
la représentation linguistique</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Searle, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
vi), sous-entendu, donc, "syntaxiquement structurée".</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;">
<span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth
Anscombe admet avec Searle qu'"</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
y a deux sortes de connaissance : l'une par observation, l'autre par
intention</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Anscombe, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'Intention</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§32), la connaissance observationnelle de l'une pouvant assurément
être assimilée à la connaissance représentative de l'autre. Sauf
qu'il se pourrait bien que "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'ensemble
des choses connues sans observation a[it] un intérêt général pour
notre enquête car la classe des actions intentionnelles en est un
sous-ensemble</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Anscombe, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'Intention</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§8) dans le sens où la connaissance observationnelle, et donc le
langage représentatif/descriptif qui la manifeste, soient dérivés
et non disjoints de la connaissance intentionnelle (sans observation)
et du langage "expressif". Dans l'ontogenèse du langage
humain, en effet, "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
qu’il y a d’extrêmement important quand on apprend [le langage
en général], ce sont les gestes et les mimiques exagérées. Le mot
est enseigné comme le substitut d’une mimique ou d’un
geste</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Leçons
sur l’Esthétique</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I). "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Comment
apprendre la signification du mot ‘‘douleur’’ par exemple ?
En voici une possibilité : […] un enfant s’est blessé, il crie
; alors des adultes lui parlent et lui apprennent […] une nouvelle
manière de se comporter face à la douleur. De sorte que
l’expression verbale de la douleur remplace le cri et ne décrit
rien du tou</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Recherches
Philosophiques</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§244). En termes searliens, nous dirions que ce n'est pas parce que
"j'ai mal au bras" est une articulation syntaxiquement
structurée de cinq mots que cette proposition est moins "expressive"
ou plus "représentative" que "aïe !" ou bien
une série de gémissements. Et de même que "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
ce que P est une image de ou représente une licorne, nous ne pouvons
pas inférer qu'il y a quelque chose dont P est une image ou que P
représente [...]. Nous pouvons éviter la confusion à condition de
parler [...] d'une image-représentant-une-licorne [a
unicorne-representing-picture]</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Goodman, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Langages
de l’Art</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
de même, en comprenant "j'ai mal au bras" comme
"j-ai-mal-au-bras", il n'est pas nécessaire qu'il y ait un
bras, un mal et un j' pour que ma phrase soit, non seulement
expressive mais aussi représentative. On voit néanmoins qu'une
phrase peut rester parataxique malgré l'articulation apparente de
ses composants (d'où les traits d'union de Goodman qui indiquent que
les termes séparés ne sont pas des syntagmes indépendants) qui ne
serait donc syntaxique qu'en surface, confondant ainsi les deux
niveaux d'articulations que de Saussure a pourtant bien séparés, à
savoir l'articulation graphique/phonique et l'articulation
syntaxique/sémantique. En tout cas, souligne Wittgenstein, il n'y a
aucune différence pragmatique, sémantique, ni surtout syntaxique
(bien qu'il y en ait une, évidemment, d'un point de vue
morphologique) entre "aïe !" et "j'ai mal",
entre "mmmhhh ..." et "ceci est délicieux", etc.
: "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dire
‘j’ai mal’ n’est pas plus un énoncé à propos d’une
personne que ne l’est le fait de gémir</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Cahier Bleu</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
67). Et il n'est pas nécessaire d'être fin lettré pour se
rendre compte que nombre de nos bavardages de la vie courante ne sont
ni moins expressifs ni plus représentatifs que "beurk !"
ou "super !". D'une manière générale, s'il fallait
congédier du langage humain tous les actes de langage syntaxiquement
articulés en apparence mais, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
facto</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
parataxiques, le langage humain serait probablement restreint à la
logique, aux mathématiques et, peut-être, à certaines propositions
des sciences, c'est-à-dire, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
fine</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
à des systèmes de communication morphologiquement et syntaxiquement
formalisés mais dont le contenu sémantique et l'usage pragmatique
sont très pauvres. C'est pourquoi on reste perplexe lorsque Searle
écrit que "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
qu’apparaisse une langue, nous avons trouvé que nous avions besoin
d’un sens du locuteur, de conventions et d’une structure
syntaxique intrinsèque. [...] En suivant cette idée de bon sens,
que le langage a pu se développer, et d’ailleurs qu'il s’est
sans doute développé à partir de formes prélinguistiques
d’intentionnalité, nous avons trouvé que le langage qui résulte
de ce processus apporte quelque chose qui ne se trouve pas dans
l’intentionnalité prélinguistique [c'est-à-dire
parasyntaxique]</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Searle, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ix). Et on peut se demander s'il aurait conclu que la langue chinoise
n'exprime que des "formes prélinguistiques d'intentionnalité"
s'il avait eu, ne fût-ce qu'une connaissance élémentaire de cette
langue parlée par un cinquième de l'humanité. Il n'empêche que de
tels propos évoquent désagréablement cette bonne vieille notion
raciste de "mentalité pré-logique des sociétés primitives"
chère à Lévy-Bruhl.</span></span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aussi,
si nous sommes d'accord avec Searle lorsqu'il dit que "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
pensée non-linguistique est, ou du moins peut être, un flux
continu, interrompu seulement par le sommeil ou d’autres formes
d’inconscience. Le langage, en revanche, est par essence segmenté.
L'énonciation de phrases ne peut être un flux continu
indifférencié, car chaque phrase et même chaque fragment de
phrase, énoncé comme acte de langage complet, doit être
discret</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Searle, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">what
is Language ? Some Preliminary Remarks</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
v, 3), nous ne le sommes plus lorsqu'il ajoute, avec des accents
bergsoniens, que "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
situation où nous nous trouvons lorsque nous passons de l’expérience
au langage est analogue à celle où nous passons d’un film à une
série d’images fixes. En pensant avec le langage, nous morcelons
notre pensée en mots et en fragments de phrase</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">loc.
cit.</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Car la langue chinoise montre mieux que toute autre que si le propre
d'une langue est effectivement de faire apparaître des unités
discrètes, d'être effectivement articulée, donc segmentée, pour
autant, la segmentation la plus pertinente n'est pas nécessairement
de type syntaxique. Comme Wittgenstein le fait remarquer,
l'articulation la plus pertinente, celle qui fait d'une
représentation la représentation de quelque chose (plutôt que
la-représentation-de-quelque-chose, pour reprendre la formulation
goodmanienne) c'est l'articulation sémantique, celle qui fragmente
le tout indifférencié d'une perception en unités assimilables pour
notre pensée et notre mémoire et communicables pour la pensée et
la mémoire d'autrui. Or, dans une langue, c'est l'articulation entre
les propositions dans un discours et non celle des mots dans une
proposition qui joue ce rôle et dont nous disons, à juste titre,
qu'elle est porteuse de sens : "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
nous faisons des images des faits. [...] Ce que l’image représente,
c’est son sens. [...] La proposition est une image de la
réalité</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
2.1-2.221-4.01). Or, dire que la proposition est seule porteuse de
sens, qu'elle se trouve donc être la base de l'articulation
pertinente d'une langue, ce n'est pas apporter une information sur ce
qu'est une proposition, c'est énoncer une tautologie. Car le sens ne
définit pas la proposition mais se montre dans la proposition comme
sa forme </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
priori</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
"</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
qu’elle doit avoir de commun avec la réalité pour la représenter,
sa forme de représentation, l’image [propositionnelle] ne peut la
représenter : elle la montre</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
2.172). Bref, le sens d'une concaténation signifiante (que ce soit
de caractères linguistiques, d'images ou de quoi que ce soit
d'autre) se voit, s'entend, se sent mais ne s'explique pas, ne se
décrit pas. Ce sens est, en termes kantiens, transcendantal,
c'est-à-dire qu'il est, en amont de celles-ci, la condition de
possibilité de toute explication et de toute description et donc, de
toute segmentation syntaxique. Car la syntaxe (grammaire) d'une
représentation, ce n'est toujours qu'après-coup qu'on en dégage la
régularité et qu'à la limite, on la formalise, en ce qu'elle n'est
elle-même qu'une conséquence de l'usage d'abord pragmatique puis
sémantique qui en est fait : "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
grammaire est au langage ce que les règles du jeu sont au
jeu</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Grammaire
Philosophique</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
II, 23). Or, "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c’est
seulement lorsque les hommes ont longuement pratiqué un jeu de
langage que sa grammaire vient à l’existence, de même que, dans
les jeux, on joue primitivement sans que les règles aient été
établies</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Grammaire
Philosophique</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
I, 26). Donc, l'analogie d'une suite de mots avec une suite d'images
cinématographiques qu'utilise Searle est inadéquate en ce qu'un
film cinématographique a beau être composé d'événements
élémentaires irréductibles (chacune des vingt-quatre images par
seconde pour une séquence analogique, chacun des pixels pour une
séquence numérique), pour autant aucune de ces images, aucun de ces
pixels élémentaires n'est, en soi, porteur de sens, c'est-à-dire
en mesure de montrer et, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
fortiori</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
de décrire quoi que ce soit. Comme le souligne Davidson, "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">il
n’y a pas de limite à ce sur quoi une image attire notre
attention, et une bonne partie de ce que nous sommes conduits à
remarquer n’est pas de nature propositionnelle [...]. Les mots ne
sont pas la bonne monnaie d’échange pour une
image </span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Davidson, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Enquête
sur la Vérité et l’Interprétation</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
xvii). Une image, un mot, un son, une odeur, etc. considérés en
soi, c'est-à-dire abstraction faite du contexte de leur survenance,
sont toujours dépourvus de signification. Et ils le restent tant que
l'unité discrète en question n'est pas chargée de ce que Searle
appelle une intention en action.</span></span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Or
pour qu'intention en action il y ait, encore faut-il que ladite unité
discrète soit biologiquement pertinente pour la survie de
l'organisme. Jacques Bouveresse fait remarquer que "la
grenouille présente la particularité de ne pas voir le détail des
parties immobiles du monde qui l'entoure, ou, en tout cas, de ne pas
être concernée par elles. Elle peut mourir de faim au milieu d'une
provision de nourriture parfaitement accessible mais qui n'est
affectée d'aucun mouvement. Son choix de nourriture n'est déterminé,
en fait, que par la dimension et le mouvement. [...] On pourrait
croire [...] que le "langage" dans lequel l'œil s'adresse
au cerveau est celui des </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sense
data</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
des données sensibles élémentaires sur lesquelles est effectué
ensuite un travail de synthèse, d'organisation et d'interprétation
qui aboutit à la perception proprement dite. Or, justement, il n'en
est rien. Ce qui est transmis au cerveau n'est pas le matériau brut
qui est supposé correspondre à la sensation pure [...]. L'œil n'a
pas simplement, comme on le croit généralement, des sensations, il
a pour ainsi dire de véritables perceptions, ce qui signifie que la
distinction usuelle que l'on fait entre sensation (non interprétée)
et perception (interprétation) devient elle-même très
contestable"(Bouveresse, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Langage,
Perception et Réalité</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
iii, 1). On doit donc dire que, pour tout être vivant, n'est perçu
que ce qui a intérêt à être perçu, autrement dit, percevoir
c'est percevoir intentionnellement, et percevoir intentionnellement,
c'est percevoir le sens (la signification) de ce qui est perçu.
L'intérêt, le sens et l'intention sont une seule et même chose. Et
comme, chez les êtres parlants que sont les humains, "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
langage est un art social. Pour l’acquérir, nous dépendons
entièrement d’indices accessibles intersubjectivement relativement
à ce qu’il y a lieu de dire et au moment de le dire et au moment
de le dire. Dès lors, il n’y a aucune justification pour conférer
des significations linguistiques [en soi]</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Quine, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Mot et la Chose</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
préf.), il est clair que nous attachons du sens à ce que nous avons
socialement un intérêt (un </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">habitus </span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dirait
Bourdieu) à dire ou à penser. On pourrait objecter que cet intérêt,
cette pertinence est, chez les humains, psychologique avant que
d'être sociale. Mais, même alors, "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
image offerte par la vie nous apporte en réalité, à ce moment-là,
des sensations multiples et différentes. La vue, par exemple, de la
couverture d'un livre déjà lu a tissé dans les caractères de son
titre les rayons de lune d'une lointaine nuit d'été. Le goût du
café au lait matinal nous apporte cette vague espérance d'un beau
temps qui jadis si souvent, pendant que nous le buvions dans un bol
de porcelaine blanche, crémeuse et plissée, qui semblait du lait
durci, se mit à nous sourire dans la claire incertitude du petit
jour. Une heure n'est pas qu'une heure, c'est un vase rempli de
parfums, de sons, de projets et de climats. Ce que nous appelons la
réalité est un certain rapport entre ces sensations et ces
souvenirs qui nous entourent simultanément</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Proust, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Temps Retrouvé</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
2280). Ce qu'exprime aussi Nietzsche lorsqu'il dit que toutes les
"vérités" à propos du réel sont, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
fine</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">des
illusions dont on a oublié qu'elles le sont, des métaphores qui ont
été usées et qui ont perdu leur force sensible, des pièces de
monnaie qui ont perdu leur empreinte et qui entrent dès lors en
considération, non plus comme pièces de monnaie, mais comme
métal</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Nietzsche, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Vérité
et Mensonge au sens Extra-Moral</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Nietzsche dirait donc que, loin que la parataxe soit l'effet d'une
syntaxe inaboutie ou dégradée comme le pense Searle, c'est plutôt
la syntaxe qui est une parataxe démonétisée. Cet examen de la
genèse de la syntaxe nous montre donc que, 1) les quatre aspects
(morphologie, syntaxe, sémantique, pragmatique) d'un langage
naturel, non seulement ne sont pas cumulatifs (contrairement à ce
qui se passe pour les langages formels) mais donnés globalement et
simultanément, mais encore doivent être lus dans l'ordre inverse,
en partant de la prééminence absolue de l'intérêt pragmatique,
laquelle se raffine éventuellement au point de laisser apparaître
les trois autres aspects que nous avons considérés ; 2) la
distinction établie par Searle entre, d'une part un pré-langage
expressif parataxique et un authentique langage descriptif syntaxique
est une pure chimère, en fait un sophisme consistant à croire
faussement que la partie (morphologique, syntaxique) précède
nécessairement le tout (sémantique, pragmatique) ; 3) enfin et
surtout que la syntaxe ne nous est, à nous autres humains, pas plus
"intrinsèque", au sens où l'entend Searle, qu'elle ne
l'est pour l'ordinateur puisque, dans les deux, cas, c'est sous une
certaine interprétation qu'une régularité d'usage dans la
communication est baptisée "syntaxe" ou "parataxe".
En fait, la seule fonction qui soit intrinsèque à la production du
langage, et qui, derechef, creuse le fossé entre le vivant et le
mécanique, c'est l'intentionalité fondatrice du primat de la
pragmatique.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</p><p style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Pourtant,
l'apprentissage par un locuteur indo-européen de n'importe quelle
langue plus synthétique que sa langue maternelle fera prendre
conscience du caractère émergent (dans le sens où le tout est
donné avant la partie, la partie n'est qu'une abstraction du tout)
de la sémantique sur la syntaxe : en latin, par exemple, le terme
"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>morituri</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"
est parataxiquement porteur de sens avant sa décomposition
syntaxique formelle et abstraite (ce qui se manifeste, en français,
par les quatre termes "ceux qui vont mourir"). Or, le
caractère émergent de la sémantique et de la pragmatique est
absolument manifeste dans la langue chinois. Comme le souligne Jui
Chu Tung <a href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01371921/document">dans sa thèse</a>, "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>une
des particularités de la langue chinoise est son monosyllabisme
isolant. L'absence de flexions des termes, sans conjugaisons ni
déclinaisons, font des mots des unités égales, uniformes,
autonomes ; ils sont englobés dans des rapports parataxiques (de
juxtaposition) abolissant la syntaxe et renforçant les potentialités
d'expression</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Jui
Chu Tung, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Ecriture
Chinoise, Ecriture Occidentale : Variantes de l’Appréhension du
Monde</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">).
Il n'y a donc, en chinois, à proprement parler, ni règles
morphologiques (bien que la configuration des idéogrammes réponde
néanmoins à un certain nombre de patterns invariants, les fameuses
"clés" ou "racines" répertoriées dans tous les
dictionnaires), ni règles syntaxiques, de sorte que le "sens"
de ses productions ne fait pas lui-même l'objet d'une sémantique
réclamant une application rigoureuse et une interprétation formelle
mais tend plutôt vers l'interprétation au sens artistique du terme,
au sens où on dit qu'un musicien "interprète" une œuvre
(d'où, évidemment, l'extrême difficulté de traduire la langue
chinoise dans une autre langue). De sorte que, contrairement par
exemple aux langues indo-européennes munies d'une syntaxe et d'une
sémantique relativement rigides, l'intelligence de la langue
chinoise par un(e) occidental(e) ne requiert pas la composition d'un
sens par l'enchaînement spatial/chronologique des morphèmes, mais
plutôt sa com-préhension au sens étymologique (</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>cum
prehendere</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"prendre
ensemble") de ce terme que nous avons déjà évoqué à propos
de Spinoza. C'est le tout d'une chaîne d'idéogrammes qu'il faut
saisir globalement (comme dans l'image propositionnelle de
Wittgenstein) pour "comprendre" cette langue. Au point même
que les notions de sens ou de sémantique tendent à s'évanouir en
chinois. C'est ce que pense François Jullien : "</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>la
pensée chinoise est une pensée de la cohérence [co-haere, "tenir
ensemble"] plutôt que du sens [...]. Déjà, par sa structure
parataxique et si peu régie par la construction grammaticale, le
propre de la langue chinoise est de privilégier l'énoncé par
corrélation [...] au lieu de ne se livrer qu'à la singularisation
d'un sens discursif, en quoi la formulation chinoise est poétique en
son principe</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"(Jullien, </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><u>la
Pensée Chinoise en vis-à-vis de la Philosophie</u></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
ix). Par exemple, pour dire, ou plutôt suggérer ce que nous
appelons "paysage" ou "panorama", le chinois dira
</span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">风景</span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>fēng
jǐng</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
littéralement "vent-lumière" ou </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">山水</span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>shān
shuǐ</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
"montagne-eau". Ou, pour parler d'une chose, d'un être,
d'un truc, d'un machin, d'une entité en général, le chinois dira
</span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">东西</span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>dōng
xi</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
littéralement "est ouest" ! L'analogie qui revient
irrésistiblement pour évoquer l'articulation des termes dans la
langue chinoise est donc bien celle de la juxtaposition
cinématographique de plusieurs images, ou bien de la juxtaposition
musicale de plusieurs sonorités, ou encore de la juxtaposition
poétique de plusieurs métaphores. De fait si, tout particulièrement
dans la langue chinoise, la frontière entre la parataxe et la
syntaxe semble beaucoup plus floue et mouvante que dans la plupart
des autres langues, cela est dû au fait que l'articulation entre les
signes qui est la plus pertinente en chinois est sans doute, comme le
dit François Jullien, l'articulation métaphorique/poétique : un
sinogramme suggère plus qu'il ne décrit, exprime plus qu'il ne
représente, bref, en termes proustiens, traduit, interprète le
sentiment plus qu'il ne se réfère à lui. Or la compréhension
d'une métaphore est exclusivement affaire de contexte, de rencontre
entre des éléments naturels et des considérations culturelles,
autrement dit, derechef, un problème pragmatique de part en part. On
pourrait presque dire qu'une suite de sinogrammes s'apparente
beaucoup plus à une didascalie théâtrale ou à une indication
musicale de </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>tempo</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ou
d'intensité (</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>vivace</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">, </span></span><span style="color: black;"><i>mezzo
voce</i></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;">,
etc.) qu'à un algorithme.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dans
ces conditions, que reste-t-il du contre-argument searlien dit de "la
chambre chinoise" consistant, rappelons-le, à réfuter le test
de Turing en prétendant qu'un humain inintelligent pourrait, à
l'instar de l'ordinateur, tromper un interlocuteur chinois en se
contentant de manipuler mécaniquement des idéogrammes conformément
aux instructions d'un manuel éventuellement mémorisé ? Alan Tan,
un étudiant américain d'origine chinoise a récemment répondu
au </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Chinese
Room Argument</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/a-chinese-speakers-take-on-the-chinese-room-88a0558b2cc8" style="font-style: normal;">dans son blog</a> en disant (je traduis) : "<i>M. Searle ne parle pas un mot de
chinois, ce qui était l'un des éléments clés de l'expérience de
pensée, car il doit impérativement s'agir d'un langage que
l'expérimentateur ne comprend pas. Il est étonnant qu’à ce jour,
peu de chercheurs en Intelligence Artificielle parlant chinois se
soient joints au débat</i>"(Alan Tan, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
Chinese Speaker's Take on the Chinese Room</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Puis il cite cette anecdote tout à fait significative : "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous,
les bilingues (en particulier les chercheurs en PNL) jouons souvent
le jeu de la traduction récursive - traduisez une phrase de
l'anglais vers le chinois, puis traduisez la traduction, les
résultats sont souvent hilarants</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">loc.
cit.</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Imaginons en effet que le locuteur cible chinois, après avoir été
abusé par la mystification searlienne selon la chronologie opérateur
source -> entité inintelligente (mécanique ou humaine) ->
locuteur cible, fasse passer les messages en sens inverse, le
locuteur cible devenant l'opérateur source, et après avoir pris
soin de remplacer dans le message un morphème par un autre que
l'usage a consacré comme synonyme dans la plupart des cas (</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">salva
significatione</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
: comme l'entité inintelligente, par hypothèse, ne connaît
toujours pas le chinois, elle ne se rendra pas compte qu'elle reçoit,
sémantiquement, en </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">input</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ce
qu'elle a précédemment fourni en </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">output</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
qu'il lui suffit de répliquer en </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">output</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par
l'</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">input</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">initial.
Et c'est là que le résultat risque d'être assez "hilarant"
: "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
plaisanterie commune aux locuteurs chinois est que "</span></i></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">中国队大胜美国队</span></i></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
et "</span></i></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">中国队大败美国队</span></i></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
signifient en fait que l'équipe chinoise a battu l'équipe
américaine. Or, "</span></i></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">胜</span></i></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
signifie gagner et "</span></i></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">败</span></i></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
signifie perdre. L'explication est que, dans le cas de «perdre»,
cela signifie en fait «faire perdre». Si vous voulez signifier que
l'équipe chinoise a été vaincue, il faut dire "</span></i></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">中国队大败于美国队</span></i></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(</span></i></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">大败于
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">signifie
«a été défaite par»)</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(loc.
cit.). De fait, l'entité inintelligente, homme ou machine, ignorant
la langue chinoise, va vraisemblablement produire "l'équipe
chinoise a battu l'équipe américaine" en réaction à
"</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">中国队大胜美国队</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">",
puis "l'équipe chinoise est battue par l'équipe américaine"
comme réponse à "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">中国队大败美国队</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
au motif que les deux </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">inputs</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont
morphologiquement constitués de morphèmes (</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">胜
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">败</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
sémantiquement contradictoires. Or, le principe logique de la
consistance formelle (ou encore de non-contradiction) interdit en
principe à deux propositions d'être simultanément vraies si elles
sont chacune constituées des mêmes morphèmes à deux morphèmes
contradictoires près, ce qui est, justement, le cas dans l'exemple
ci-dessus. Et comme, par hypothèse, notre entité suit aveuglément,
par hypothèse, les instructions syntaxiques de son manuel, elle ne
se rendra pas compte que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">大胜
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">大败
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont,
néanmoins pragmatiquement, donc sémantiquement, expressions
synonymes. Comme nous l'avons déjà suggéré, la langue chinoise
aime bien défier le principe de (non-)contradiction : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">东西
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"est-ouest" pour dire "chose", </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">大小</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"grand-petit" pour dire "taille", </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">多少</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
"beaucoup-peu" pour dire "combien", etc.
Wittgenstein remarque d'ailleurs avec bon sens que "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">nous
verrions la contradiction d’une toute autre manière si nous
considérions son apparition et ses conséquences en quelque sorte de
façon anthropologique, plutôt que de la regarder avec l’exagération
propre aux mathématiques</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Remarques
sur le Fondement des Mathématiques</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
220). Cela dit, le rôle "anthropologique" (donc
pragmatique) plutôt que logique (donc syntaxique) de la
contradiction n'est pas caractéristique de la seule langue chinoise.
Il se manifeste aussi dans l'humour ou l'ironie. Par exemple, dans le
propos de celui qui fera une grimace de dégoût devant son assiette
en proférant les paroles "mmmhhh ... que c'est bon !"
alors qu'il aurait pu tout aussi bien dire "beurk ... que c'est
mauvais !", étant entendu que ce même locuteur est censé
savoir que l'usage de "bon" et "mauvais" en a
fait des termes contradictoires et non synonymes. Preuve qu'en cas de
conflit entre la syntaxe et la pragmatique, c'est, dans les langues
naturelles, cette dernière qui l'emporte. Par où l'on voit, encore
une fois, que ce qui, dans l'exemple de la langue chinoise est, au
grand dam de Searle, particulièrement flagrant, vaut en réalité
pour toutes les langues naturelles, c'est-à-dire toutes les langues
non-artificielles. D'une manière générale, en effet, parler avec
"intelligence" consistera à faire usage d'"une
multitude mouvante de métaphores, de métonymies,
d'anthropomorphismes, bref, d'"</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
somme de relations humaines qui ont été poétiquement et
rhétoriquement haussées, transposées, ornées, et qui, après un
long usage, semblent à un peuple fermes, canoniales et
contraignantes</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Nietzsche, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Vérité
et Mensonge au sens Extra-Moral</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
et certainement pas à être capable de définir formellement les
termes et les règles que nous employons. C'est aussi ce qui fait
que, "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
le langage des mots, il y a un fort élément musical (un soupir,
l'intonation d'une question, celle de l'annonce, celle des élans du
cœur, tous les innombrables gestes de
l'intonation)</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fiches</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
§161). Ce qui, d'une part est particulièrement pertinent dans le
cas d'une langue à tons comme le chinois (on imagine aisément le
tour cocasse que prendrait le test de Searle s'il se déroulait à
l'oral plutôt qu'à l'écrit !) et, d'autre part, rappelle
qu'interpréter de la musique n'a jamais consisté à déchiffrer
formellement une partition à titre de condition préalable ni
suffisante ni même nécessaire. Voilà donc bien toutes les ornières
contextuelles ou pragmatiques dans lesquelles ne tombera aucun
locuteur moyennement compétent mais auquel succombera
immanquablement le philosophe qui, à l'instar de Searle, tiendra la
rigueur syntaxique pour la condition de possibilité de la
compréhension sémantique, c'est-à-dire, à l'instar des logicistes
du début du XX° siècle, considérera la logique formelle comme la
matrice de tout langage authentique. Du coup, non seulement
l'argument searlien dit "de la chambre chinoise" rate sa
cible, mais, paradoxalement, il tend plutôt à réhabiliter le test
de Turing. Car, pour peu que les questions posées appellent des
réponses non-standardisables mais, au contraire, indissociables d'un
certain contexte d'énonciation, et, partant, impossibles à
mémoriser, à formaliser ou à mettre en algorithme, n'importe quel
locuteur moyennement compétent pourra déceler dans les réponses
fournies un éventuel manque d'intelligence de leur auteur
relativement au jeu de langage pratiqué.</span></span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pour
résumer notre discussion, nous pouvons donc dire que Turing comme
Searle ont eu le mérite de poser des problèmes importants. Le
premier s'est demandé à quelles conditions on pourrait dire d'une
machine qu'elle est "intelligente". Le second s'est
interrogé sur la possibilité pour une entité inintelligente (homme
ou machine) de faire néanmoins usage d'un langage déterminé. Pour
répondre la première question, Turing propose un critère : si,
dans une série de réponses à des questions posées à des humains,
se trouvent celles d'une machine sans qu'il soit possible de les
distinguer d'avec celles d'être humains, alors la machine est
réputée "intelligente". Or, sans que la notion ait été
préalablement définie ni même problématisée, ce "critère"
réduit arbitrairement l'intelligence à une étroite compétence
langagière de type scolaire. À cet égard, ledit "critère"
de Turing apparaît plutôt comme le symptôme d'une projection
ethno-centrée de la culture de son auteur. Mais là n'est pas le
plus grave car on ne voit pas comment on pourrait dissocier la notion
d'intelligence de celle de vie comme l'ont montré d'autres
expériences de pensées célèbres comme, par exemple, celle dite
"<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveau_dans_une_cuve">du cerveau dans la cuve</a>" (</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">the
brain in a vat</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
de Putnam,
celle "<a href="https://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Philosophie/Philosophie_de_l%27esprit/Ce_que_Marie_ne_savait_pas">de la chambre de Marie</a>" de Jackson,
celle "<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_(philosophie)">du zombie</a>" de Chalmers, voire celle du
très classique "<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problème_de_Molyneux">problème de Molyneux</a>", qui, toutes,
tendent à établir qu'il n'est pas d'apprentissage intelligent
concevable en dehors des conditions normales de la vie, c'est-à-dire
biologiquement déterminées par des fonctions sensibles naturelles
intentionnellement tournées vers la survie de l'individu et de
l'espèce. En ce sens, la notion d'"intelligence artificielle"
serait, au mieux un oxymore, au pire une contradiction. Pour autant,
l'expérience de pensée de Turing reste pertinente dans son principe
dès lors qu'elle ne vise plus à mesurer un degré d'"intelligence"
de la machine mais plutôt un certain degré de mimétisme à l'égard
de l'humain. Ce qu'a bien compris Searle qui prétend alors inverser
le sens du test de Turing en suggérant que, si, dans une série de
réponses à des questions posées à des ordinateurs, se trouvent
celles d'un être humain sans qu'il soit possible de les distinguer
de celles des machines, alors l'homme sera réputé "idiot".
Ce qui dénote une conception du langage caractéristique du même
logicisme que celui qui est défendu par Turing, à savoir que tout
apprentissage linguistique (que le langage appris soit formel ou
naturel) passe nécessairement et chronologiquement par le stade
morphologique (l'apprentissage des signes), puis par le stade
syntaxique (l'apprentissage des relations entre les signes) avant de
parvenir au stade sémantique (celui du sens et de son intelligence)
et, éventuellement, au stade pragmatique (celui du contexte naturel
et/ou social d'usage). Ce qui, nous dit Searle, permet d'imaginer un
homme, qui, comme une machine, exécuterait sans intelligence, un
simple algorithme d'instructions syntaxiques et, partant, répondrait
pertinemment à n'importe quelle question posée sans pour autant en
avoir saisi le sens. En particulier, une entité (mécanique ou
humaine) qui ne posséderait pas l'intelligence de la langue
chinoise, par exemple, pourrait indifféremment faire semblant de
"parler" chinois et, ainsi, berner un véritable
interlocuteur chinois. Pour Searle, et à la différence de Turing,
la seule chose qui, dans de telles conditions, différencierait
l'homme de la machine serait l'usage "intrinsèque"
(naturel) de la syntaxe chez l'homme, et c'est cela qui
l'autoriserait à accéder au stade 3 (celui de l'intelligence
sémantique). Du coup, tant qu'on en resterait au stade 2 (celui de
la manipulation syntaxique), il n'y aurait pas de différence entre
l'homme et la machine et, par conséquent, pas d'intelligence
possible. Or, nous avons vu que l'apprentissage de la syntaxe n'est
pas plus "intrinsèque" chez l'être humain qu'il ne l'est
pour l'ordinateur, sauf, qu'à la différence d'une syntaxe formelle,
la syntaxe naturelle ne produit pas la sémantique mais, tout au
contraire, est engendrée par elle, elle-même découlant des
conditions pragmatiques de l'existence concrète d'un être vivant
visant intentionnellement sa survie et celle de son espèce dans un
bio-socio-tope déterminé. Du coup, et contrairement à l'expérience
de pensée de Turing qui reste pertinente dans son principe, celle de
Searle est complètement absurde. D'abord parce qu'aucun "cobaye"
humain n'aborderait un test linguistique en étant dépourvu, même à
l'égard d'une langue complètement inconnue de lui, de ces
compétences pragmatiques et, partant, sémantiques qui font
intrinsèquement défaut à une machine. Ensuite parce que
l'expérimentateur final supposé "normal" (celui que le
test est supposé "berner") se rendrait vite compte de ce
que le "cobaye" ne comprend rien aux instructions données.
Enfin et surtout, parce que la langue chinoise est sans doute, de
toutes les langues naturelles jamais produites par l'humanité, celle
qui se prête le moins à une approche exclusivement
morpho-syntaxique telle que préconisée par Searle dans son
expérience de pensée. Bref, comment donner tort à Wittgenstein
lorsqu'il souligne que "</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
plupart des propositions et des questions qui ont été écrites
touchant les matières philosophiques ne sont pas fausses mais
dépourvues de sens. Nous ne pouvons en aucune façon répondre à de
telles questions, mais seulement établir leur non-sens. La plupart
des propositions et questions des philosophes découlent de notre
incompréhension de la logique de la langue</span></i></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
4.003) ? Voilà donc éclairci le "mystère de la chambre
chinoise" : beaucoup de bruit pour rien.</span></span></span></span>
</span></span>
</p><br /></div></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-13953072347363203812022-09-02T07:57:00.019+02:002023-12-21T07:06:35.736+01:00LA NOTION DE VIE DANS LA PENSÉE CHINOISE.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L'une
des propriétés de la pensée occidentale est d'avoir fait de la vie
une énigme. Une énigme parce que, d'emblée, il faut lui donner
un "sens" : d'où vient la vie ? pourquoi y
a-t-il de la vie ? quelle est la finalité de la vie ? à
quelle(s) condition(s) une vie vaut-elle la peine (!) d'être vécue ?
À défaut de répondre à l'une de ces questions, le vivant serait
censé se complaire dans l'absurde, au point même, lorsque ledit
vivant est un être humain, de préférer, pourquoi pas, la mort à
la vie ! N'est-ce pas d'ailleurs là le risque que fait peser l'énigme posée à Œdipe par la Sphinge ? L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">'absence de "sens" de la vie humaine
n'entraîne d'ailleurs pas nécessairement sa suppression </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ipso
facto</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> mais,
parfois aussi, sa mise entre parenthèses en attendant … une "autre
vie" dans un "autre monde". Comment s'étonner alors
que le suicide réel y soit souvent considéré comme un acte
héroïque et le suicide différé (résignation, mortification) y
soit devenu synonyme de "sagesse" ? De fait, rares
sont les penseurs occidentaux qui, à l'instar d’un Épicure, d'un
Spinoza, d'un Nietzsche ou d'un Bergson, ont, sans ambiguïté et à
contre-courant dominant, fait l'apologie de la vie dans sa plus
banale simplicité. Cependant, l'Occident n'ayant jamais été et
étant moins que jamais le phare d'universalité éclairant le monde,
il nous semble intéressant d'aller voir un peu du côté de cet
"</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">autre
pôle de l'expérience humaine</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"
comme le dit Simon Leys, en l'occurrence se tourner vers la Chine "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
plus ancienne civilisation vivante de notre planète [et sa] vision
du monde, [sa] façon de concevoir les rapports de l’homme avec
l’univers</span></i></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Leys, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Essais
sur la Chine</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
pp. 739-576) afin d'y sonder, effectivement, une AUTRE conception de
la vie.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><a name='more'></a><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-align: justify; widows: 0;"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Revenons
un instant sur la conception occidentale de la vie qui est, non
seulement problématique, mais aussi contradictoire. Contradictoire
parce que balançant, depuis quatre siècles au moins, entre
théologie judéo-chrétienne et scientisme technologique. Je
donnerai juste un exemple significatif respectivement de conception
théologique et de conception techno-scientiste de la vie. Pour le (la)
chrétien(-ne), prétend-on, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">la
vie est fondée sur l’œuvre de Dieu manifestée par la
nouvelle naissance, la justification, le don du Saint-Esprit, le
pardon des péchés et l’union avec Christ. Le but de la vie
chrétienne est de se conformer à l’image du Christ et, par
conséquent, de participer au règne de Dieu sur la terre pour la
gloire de celui-ci. En utilisant divers moyens de grâce, tels que
les Écritures, la prière, l’Église et les ordonnances, Dieu rend
le chrétien conforme à l’image du Christ par l’intermédiaire
de l’Esprit. Une vie chrétienne saine s’exprime par la foi et
l’obéissance, les bonnes œuvres, la vie et le don sacrificiel,
ainsi que par la participation à la mission mondiale de l’Église.
Il n'y a pas de meilleure vie que la vie
chrétienne</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(<a href="https://evangile21.thegospelcoalition.org/essais/la-vie-chretienne/">https://evangile21.thegospelcoalition.org/essais/la-vie-chretienne/</a>).
Nul doute que d'autres problématisations sont possibles et que
celle-ci apparaîtra sans doute hérétique à plus d'un courant
théologique chrétien. Mais il nous importe peu de rentrer dans ce
genre de querelles byzantines car, quelle que soit la formulation
retenue, on y trouvera toujours ces cinq éléments : la
transcendance divine (Dieu seul donne la vie et la reprend),
l'aspiration à la perfection christique (le Christ est le seul
modèle de vie ayant de la valeur) et à la repentance morale (dès
sa naissance biologique, la vie du-de la- chrétien-ne- est entachée
d'un péché originel qu'il s'agit d'expier), la possibilité d'une
gratification divine ultime et suprême (la résurrection d'entre les
morts), enfin le sentiment d'appartenir à LA communauté religieuse
élue par la divinité ("Il n'y a pas de meilleure vie que la
vie chrétienne"). Longtemps hégémonique en Occident, la
pensée théologique a dû progressivement faire face à une
concurrence redoutable : celle de la pensée techno-scientiste, c'est-à-dire l'idée que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>connaissant
la force et les actions du feu, de l’eau, de l’air, des astres,
des cieux et de tous les autres corps qui nous environnent, aussi
distinctement que nous connaissons les divers métiers de nos
artisans, nous les pourrions employer en même façon à tous les
usages auxquels ils sont propres, et ainsi nous rendre comme maîtres
et possesseurs de la Nature</i></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Descartes,
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Discours de
la Méthode</u></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
VI)</span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">. Précisément, pour Descartes, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
fonctions [vitales] suivent [...] de la seule disposition de ces
organes ni plus ni moins que font les mouvements d’une horloge ou
autre automate</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Descartes, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Traité
de l’Homme</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
De telle sorte qu'il n'existe "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">aucune
différence entre les machines que font les artisans et les divers
corps que la nature seule compose, sinon que les effets des machines
ne dépendent que de l'agencement de certains tuyaux, ou ressorts, ou
autres instruments, qui, devant avoir quelque proportion avec les
mains de ceux qui les font, sont toujours si grands que leurs figures
et mouvements se peuvent voir, au lieu que les tuyaux ou ressorts qui
causent les effets des corps naturels sont ordinairement trop petits
pour être aperçus de nos sens. Et il est certain que toutes les
règles des mécaniques appartiennent à la physique, en sorte que
toutes les choses qui sont artificielles, sont avec cela naturelles.
Car, par exemple, lorsqu'une montre marque les heures par le moyen
des roues dont elle est faite, cela ne lui est pas moins naturel
qu'il est à un arbre de produire des fruits</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Descartes, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Principes
de la Philosophie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
IV, art.203). Là encore, il existe tout un foisonnement de variantes techno-scientistes de la vie qui,
toutes, auront ceci en commun : la nature est mécanisme immanent faisant
pièce qui ne doit rien à la transcendance divine, bref, un atomisme matérialiste opposé
au holisme spiritualiste de la théologie avec, comme corrélat, la disparition apparente de l'énigme de la nature de la vie au prix du surgissement d'une autre énigme, tout aussi redoutable : de quelle valeur peut bien être revêtue une vie qui n'est plus réputée bonne ou mauvaise mais seulement plus ou moins effective selon que les "rouages" de la machine
seront plus ou moins bien huilés ou grippés au point que la mort n'est plus qu'une mise au rebut définitive d'une mécanique hors d'usage ? En d'autres termes, que gagne la vie humaine à congédier le problème du bien moral au profit de celui de la vérité soi-disant scientifique ? Certes,
cette présentation du clivage théologico-scientiste à propos de
la conception occidentale de la vie est (volontairement) caricaturale
mais qui osera prétendre, à la lumière des débats hystériques
qui agitent actuellement l'Occident au sujet de l'avortement, de la
procréation médicalement assistée, de l'euthanasie ou du mariage
entre personnes de même sexe, qu'elle n'est pas pertinente ?</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">La
question est à présent de savoir si la vie doit nécessairement
être inféodée à l'alternative du bien ou du vrai. Le bien qui "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">a
fait un idéal de l'opposition à l'instinct de conservation de la
vie forte, [qui] a perverti la raison, en enseignant à ressentir les
valeurs suprêmes de l'esprit comme entachées de péché, induisant
en erreur, comme des tentations</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Nietzsche, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’Antéchrist</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Le vrai au point que "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">sous
l'influence de la vérité contemplée, l'homme ne perçoit plus
maintenant de toutes parts que l'horrible et l'absurde de
l'existence</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Nietzsche, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Naissance de la Tragédie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
vii). La question que pose Nietzsche est donc de savoir si la vie ne pourrait pas être envisagée comme ayant une
valeur intrinsèque, voire même si la vie ne serait pas LA valeur
par excellence, ce qui vaudrait au-delà de toute valeur parce que,
justement, sans la vie, rien ne saurait avoir de valeur, rien ne saurait être dit "bon" ou "vrai". Il est clair
que la réponse à une telle question est négative pour la théologie
puisque la vie y est définie comme une grâce de Dieu sans le
secours duquel, il n'est point de vie bonne ("misère de l'homme
sans Dieu"). Et une telle question est absurde du point de vue
techno-scientiste puisque, pour lui, la seule seule "vérité"
de la vie réside dans l'arrangement fonctionnel efficient des divers
rouages de la mécanique (cf. le statut des handicapés dans
l'histoire de nos sociétés). Or, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">jusqu'au retour en grâce très récent des thèses théologiques ultra-conservatrices, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ce point
de vue sur la vie est devenu, en Occident, à peu près
hégémonique : "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">science
is the tool of the western mind and with it more doors can be opened
than with bare hands. It is part and parcel of our knowledge and
obscures our insight only when it holds that understanding given by
it is the only kind there is. The East as taught us another, wider,
more profond, and higher understanding, that is understanding through
life. We know this way only vaguely, as a more shadowy sentiment
culled from religious terminology, and therefore, we gladly dispose
of eastern "wisdom" in quotation marks, and relegate into
the obscure territory of faith and superstition</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jung, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">in</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">the
Secret of Golden Flower</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
p.82). De sorte que, loin d'apporter à l'Occident des éléments de
comparaison critique à l'égard de ses propres conceptions de la
vie, l'existence de ces points de vue alternatifs ("the East")
sont vite tournés en dérision et ne fait que renforcer l'arrogance
occidentale (le scientisme/technicisme qui a présidé à la gestion
de la crise dite "du Covid" est, à cet égard,
significatif). Essayons donc de réhabiliter un peu ce "</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">wider,
more profond, and higher understanding"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> dont
Jung fait état.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Disons
tout de suite qu'il existe, en chinois, deux caractères pour parler
de la vie : </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">mìng</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> qui
se traduit en général par vie mais aussi par sort, fortune,
destin, ordre, commandement, attribution, etc. Et </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
être né, naître, donner naissance, accoucher, existence,
élève, croître, pousser (grandir), etc. Apparemment, il y a
d'un côté un nom et de l'autre un verbe. Sauf que la langue
chinoise, qui est une langue très largement parataxique, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">ne
distingue pas, d'un point de vue morphologique, entre "vivre"
et la "vie" […] : la vie y est prise moins comme un état
(le vivant) que comme une activité de poussée et
d'avènement</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Chemin
faisant, connaître la Chine, relancer la Philosophie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
vii). Dans les deux cas, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ou </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
il s'agit, pour une conception proprement chinoise de la vie, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">de
saisir les lois de l'interaction et des renversements de situation,
tandis qu'à l'inverse, la philosophie grecque et la tradition
intellectuelle qui en est issue ont constamment cherché le
permanent, l'immuable au-delà du mouvant, l'idée au-delà du
sensible</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Billeter, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Chine
trois fois Muette</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
p.129). La vie, plus que toute autre réalité, est en effet, dans la
tradition chinoise, une affaire de "devenir" et non une
affaire d'"être". Notons que, s'agissant, en particulier,
de la nature de la vie, un philosophe occidental en avait déjà
parlé dans des termes très proches. C'est évidemment Bergson
lorsqu'il dit que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">pour
un être vivant, exister consiste à changer, c’est-à-dire à se
créer indéfiniment soi-même</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bergson, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’Évolution
Créatrice</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i). Mieux encore, ne souligne-t-il pas malicieusement que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">notre
intelligence est incapable de se représenter la vraie nature de la
vie, la signification profonde du mouvement
évolutif</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bergson, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l’Évolution
Créatrice</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
intro.), que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">c’est
donc la fixité que notre intelligence recherche : elle se demande où
le mobile est, où le mobile sera, où le mobile passe</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bergson, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée et le Mouvant</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i) ? Il est vrai que ce pauvre Bergson a immédiatement été
condamnée avec mépris et sans autre forme de procès comme "vitaliste" par
l'</span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">intelligentsia</span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> dominante.</span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Pour "orientale" qu'elle puisse paraître, la conception de la vie que défend Bergson serait néanmoins considérée, du point de vue chinois, comme incomplète et
unilatérale. Ou plus exactement, elle correspondrait uniquement à
ce que les Chinois entendent par </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
En effet, de ce point de vue, la vie est ce qu'en termes kantiens, on
pourrait appeler un transcendantal dans le sens où </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
la condition de possibilité même de l'existence et ce, pour tous
les êtres. C'est, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">grosso
modo</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ce que Spinoza nomme le "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">conatus</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
: "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">toute
chose s’oppose à tout ce qui peut supprimer son existence et
s’efforce, autant qu’elle peut et selon son être propre, de
persévérer dans son être [</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">in
suo esse perseverare conatur</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">].
L’effort [</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">conatus</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">]
par lequel toute chose tend à persévérer dans son être n’est
rien de plus que l’essence actuelle de cette chose</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Éthique</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
III, 6). D'ailleurs, en chinois, le sinogramme qui désigne la nature
d'une chose (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">性 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">xìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">),
son essence donc, inclut, comme on le voit, le composant </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Toujours est-il que la vie au sens de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ne
saurait être l'état d'un corps (inanimé) préalablement existant
qu'il s'agirait de valoriser (d'animer), ni au sens de Descartes (un
état de bon fonctionnement des pièces de la machine), ni au sens de
la théologie monothéiste (un état de grâce spirituelle
transitoire entre, potentiellement, deux néants). C'est pourquoi les
Chinois ont beaucoup de mal à comprendre ce que les Occidentaux
entendent par "bonheur" ou par "vie bonne". Car
la vie, comme processus permanent de transformation, n'est pas un
idéal à atteindre, mais ce par quoi il peut, éventuellement, y
avoir des préférences, des idéaux, des buts : "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">l’idée
du bonheur qui paraît la plus commune est en fait culturellement
marquée. Le bonheur, c’est se poser des buts et donc opérer une
construction ...convergeant vers une finalité suprême. C’est elle
que l’on nomme le bonheur. Or, côté chinois, on se désintéresse
de la finalité. Le sage vit dans le tao ‘comme un poisson dans
l’eau’. Il ne tend vers rien, évoluant librement, au gré. Sa
vie consiste à ‘flotter’. Il demeure toujours en mouvement, mais
sans direction projetée, il est sans destination et même sans
aspiration [...] Le bonheur né de la philosophie grecque, ne faisait
pas partie des penseurs de l’antiquité chinoise qui valorisait la
notion de ‘nourrir sa vie’</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>nourrir
sa Vie à l’Écart du Bonheur</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
François Jullien fait ici allusion à Zhuāng Zǐ qui raconte
comment un prince, fasciné par la virtuosité d'un de ses
cuisiniers, aurait clamé son admiration en disant "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Merveilleux !
Je viens enfin de saisir l'art de </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">nourrir ma vie [</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">得</span></span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">养</span>生焉<span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">dé
yǎng shēng yān</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span>]</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Zhuāng
Zǐ</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
iii). Voilà pourquoi, très précisément, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><i>le
but de tous les mouvements taoïstes est la longue vie [...]. Ce qui
est sage, en conséquence, est d'éviter tout ce qui fait le jeu de
la mort"</i>(Marcel Conche, <u>Lao </u></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tseu : Tao Te King</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
intro.). Par quoi on voit que la valeur de la vie est inhérente à sa
longueur : la vie bonne ou la vie vraie n'est rien d'autre que la vie
longue, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;">长生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>cháng
shēng</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
celle qui s'entretient, qui se prolonge. Bref, la vie est à
elle-même sa propre valeur. </span></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Aussi,
les Chinois se souhaitent-ils volontiers la bonne santé par </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">万岁 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">wàn
suì<span style="font-style: normal;"> ("encore mille ans") ou </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">长寿 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">cháng
shòu<span style="font-style: normal;"> ("encore de nombreux anniversaires"). C'est
aussi pourquoi l'étudiant, l'écolier, en chinois, se
dit-il </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;">学</span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>xué </i></span></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">shēng<span style="font-style: normal;">,
littéralement "celui qui apprend la vie", la
maladie </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生病 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">shēng
bìng<span style="font-style: normal;">, littéralement, "défaut de la vie" et,
naturellement, le médecin, c'est celui qui prend soin de la
vie, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">医生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">yī
shēng<span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></em></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cependant,
avons-nous suggéré, il y a, en chinois, un autre caractère pour
"vie" : c'est </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">mìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Pour comprendre la différence d'avec </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
lisons à nouveau Zhuāng Zǐ : "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Confucius
admirait les chutes de Lü-leang. L’eau tombait d’une hauteur de
trois cents pieds et dévalait ensuite en écumant sur quarante
lieues. Ni tortues ni crocodiles ne pouvaient se maintenir à cet
endroit, mais Confucius aperçut un homme qui nageait là. Il crut
que c’était un malheureux qui cherchait la mort et dit à ses
disciples de longer la rive pour se porter à son secours. Mais
quelques centaines de pas plus loin, l’homme sortit de l’eau et,
les cheveux épars, se mit à se promener sur la berge en chantant.
Confucius le rattrapa et l’interrogea : « Je vous ai pris pour un
revenant mais, de près, vous m’avez l’air d’un vivant.
Dites-moi : avez-vous une méthode pour surnager ainsi ? — Non,
répondit l’homme, je n’en ai pas. Je suis parti du donné, j’ai
développé un naturel et j’ai atteint la nécessité. Je me laisse
happer par les tourbillons et remonter par le courant ascendant, je
suis les mouvements de l’eau sans agir pour mon propre compte […].
Je suis né dans ces collines et je m’y suis senti chez moi : voilà
le donné. J’ai grandi dans l’eau et je m’y suis peu à peu
senti à l’aise : voilà le naturel. J’ignore pourquoi j’agis
comme je le fais : voilà la nécessité</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng
Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, xix).
Voilà donc un homme (le "nageur") qui est né dans les
collines. Non au bord d'une étendue d'eau. Il n'est pas "amphibie"
par nature ou par tradition. Mais comme il a été (pour des raisons
qu'on ignore) éduqué à évoluer dans cet élément, il s'y est
adapté si harmonieusement que l'eau est devenue, pour lui, une
seconde nature. De sorte qu'il n'est plus de circonstances
aquatiques, y compris parmi les plus périlleuses, dont il ne puisse
se tirer avec aisance. A tel point même que, tandis que la
configuration physiologique des tortues et des crocodiles reste
incompatible avec le maintien de la vie sous une cascade de trois
cents pieds, la sienne est, en revanche, en parfait accord avec ces
conditions extrêmes. Pourquoi ? Eh bien parce qu'il a pris
conscience de la nécessité de ne pas faire d'effort inutile (par
exemple, se débattre, ou encore, lutter contre le courant, ce qui
l'épuiserait et l'entraînerait vers la mort) mais, au contraire, de
se laisser glisser dans le torrent tumultueux sans se poser de
questions. Il "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">ignore
pourquoi [il] agi[t] ainsi</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">".
Tout ce qu'il sait, c'est qu'il agit par nécessité. L'idée de
"nécessité" renvoie à celle de destin, de fatalité
(Ἀνάγκη en grec). On retrouve encore une fois chez Spinoza une
approche assez similaire lorsqu'il dit, parlant de l'être humain en
particulier, que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">la
force par laquelle l’homme persévère dans son existence est
limitée et surpassée infiniment par la puissance des causes
extérieures, […] il s’ensuit que l’homme est nécessairement
toujours soumis aux passions, c’est-à-dire qu’il suit l’ordre
commun de la Nature, qu’il y obéit et qu’il s’y adapte autant
que la nature des choses l’exige</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Éthique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
IV, 4). On sait que, pas plus que Bergson, Spinoza n'a été pris au
sérieux par une pensée occidentale plus préoccupée de se
prosterner devant son idole de la "liberté" que de rendre
hommage à ce que Spinoza lui-même appelle "la Nature" et
que les Chinois nomment </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
D'ailleurs, de même que, pour Spinoza, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">est
dite libre la chose qui existe d’après la seule nécessité de sa
nature et est déterminée par soi seule à agir</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Éthique</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
I, déf.7), de même, les Chinois traduisent-ils par </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">自由 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">zì
yóu</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
littéralement "de par l'action de sa propre cause" la
notion occidentale (métaphysique) de liberté. Dans les deux cas, il
s'agit en effet d'insister sur le déterminisme que la vie (et pas
uniquement, cela va de soi, la vie "sociale" de l'homme)
implique en ce que tout vivant, donc tout être, est nécessairement
l'objet d'une myriade d'influences diverses et variées émanant des
autres êtres. Donc le sens de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">mìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
plutôt celui d'un ensemble de décrets implicites ou non qui pèsent
nécessairement sur tout être, justement en tant que cet être
exemplifie </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> comme
processus permanent d'auto-(re-)création. Ce que l'on retrouve dans
les expressions </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命官 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">mìng
guān</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
mandarin, officiel (littéralement "fonctionnaire de
commandement"), </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">从命 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">cóng
mìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
obéir ("à partir du commandement") et, bien
entendu, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">革命 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">gé
mìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> révolution
("changement de commandement").</span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Que
ce soit sous l'espèce </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ou
sous l'espèce </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">mìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
la notion de vie dans la pensée chinoise ne peut être appréhendée
sans le recours à quatre autres notions
fondamentales : </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yīn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
De toutes ces expressions, c'est la première qui est la plus
difficile à traduire tant elle est étrangère à tout le schéma
conceptuel de la pensée occidentale de la vie, qu'elle soit
métaphysique (théologique) ou techno-scientiste. Car "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">c'est
du côté du stable et de l'immuable que la [pensée occidentale] est
allée chercher la vérité. [Tandis que] la Chine n'a conçu que le
devenir ; mais alors, ce n'est plus exactement le "devenir"
puisque ne sous-entendant plus l'être (défini précisément comme
ce qui ne devient pas), mais la "voie", le tao, par
laquelle le monde ne cesse de se renouveler, le réel d'être en
procès</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>un
Sage est sans Idée, ou l'Autre de la Philosophie</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
I, viii). N'avons-nous pas dit, en effet, que, pour les uns, c'est un
Dieu immuable et éternel qui est la source et le garant de la vie au
sens occidental, et pour les autres, ce sont les rouages
pré-existants (</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">in
fine</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
des atomes) d'une mécanique, tant l'idée héraclitéenne d'un pur et simple devenir universel (Πάντα ῥεῖ </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">pánta rheî</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
a toujours paru l'expression de la plus détestable paresse intellectuelle ? Ce "devenir" qui est au fondement de toute réalité, les Chinois l'appellent le </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào.</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Certes, c'est le terme de "Voie"
qui a été, en général, choisi par défaut pour traduire ce terme, au motif qu'en
chinois mandarin, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">est
aussi utilisé pour désigner une voie, une rue, un chemin, un
circuit. Mais ne nous y trompons pas : dans une langue qui a poussé à l'extrême l'art de la conciliation des antonymes, le fameux Tao (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">) des "taoïstes" connote l'exact contraire d'une "voie" au sens d'un absolu qui serait, nous dit l'évangéliste, "</span><span><i>le Chemin, la Vérité et la Vie</i>"<i> </i>(<u>Jean</u>, 14, 6-14). D'ailleurs, n'est-on point prévenu</span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, et ce, dès la première ligne du </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Classique du Tao et de l'Efficacité</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道德 经 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào dé jīng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">) que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">le tao exprimable n'est pas le Tao. Le nom énonçable n'est pas le nom</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Dào Dé Jīng</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, §1). Car le</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> n'est en rien une divine plénitude mais plutôt ce "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">vide
inébranlable à l'usage inépuisable</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Dào
Dé Jīng</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§5). S'il est presque contradictoire de le nommer, c'est donc bien parce
qu'il ne s'agit pas là d'un être mais d'un vide d'être, d'un
non-être, non d'un espace réel mais de l'espace de tous les
possibles. D'où son inextinguible productivité et, bien entendu,
son lien avec la vie : "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">le
Tao dissémine sans jamais se remplir. Insondable ancêtre de toutes
choses ! Il arrondit les angles, insondable ancêtre de toutes
choses ! Il arrondit les angles, dissipe la confusion, harmonise
la lumière, unifie la poussière. Pure présence !</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Dào
Dé Jīng</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§4). On comprend dès lors en quoi la vie est immanente à </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> :
qu'il s'agisse d'immanence interne (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
ou d'immanence externe (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">mìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">),
la vie n'est pas plus un vulgaire mécanisme que l'expression d'une perfection transcendante.</span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">En
tant qu'il anime tout être réel, ce flux permanent de la vie, les
Chinois le nomment </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Comme il est tout aussi difficile de définir en quoi consiste </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
Zhuāng Zǐ fait une analogie en disant que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">le
grand souffle [</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì]
indéterminé de la nature est comme le vent [</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">风 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">fēng].
Par lui-même, le vent n’a pas de son. Mais, quand il les émeut,
tous les êtres deviennent pour lui comme un jeu d’anches</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Zhuāng
Zǐ , </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng
Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
iv). </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
comme le vent : il n'existe pas en soi mais sa réalité
consiste à é-mouvoir (mouvoir vers l'extérieur) les êtres, à
produire chez eux des transformations, littéralement à les
in-fluencer (leur insuffler un flux). L'image du vent est donc une
bonne image du processus vivant d'actualisation des possibles :
les feuilles de l'arbre ne s'é-meuvent, ne frissonnent que parce que
le vent les agite, mais en même temps, le vent n'est rien d'autre
que l'agitation de ces feuilles ; la flûte ne produit du son
que parce que le souffle du flûtiste la parcourt, mais en même
temps, le souffle du flûtiste n'est rien d'autre que ce qui fait
vibrer les lamelles de la flûte. Le vent, le souffle est donc un bon
paradigme du possible actualisé. Comment s'étonner alors que l'un
des mots chinois correspondant à ce que nous appelons "influence"
soit </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">风化 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">fēng
huá</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
littéralement "transformation par le vent" (à noter que
le même terme possède aussi le sens figuré de "charme,
talent") ? C'est que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">l'influence
est de l'ordre […] de la prégnance. Sa marque propre, qui fait sa
capacité, est d'être infiltrante, insinuante, pénétrant de toute
part sans alerter, sans donc qu'on puisse la remarquer.
[Contrairement à l'Occident qui en a fait une notion péjorative],
la Chine a placé l'influence au cœur de son intelligence.
L'influencement est, à ses yeux, le mode général d'avènement de
toute réalité, de ce que nous appelons la "nature", comme
aussi de la moralité</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée Chinoise en vis-à-vis de la Philosophie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
viii). Bref, il n'est pas d'animation possible, donc de vie, sans que
se manifeste l'influence d'un souffle qui ne doit pas être considéré
comme une cause indépendante d'un effet donné et de lui dissociable
(qui serait d'abord </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ensuite </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ou </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">命 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">mìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
mais comme la présence même du mouvement de l'être animé. Ainsi
"</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">à
condition qu’il n’y ait pas d’obstacle, l’œil voit,
l’oreille entend, le nez sent, la bouche goûte, le cœur perçoit,
l’esprit produit les actes convenables. Dans toute voie,
l’essentiel est qu’il n’y ait pas d’obstruction. Toute
obstruction produit étranglement, arrêt des fonctions, lésion de
la vie. Pour leurs actes vitaux, les êtres dépendent du souffle. Si
ce souffle [</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">气</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì]
n’est pas abondant dans un homme, la faute n’en est pas au ciel,
qui jour et nuit l’en pénètre ; elle est en lui, qui obstrue
ses voies, par des obstacles physiques ou moraux</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(
Zhuāng Zǐ , </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng
Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xxvi). Le </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
que l'Occident traduit, faute de mieux, par "souffle",
n'est donc rien d'autre que la libre circulation d'un influx qui nous
fait dire qu'un être, humain ou non, biologique ou non, est
énergique, dynamique, plein de vitalité … ou non.</span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">De plus,
cette circulation de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> se produit toujours, de façon polarisée,
entre une limite </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yīn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> et
une limite </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Ces deux termes, soi-disant bien connus de la pensée occidentale,
ont donné lieu, en réalité, à de regrettables contre-sens. Il ne
s'agit pas du tout de deux contraires au sens de la logique
bivalente, mais plutôt les des deux aspects complémentaires de
toute réalité. Rien n'est plus faux que de traduire ces deux termes
respectivement par "pôle féminin" et par "pôle
masculin" ou bien par "côté obscur" et "côté
lumineux", en tout cas deux notions qui sont, par essence,
exclusive l'une de l'autre. Car, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">le
grand procès de la nature est simple et aisé. [Aussi] le </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">阴 </span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yīn
et le </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">阳 </span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yáng
communiquent-ils spontanément entre eux et tous les existants sont
spontanément à leur aise</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Ruan
Ji, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Traité
sur la Musique</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">in</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Éloge
de la Fadeur à partir de la Pensée et de l'Esthétique de la Chine</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
viii). Quoi de plus frappant, en effet, que de remarquer, dans la
langue chinoise, le double sens du mot </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">易 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yì</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> qui
désigne tout à la fois la transformation, le changement, la
mutation et la facilité, l'aisance. Rappelons qu'à l'origine,
</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yīn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> est
le versant ombragé d'une montagne ou d'une colline (ubac), tandis
que </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> désigne
son versant ensoleillé (adret). Ce que rappelle d'ailleurs
l'étymologie des deux mots : versant (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阝</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
lune (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">月</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
pour l'un, versant (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阝</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
soleil (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">日</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
pour l'autre. Or le voyageur qui traverse la montagne passe
nécessairement d'un versant à l'autre. D'où la simplicité et
l'évidence de la définition de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> dans
le </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Classique
des Mutations</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">易
经</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yì
jīng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">) : </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">一阴一阳之谓道 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yī
yīn yī yáng zhī wèi dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> :
un </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yīn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
un </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
voilà ce qu'on appelle </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Ce que Marcel Granet commente de la manière suivante : "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">d'abord
le Yin, puis le Yang, c’est là le Dao. Ici le Yin, là le
Yang, c’est là le Dao. Un temps Yin, un temps Yang, c’est
là le Dao. Un côté Yin, un côté Yang, c’est là le
Dao. Tout Yin, tout Yang, voilà le Dao</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">in</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>la
Pensée Chinoise</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Ce qu'il convient donc de retenir, c'est que cette transition de
</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yīn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> à </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ou
inversement est LA nécessité de l'existence de toute chose, donc LA
nécessité de la vie : "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">la
voie de l'univers est tantôt Yin, tantôt Yang. Le système des
sages est tantôt justice, tantôt humanité. La nature d'un être
est tantôt dureté, tantôt mollesse. C'est ainsi que chacun suit sa
nature sans échappatoire</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Liè
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Liè
Zǐ</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i, iv).</span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Mais
comme elle est en même temps facile car naturelle, cette nécessité,
n'est en rien une tragédie, une fatalité au sens grec puis
occidental du terme. En particulier, loin d'être cet
"Être-vers-la-mort" (</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Sein
zum Tode</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
que prophétise Heidegger, l'être humain, comme toute autre réalité
est, de plein droit, un Être-pour-la-vie. Car ce qui importe, tout à
l'opposé de la tradition occidentale, dans la conception chinoise de
la vie, n'est pas le but, le terme de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
mais le cheminement, le flux par lui-même. D'abord parce que,
avons-nous déjà dit, il n'y a pas de but, de terme à </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">道 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, autrement dit à la combinaison infinie des possibles
représentée de manière imagée par la circularité de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">太极图 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">taì
jí tú</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ("la
figure du grand basculement"). Mais aussi parce que,
corrélativement, la vie est isomorphe à cette circularité (cf.
l'étymologie latine : </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">circulus</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"cercle") libre et facile entre les deux pôles, respectivement </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yīn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> et </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> de
tout processus réel. Du coup, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">si
se maintient une telle circulation, de part en part, dans l'"entre"
de notre situation-actualisation physique (</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">形</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">,
xíng), l'irriguant en la traversant de l'intérieur sans qu'elle
rencontre d'obstacle ou que s'obstrue son passage, sans que la "voie"
en soit barrée, ce qui débute avec la respiration […] notre
vitalité demeurera alerte et ne saurait s'épuiser (thème chinois
de la "longue vie", </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">万岁</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">,
wàn suì ou </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">长寿</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">,
cháng shòu) en lieu et place de l'immortalité</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée Chinoise en vis-à-vis de la Philosophie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xvii). "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Flux
continu si on en prend soin et en use avec parcimonie</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§6), la vie, en effet, ne nécessite nulle intervention externe, qu'elle soit de nature divine ou de nature mécanique, pour qu'elle soit réputée "bonne" ou même "meilleure". La vie n'est
ni un capital divin qu'il s'agit de faire fructifier (cf. ce que dit
Max Weber au sujet des liens conceptuels que le christianisme
entretient avec le capitalisme), ni un moteur qu'il convient de roder et d'entretenir afin de maximiser ses performances. La vie comme flux imprescriptible de création
perpétuelle se suffit à elle-même. Dès lors, l'unique
préoccupation du vivant doit être ... de vivre. D'où une
conception chinoise de la médecine qui entend se préoccuper avant
tout, non pas tant de thérapie que de prophylaxie. C'est en cela que
consistent les pratiques traditionnelles de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">推拿 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">tuī
ná</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ("pousser
saisir", massage), </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">针法 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">zhēn
fǎ</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ("aiguille
méthode", acupuncture), </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">风水 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">fēng
shuǐ</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ("vent
eau"), </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气功 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì
gōng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ("énergie
effort"), et, bien entendu, </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">健康食品 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">jiàn
kāng shí pǐn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> ("bonne
santé bien manger", diététique). Et, en cas de maladie
(</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生病 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng
bìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"défaut de la vie"), le fait de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">吃药 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">chī
yào</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
littéralement "manger un remède", vise non pas à
intervenir pour réparer une machine qui dysfonctionne, mais à
rétablir la circulation de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">气 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qì</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> là
où elle est provisoirement obstruée. Toute la conception de la
santé et de la médecine chinoise repose sur ce principe,
extrêmement simple et qui, comme l'a finement remarqué
François Jullien, est aussi celui de la psychanalyse occidentale : "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">ce
qui est grave n'est pas tant ce qui nous arrive que le fait qu'on s'y
fixe. […] La cure ne tendrait-elle pas, en effet, si je le dis à
la chinoise, à remettre de la viabilité là où il il y a eu
coincement ou fixation ? […] Le mal (</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">恶</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">,
ě) ou ce qu'on nomme le "non-bien" (</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">不善</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">,
bù shàn) en Chine, n'est rien d'autre que l'obstruction de la voie
et son barrage. […] Le paysan, dit Mencius, doit se garder de
"tirer sur les pousses" pour obtenir la poussée, il doit
se défendre de rechercher directement l'effet. […] En rétablissant
du "jeu" ou de l'"entre" de ces façons diverses,
la cure aménage les conditions pour que l'immanence progressivement
revienne : que du processus se réengage de lui-même au sein de
ce qui s'était figé</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cinq
Concepts proposés à la Psychanalyse</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Bref, mieux que par "maladie", c'est par "névrose"
qu'il faudrait traduire </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">生病 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng
bìng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Or
donc, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">toutes
les choses du monde naissent d'un germe qui se métamorphose
incessamment. Leur commencement et leur fin sont comme un cercle dont
l'ordre n'a pas de terme</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Zhuāng
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Zhuāng
Zǐ</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xxvii), ce que figure "la Grande Image" circulaire (</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">taì
jí tú</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">太极图</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
bien connue des occidentaux. Il suit de là, bien entendu, une
conception franchement anti-occidentale, des relations que nous
autres humains devons établir avec les autres vivants d'une part, et
entre nous d'autre part. Plus de vingt siècles de
judéo-christianisme ont fini par imposer comme fausse évidence que
le monde, la nature sont donnés à l'homme comme des
auxiliaires commodes à aménager sa propre vie. Soit que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">l’Éternel
Dieu prit l’homme, et le plaça dans le jardin d’Éden pour le
cultiver et pour le garder. L’Éternel Dieu donna cet ordre à
l’homme : Tu pourras manger de tous les arbres du jardin ;
mais tu ne mangeras pas de l’arbre de la connaissance du bien et du
mal, car le jour où tu en mangeras, tu mourras . L’Éternel Dieu
dit : Il n’est pas bon que l’homme soit seul ; je lui
ferai une aide semblable à lui. L’Éternel Dieu forma de la terre
tous les animaux des champs et tous les oiseaux du ciel, et il les
fit venir vers l’homme</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Genèse</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii, 15-19). Soit que la maîtrise technologique de la nature "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">n'est pas seulement à désirer
pour l'invention d'une infinité d'artifices, qui feraient qu'on
jouirait, sans aucune peine, des fruits de la terre et de toutes les
commodités qui s'y trouvent, mais principalement aussi pour la
conservation de la santé ; laquelle est sans doute le premier bien
et le fondement de tous les autres biens de cette
vie</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Descartes, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Discours
de la Méthode</u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
VI). Bref, dans un cas (version théologique) le vivant est un cadeau
que Dieu fait à l'homme, dans l'autre (version technologique) un </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">no
man's land</span></span></span></em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> à
la libre disposition du vivant le plus puissant, à savoir, </span><span><i>de facto</i>, l'homme</span><span style="font-style: normal;">. Dans les deux cas, la vie humaine est donc considérée
comme le </span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">focus</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> vers
quoi la nature doit converger. Or, loin que soit niée par elle la
spécificité de la vie humaine, car la pensée chinoise est tout autant
que la pensée occidentale, fortement hiérarchisante et normative, la hiérarchie n'y est pas, en l'occurrence, verticale mais circulaire.</span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">L'idée
est toute simple : la vie extra-humaine n'est pas au service de
l'humain, mais c'est l'humain qui est au service de la vie en
général. La vie n'est pas une propriété (dans les deux sens,
logique et juridique, du terme) humaine. C'est l'homme qui est une
singularité vitale. Cette singularité, pour la pensée chinoise
traditionnelle, consiste en ce que nous autres humains
sommes </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">天地之间 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">tiān
dì zhī jiān</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> "intermédiaires
entre le Ciel et la Terre". Cette spécificité nous confère
donc, en quelque sorte, une responsabilité particulière dans
la mesure où nous fermons le cercle perpétuel qui va du </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yīn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> vers
le </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
et réciproquement, ou encore qui va du Ciel vers la Terre, et
réciproquement. Cette responsabilité consiste à observer un ordre
qui "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">n'est
pas introduit d'un dehors ni n'exprime un progrès : il est
interne au déroulement et promeut celui-ci en procès du monde qui
se poursuit sans s'épuiser […]. La médecine chinoise est à
l'évidence une médecine de la régulation. […] La médecine
occidentale se fie à l'action impérieuse et décidant de ses
effets, il suffit d'écouter son vocabulaire : on vous "opère",
il s'agit d'une "intervention". Or la médecine chinoise,
sait-on, ne vise pas tant à soigner la maladie qu'à entretenir la
santé. Là encore, il s'agit stratégiquement d'intervenir en amont,
au niveau des conditions. […] On ne "tombe" jamais
malade. Mais une infime déviation (hors de la voie régulée de la
santé) [</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">生病 </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">shēng
bìng] a commencé de s'amorcer qui, si l'on n'y prend pas garde,
continuera de faire son chemin</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée Chinoise en vis-à-vis de la Philosophie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xii). Et ce qui vaut pour la médecine vaut tout autant pour la
politique. Ainsi y a-t-il "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">le
Tao du Ciel et le Tao de l'Homme. Ne pas agir mais s'imposer à tous,
voilà le Tao du Ciel. Agir mais être lié par ses actes, voilà le
Tao de l'Homme. Le prince s'identifie au Tao du Ciel, les sujets au
Tao de l'Homme […]. C'est pourquoi il est dit : ne pas
détruire le céleste par l'humain, ne pas détruire l'ordre naturel
par l'action humaine</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Zhuāng
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng
Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xi-xvii). Autrement dit, non seulement l'humain est le chaînon qui
ferme le cercle de la nature, mais, l'humanité elle-même est un
cercle à la circonférence duquel le pouvoir politique (le "prince")
joue le rôle de chaînon-clé (le caractère </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">王 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">wáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"prince, roi, etc." montre bien le lien que le dirigeant
politique établit entre ces trois étages que sont la terre, l'homme
et le ciel). Or, en chinois </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">人 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">rén</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> "humanité,
espèce humaine" est homophone à </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">仁</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">rén</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> "bonté,
bienveillance". Homophonie que n'a pas manqué d'exploiter la
pensée tant confucianiste ("</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">il
est bon d'habiter là où règne l'humanité. Qui choisit d'habiter
là où elle fait défaut manque de sagesse</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
Confucius, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Entretiens</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
iv,1) que bouddhiste ("</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">la
conduite éthique est fondée sur la vaste conception d'amour
universel et de compassion pour tous les êtres vivants, ce qui est à
la base de l'enseignement du Bouddha</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
Walpola Rahula – </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'Enseignement
du Bouddha</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
v). Il s'ensuit que la vie humaine n'est pas structurée par des
règles immuables, que celles-ci soient hygiéniques, diététiques,
juridiques ou morales, mais par un devoir d'ajustement ponctuel et
perpétuel. La pensée chinoise ne sépare pas la réflexion
politique ou sociale de sa vision de la nature. Pour elle, la
politique ou la médecine sont deux aspects du même devoir de
régulation harmonieuse qui, en raison de son statut particulier,
pèse sur l'homme en général et sur le pouvoir politique en
particulier et qui s'oppose à la conception
volontariste/interventionniste occidentale pour laquelle il s'agit
toujours soit d'opérer (médecine), soit de légiférer (politique).
Là où le savant/puissant occidental se voit assigner pour
tâche d'agir afin de résoudre les maux de l'humanité,
pour les Chinois, au contraire, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">le
Sage travaille à non-agir [</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">为无为, </span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">wéi wú
wéi]</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Lǎozǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dào
Dé Jīng</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§2)</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
C'est en ce sens que la politique chinoise a toujours été essentiellement
pragmatique, d'aucuns diront cynique, qui "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">libéralise
mais aussi, périodiquement, réprime, tantôt accélère et tantôt
freine, souffle tantôt le chaud, tantôt le froid, ouvre la main et
la referme</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée Chinoise en vis-à-vis de la Philosophie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xii), exactement de la même manière que la médecine traditionnelle
chinoise (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">中医 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">zhōng
yī</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
ici active l'énergie chaude de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阳 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yáng</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
là favorise l'énergie froide de </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">阴 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">yīn</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
etc. au gré de la situation.<br /><br />D'où, comme alternative aux
règles morales et/ou juridiques dont l'Occident s'est fait une
spécialité, l'importance capitale des rites (</span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">礼, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">lǐ</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
qui ne prescrivent explicitement et individuellement aucune conduite
pré-déterminée mais "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">canalisent
la conduite, c'est-à-dire la régulent comme un cours d'eau menaçant
toujours de déborder, et d'autant plus efficaces, savons-nous,
qu'elles opèrent à notre insu et sont plus profondément
assimilées</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Jullien, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Pensée Chinoise en vis-à-vis de la Philosophie</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xii). Tout particulièrement importants sont donc les rites. Non pas,
comme en Occident, avec l'intention de forger une soi-disant
"identité" culturelle ou communautaire qui soit, pour
paraphraser Platon, une image mobile de l'immortalité. Car, pour la
pensée chinoise, la mort n'a rien du châtiment divin
judéo-chrétien : "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">le
Seigneur Dieu déclara : […] ne permettons pas que l'homme
avance la main, qu’il cueille aussi le fruit de l’arbre de vie,
qu’il en mange et vive éternellement ! Alors le Seigneur
Dieu le renvoya du jardin d’Éden, pour qu’il travaille la terre
d’où il avait été tiré. Il expulsa l’homme, et il posta, à
l’orient du jardin d’Éden, les Kéroubim, armés d’un glaive
fulgurant, pour garder l’accès de l’arbre de vie</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Genèse</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
iii, 22-24). Non plus que de la panne définitive et la mise hors
d'état de servir de la machine cartésienne. Et, dans les deux cas,
la terreur du roseau pensant à l'idée d'un divorce entre l'infini
du temps et la finitude de la vie : "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">qui
se considérera de la sorte s'effraiera de soi-même, et, se
considérant soutenu dans la masse que la nature lui a donnée, entre
ces deux abîmes de l'infini et du néant, il tremblera dans la vue
de ces merveilles? [...] Il ne faut pas avoir l’âme fort élevée
pour comprendre qu’il n’y a point ici de satisfaction véritable
et solide, que tous nos plaisirs ne sont que vanité, que nos maux
sont infinis, et qu’enfin la mort, qui nous menace à chaque
instant, doit infailliblement nous mettre dans l’horrible nécessité
d’être éternellement ou anéantis ou malheureux. Il n’y a rien
de plus réel que cela ni de plus terrible</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Pascal, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pensées</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
B72-194). De là, toute une logique du pari sur une tortueuse
métaphysique de l'"immortalité de l'âme" à visée
réconciliatrice.</span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-align: justify; widows: 0;">
</p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Sauf
que, comme l'a souligné l'un des plus "chinois" parmi les penseurs occidentaux,
"l</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">'immortalité
de l'âme humaine, c'est à dire la survie éternelle après la mort,
non seulement n'est en aucune manière assurée, mais encore et
surtout n'apporte nullement ce qu'on a toujours voulu obtenir en en
recevant la croyance</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
6.4312). Tout y est dit. "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">La
crainte de la mort est le meilleur indice d’une vie fausse,
c’est-à-dire mauvaise</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Carnets
1914-1916</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
142). Ne pas craindre la mort, vivre pleinement sa vie, cela n'a rien d'une mystérieuse "force d'âme" hors du commun. Car, retournons la philosophie occidentale
contre elle-même, Pascal a parfaitement raison de dire que "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">rien
n'est si insupportable à l'homme que d'être dans un plein repos,
sans passions, sans affaire, sans divertissement, sans application.
Il sent alors son néant, son abandon, son insuffisance, sa
dépendance, son impuissance, son vide. Incontinent il sortira du
fond de son âme l'ennui, la noirceur, la tristesse, le chagrin, le
dépit, le désespoir</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Pascal, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pensées</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
B131). Là est le génie de Pascal : une phénoménologie de
l'ennui : du latin </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">in-odio</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"je prends en haine" (sous-entendu "ma vie"), en
remède auquel, effectivement, rien ne vaut ce que Pascal appelle
improprement le "divertissement" (</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">di-verto</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> "je
change de direction"). Car, dans la pensée chinoise, il s'agit moins
de changer de direction que de ne pas épuiser la direction que prend spontanément la vie, ne pas la dilapider en cherchant des
chemins qui ne mènent nulle part</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Dès lors, "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">si
l’on entend par éternité non la durée infinie mais l’absence
de durée [nicht unendliche Zeitdauer, sondern Unzeitlichkeit], alors
il a la vie éternelle celui qui vit dans le présent. La mort n’est
pas un événement de la vie ; notre vie n’a pas de fin comme notre
champ de vision n’a pas de frontière</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tractatus</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
6.4311) : de même que l'invisible est ce qu'on ne voit pas car hors
champ visuel, de même, la mort est ce qu'on ne vit pas car n'étant
ni ici, ni maintenant. Or, les rites ont exactement cette fonction :
célébrer l'être-ici-et-maintenant. Et, en particulier, éviter à
cette "folle du logis", à ce "singe fou piqué par un
scorpion", bref, à notre imagination, d'anticiper en la
fantasmant un état qui n'est, au fond, qu'une absence de perception.
En particulier, les rites qui contribuent au culte de la famille et
des ancêtres : la famille, c'est le schéma macroscopique du
cycle de la vie duquel les disparus ne sont nullement exclus mais
sont simplement considérés comme passés de la partie perceptible
de la nature à sa face imperceptible. Les morts ne sont plus
(perceptibles) et pourtant ils sont toujours là, non pas seulement
dans notre souvenir, mais aussi et surtout dans le cycle de la vie
que les bouddhistes nomment </span></span></span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zh-CN"><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;">转轮, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">zhuàn
lún</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"roue des transformations". Cycle éternel s'il en est.
Dans tous les cas de figure, il importe "</span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">que
l'on prenne pour conduit principal le principe régulateur. Entretenir le corps,
conserver la vie, nourrir l'intime et parachever les ans sont alors
possibles</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Zhuāng
Zǐ, </span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuāng
Zǐ</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
iii). Bref, les rites, qu'ils soient individuels ou collectifs, et à condition qu'ils ne soient confondus, ni avec des obligations morales ("devoir de mémoire"), ni avec des distractions commerciales ("la fête de ceci, la fête de cela"), les unes et les autres également sclérosantes (fixation sur le passé ou fuite en avant, donc négation de la valeur du présent vécu) sont, effectivement, des "divertissements" au sens de Pascal.</span></span></span></span></span></em></p><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-5490418516399105072021-10-25T09:44:00.008+02:002023-12-21T07:06:57.060+01:00PAYSAGE CONTEMPLE, PAYSAGE SENTI, PAYSAGE VÉCU.<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;">Dans
un article intitulé <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/etudesrurales/8725#text" target="_blank">Pratiques
Sportives mises en Perspective (Alpes, Calanques Marseillaises)</a>,
les auteurs, Aurélien Niel et Olivier Sirost annoncent avoir "<i>pour
objet d’introduire le concept de « paysage » dans le
rapport que les sportifs entretiennent avec l’espace qu’ils
investissent</i>"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>.
D'entrée de jeu, ils affirment que "<i>souvent considérés
comme une soif de liberté, une recherche de calme ou d’aventure,
les sports de pleine nature peuvent être également perçus comme
une façon spécifique et toute contemporaine de faire l’expérience
de la nature. Ils répondraient au « désir d’éprouver
l’espace par tout son corps et de ne pas se contenter d’une
attitude spectatoriale »</i>". Cette remarque
introductive, qui brille autant par ce qu'elle ne dit pas que par ce
qu'elle dit, suggère l'abîme qui sépare les conceptions
respectivement occidentale et chinoise de la notion de paysage et que
révèle, notamment, la présence des deux mots-clés "liberté"
et "expérience", très répandus dans le lexique
occidental moderne mais sans équivalent littéral en chinois<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a>.
Je voudrais à cette occasion défendre l'idée qu'on peut, certes,
appréhender un paysage à travers une "expérience de la
liberté" au sens occidental courant de cette expression mais
qu'on peut aussi, tout simplement, le "vivre" selon une
conception toute différente de la relation de l'être humain au
paysage, conception dont nous décèlerons néanmoins quelques traces
dans l'évolution contemporaine de la tradition artistique
occidentale.<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Commençons
donc par comprendre en quoi consiste un "paysage" dans la
culture occidentale. Les deux auteurs sus-référencés ont raison de
rappeler que "</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la vue détient une place prééminente dans
l’appréhension du paysage, </i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">[</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">et</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> qu']</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">il
convient de souligner que ce qui est vrai en Occident ne
l’est pas forcément dans d’autres cultures, comme les cultures
chinoise et japonaise</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">". Il est tout d'abord exact que, pour
la culture occidentale, un paysage est avant tout une entité qui
s'offre au regard. Le privilège accordé au regard en général est
un héritage de la philosophie grecque pour laquelle percevoir, c'est
voir illusoirement les choses matérielles avec les yeux du corps
physique et savoir, c'est encore voir, mais voir avec vérité des
entités immatérielles (les "idées") au moyen d'un
certain organe métaphysique, "l’œil de l'esprit"</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>3</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.
D'ailleurs, la notion même de κόσμος, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">kósmos</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, est
significative : le cosmos est, par opposition au chaos
(χάος, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">kháos</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">), l'ordre parfait qui, puisqu'il est
parfait, mérite justement d'être contemplé, admiré par
l'intermédiaire d'un organe lui-même exempt de tout reproche. Bref,
le cosmos, c'est un décor, LE décor par excellence (en latin
aussi, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">decorum</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, c'est l'ordre, la perfection). Il en
résulte une conception de la nature qui sera un peu mise entre
parenthèse par seize siècles de domination chrétienne (au cours on
encoragera ledit "œil de l'esprit" à se tourner vers le
Créateur de la Nature plutôt que vers la Nature elle-même) mais
qui ressurgira à la Renaissance à la faveur d'une (re-)découverte
humaniste des idéaux de la Grèce antique, notamment à travers la
peinture qui inaugure à proprement parler la notion de "paysage"
à partir du concept italien de </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">veduta</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, littéralement "vue".
Deux exemples célèbres de cette réorientation du regard : une
"Vue de Delft" de Vermeer (1660) et une "Tamise vue de
la Terrasse de Somerset" de Canaletto (1747) :</span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/2" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="212" name="images16" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/450px-10.jpg" width="361" /></a></span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/3" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="Paysage contemplé, paysage senti, paysage vécu. 390px-10" border="0" height="220" name="images17" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/390px-10.jpg" width="362" /></a></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Si on
analyse rapidement ces deux tableaux, on remarque l'importance de la
perspective panoramique, ainsi que le rapport qu'entretiennent la
terre, du ciel et de l'eau avec la présence humaine. Vue panoramique
("grand angle"</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>4</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
pour les photographes) : on s'intéresse moins au détail qu'à
l'ensemble, au tout, d'ailleurs ouvert (ce qui est vu invite à
imaginer ce qui n'est pas vu et qui sort du cadre) qui s'offrirait à
l’œil d'un spectateur idéalement situé en avant du premier plan
du tableau (d'où les lignes de fuite de la perspective) à partir
d'une mise en scène résultant du point de vue adopté par le
peintre. La terre, le ciel et l'eau : coexistence équilibrée
de trois des cinq "éléments" (l'air n'est pas encore
l'objet d'une représentation avant le XIX° siècle et le courant
Impressionniste ; quant au feu, fût-il celui du soleil, il
reste, symboliquement, un perturbateur, voire un destructeur
d'équilibre). Présence humaine : les êtres humains sont tout
petits, voire insignifiants et disparaissent tout à la fois derrière
leurs œuvres (voies, édifices, moyens de transport) et derrière
les trois éléments naturels que lesdites œuvres concurrencent par
leur importance. Voir idéalement l'agencement géométrique
d'un paisible équilibre entre nature et culture et au sein même des
éléments de la nature : telle est donc la fonction que la
Renaissance assigne à la peinture de paysage en particulier, voire à
l'art en général avec une intention moralisante à peine voilée
qui relève d'ailleurs de la responsabilité de l'artiste. Comme le
dit Boileau, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Un
auteur vertueux, dans ses vers innocents /Ne corrompt point le cœur
en chatouillant les sensations /Son feu n'allume point de criminelle
flamme /Aimez donc la vertu, nourrissez-en votre âme</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Boileau,
</span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Art
Poétique</span></u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
iv, 105-108).</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;">Comparons
à présent avec ces trois compositions chinoises anonymes (la notion
individualiste d'"auteur" est peu pertinente dans la
culture chinoise) et quasi-intemporelles (elles peuvent tout aussi
bien dater du X° que du XVII° siècle) :</span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/4" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="Paysage contemplé, paysage senti, paysage vécu. Proxy-10" border="0" height="199" name="images18" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/proxy-10.jpg" width="334" /></a></span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/6" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="175" name="images19" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/proxy-12.jpg" width="343" /></a></span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/5" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="Paysage contemplé, paysage senti, paysage vécu. Proxy-11" border="0" height="199" name="images20" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/proxy-11.jpg" width="344" /></a></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Apparemment,
il s'agit là aussi de faire voir un paysage sous un certain point de
vue. Mais si l'on affine l'observation</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>5</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
on discerne immédiatement quelques différences significatives :
dans la peinture sino-japonaise</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>6</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
les contours sont flous et souvent tourmentés, les couleurs sont
fades, la perspective est quasi-inexistante, les hommes, leurs
créations et leurs activités sont réduits à leur plus simple
expression. On pourrait alors être tenté de rapprocher ces estampes
d'un courant pictural occidental très puissant et très productif à
partir du milieu du XIX° siècle : l'Impressionnisme.
Rapprochons-les donc, respectivement, d'"Impressions Soleil
Levant" de Claude Monet (1872), "Burning of the Houses of
Parliament" de William Turner (1835) et à "la Nuit
Étoilée" de Vincent van Gogh (1889) :</span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/r/5920228325/330px-12.jpg" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="Paysage contemplé, paysage senti, paysage vécu. 330px-12" border="0" height="202" name="images13" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/330px-12.jpg" width="330" /></a></span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/11" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="Paysage contemplé, paysage senti, paysage vécu. 330px-13" border="0" height="194" name="images14" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/330px-13.jpg" width="330" /></a></span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/12" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="Paysage contemplé, paysage senti, paysage vécu. 330px-14" border="0" height="209" name="images15" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/330px-14.jpg" width="330" /></a></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">De
nouveau des paysages. Mais dont cette fois les contours sont flous
voire tourmentés, sans souci d'équilibre entre les éléments, des
couleurs qui, sans êtres fades, sont beaucoup moins "claquantes"
que dans la peinture de la Renaissance, avec peu de perspective et
encore moins de présence humaine. Plus cet autre élément commun :
la manifestation de l'air qui, chez les Impressionnistes comme chez
les peintres sino-japonais, est dense, en mouvement, presque
palpable. Malgré cela, on sent que les uns et les autres n'ont
cependant pas la même conception du paysage. Chez les peintres de la
Renaissance, l'accent est mis sur la précision géométrique de ce
qui est vu et, au-delà, imaginé : le paysage est une portion
significative d'espace rationnellement perçu et conçu par et pour
un observateur idéalement situé. Il est clair que les
Impressionnistes convoquent, pour apprécier le paysage, des facultés
humaines autres que la vision et la raison : l'audition (le
clapotement de l'eau dans le tableau de Monet, le ronflement du feu
dans celui de Turner) et surtout le toucher (humidité de l'eau,
chaleur du feu, moiteur de la nuit étoilée). Sauf que le son et la
sensation sont encore à imaginer, c'est-à-dire à dériver à
partir … de ce que l'on voit. C'est ce que précise Merleau-Ponty :
"</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cézanne disait qu'on
voit le velouté, la dureté, la mollesse, et même l'odeur des
objets</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Merleau-Ponty,
</span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sens et Non-sens</span></u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
I, iv</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">). </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Donc,
</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">nolens volens</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, retour à ce primat du visuel dont il était
question dans la peinture de paysage de la Renaissance. Et comme
toute vision a nécessairement un objet visible pour corrélat,
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'acte
du regard est indivisiblement prospectif, puisque l'objet est au
terme de son mouvement de fixation et rétrospectif puisqu'il va se
donner comme antérieur à son apparition, comme le stimulus, le
motif ou le "premier moteur"</span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Merleau-Ponty,
</span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Phénoménologie de
la Perception</span></u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, II,
i)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. Ce que souligne aussi Musil : </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">quand
un peintre de paysage sort le matin dans l'intention de chercher un
motif, la plupart du temps, il le trouve. C'est-à-dire qu'il trouve
quelque chose qui comble son intention ou, plus justement, qui lui
convient [...]. C'est seulement dans ces moments-là qu'il a
réellement un motif devant soi</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Musil,
</span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'Homme
sans Qualités</span></u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
II, §65). </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Bref,
l</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">e
motif (la motivation) du peintre occidental, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">qu'il
soit </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Classique
ou Impressionniste</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">reste</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">un
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">objet,
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">un</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
"quelque chose" à représenter. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">De
sorte que</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
le paysage n'est rien d'autre qu'un objet ou un "quelque chose"
d'un certain genre.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tandis
que dans nos estampes, le paysage n'est pas du tout traité
comme un
objet, ni de sage contemplation, ni de sensations plus
profuses ou
diffuses.
D'ailleurs,
tout y est "fade". Comme
le dit le sinologue François Jullien, dans
la peinture sino-japonaise de paysage, <em><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></em><em><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">rien
n'accapare l'attention, n'obnubile par sa présence, tout ce qui
commence à prendre forme se retire et se transforme. Selon une belle
expression chinoise inspirée du bouddhisme, la conscience, ici, ni
ne s'attache ni ne quitte [</span></i></em></span><span style="font-size: small;"><em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="zh"><span style="font-style: normal;">不即不离</span></span></span></em></span><span style="font-size: small;"><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bù
jí bù lí</span></span></span></em><em><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Jullien,
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Éloge
de la Fadeur à partir de la Pensée et de l'Esthétique de la Chine</span></u></span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
xii). </span></span></em>Le
paysage n'y
est pas considéré comme la
représentation d'un fragment
du monde, <i>a
fortiori</i>,
comme sa
"mise en scène",
c'est tout simplement le "monde" du peintre. Et
selon la formule bouddhiste rappelée par François Jullien, la
relation du peintre à son "monde" n'est ni celle d'une
mise à distance respectueuse (Renaissance), ni celle d'une fusion
sensuelle (Impressionnisme), mais simplement
celle
d'une présence vécue.
Pour les Chinois ou les Japonais, ni le peintre, ni
le musicien, ni le poète,
ni le voyageur/promeneur ne (se) "représentent" le
paysage. Ils (elles) le vivent : ce
qui y est suggéré, à rebours des traditions occidentales, ce
n'est pas un "point de vue" particulier idéal
(Renaissance) ou non (Impressionnisme), c'est
LA vie en général, LA vie en ce qu'elle a de nécessairement
connecté au tout de la Nature.
Car le paysage devient
alors le
monde de la vie tout entier. Wittgenstein,
en cela très peu occidental, disait : <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
monde et la vie sont une seule et même chose. Je suis mon monde (le
microcosme)</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tractatus</span></u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
5.621). Et Bergson, dans la même veine : </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est
se méprendre étrangement sur le rôle de l'imagination poétique
que de croire qu'elle compose ses héros avec des morceaux empruntés
à droite et à gauche autour d'elle, comme pour coudre un habit
d'Arlequin. Rien de vivant ne sortirait de là. La vie ne se
recompose pas</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Bergson,
</span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Rire</span></u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
iii). </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tout
juste se</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
laisse-</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">t-elle</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
évoquer, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">suggérer,</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
par une discrète allusion. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bref,</span>
la vie n'est,
ni à
la manière des peintres de la Renaissance, ni
comme
chez
les Impressionnistes, une
conséquence (paisible pour les uns, plus passionnée pour les
autres) d'un
rapport de
dénotation qui va d'un
sujet percevant (l'artiste,
puis le spectateur) à
un objet perçu (le paysage).
Si,
pour Proust, "<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
l'art seulement nous pouvons sortir de nous, savoir ce que voit un
autre de cet univers qui n'est pas le même que le nôtre et dont les
paysages nous seraient restés aussi inconnus que ceux qu'il peut y
avoir dans la lune. Grâce à l'art, au lieu de voir un seul monde,
le nôtre, nous le voyons se multiplier et autant qu'il y a
d'artistes originaux, autant nous avons de mondes à notre
disposition, plus différents les uns des autres que ceux qui roulent
dans l'infini, et bien des siècles après qu'est éteint le foyer
dont il émanait, qu'il s'appelât Rembrandt ou Ver Meer, nous
envoient encore leur rayon spécial</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Proust,
</span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Temps Retrouvé</span></u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
2285), </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pour
les peintres sino-japonais, en revanche, l'art n'a pas, de quelque
manière que ce soit, d'intention directement pédagogique en ce
qu'elle n'a pas pour fonction de "montrer" </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">quoi
que ce soit</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Certes,
objectera-t-on, en admettant que "montrer" ne soit pas le
but, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la
fonction explicite</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de la peinture sino-japonaise, cela reste </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">néanmoins</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
son effet. </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C'est
exact, mais ce qui est montré, d'une part ne peut être dit, d'autre
part n'a pas un référent dans le monde mais est un exemple du
monde. Ce ne peut être dit, c'est-à-dire faire l'objet d'un
discours savant, </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">a
fortiori </span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">péda</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nt</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
comme c'est généralement le cas pour la peinture occidentale
(Chinois et Japonais ignorent par exemple la fonction de "critique"
d'art). Wittgenstein encore : </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
qui, dans les signes, ne parvient pas à l’expression linguistique,
l’usage des signes le montre [</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">was
in den Zeichen nicht zum Ausdruck kommt, das zeigt ihre
Anwendung</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tractatus</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
3.262). </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Et
c'est ainsi, par l'usage, que le peintre "montre" en
dessinant que c'est là sa manière à lui de "vivre" le
paysage, </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
même que le poète le "</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">montre</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"
à travers sa poésie, </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le
musicien sa musique</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
et le voyageur </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">son
voyage</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Du coup, d'autre part, ce que "montre" la peinture de
paysage sino-japonaise </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'étant
pas un objet ou un fragment du monde mais le monde, c'est-à-dire la
vie dans son tout indissoluble, le tableau, la gravure, l'estampe
doivent être pensés comme un exemple, un échantillon de la vie ou
du monde. Comme l'écrit Nelson Goodman, </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">être-un-échantillon-de,
ou exemplifier, est un peu comme une relation du type être-un-ami ;
ce qui distingue mes amis n’est pas une simple propriété ou même
un faisceau de propriétés identifiables, mais d’être, pour un
moment, en relation d’amitié avec moi</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Goodman,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Manières
de faire des Mondes</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) :
de même que c'est en l'harmonie, la connivence entre deux amis que
réside leur amitié, de même, ce sera dans l'</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">harmonie,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
connivence avec la Nature<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a>
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
le paysage peint pourra être dit exemplifier le monde de la vie
auquel s'intègre le peintre, le poète, le musicien, le voyageur.
"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Loin
donc d'être une espèce de dénotation [</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">i.e.
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
relation de connaissance</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">],
l'exemplification suit la direction opposée</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Goodman,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">of
Mind and other Matters</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">) :
affirmer que le paysage peint est un "exemple" du monde,
c'est donc supposer que ce n'est pas le tableau qui fera connaître,
de quelque manière, à qui le regardera, </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">tout
ou partie du</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
monde mais que c'est tout à l'inverse le monde tel qu'il est vécu
tout à la fois par le peintre et par son éventuel spectateur </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(le
"microcosme" de Wittgenstein) </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui
se retrouve </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">potentiellement</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">concentré
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
ce fragile échantillon</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a></span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Très
curieusement, c'est même exactement la </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">fonction</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
que Proust, après l'avoir refusée à la peinture, reconnaît à la
littérature : </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
vraie vie, la vie enfin découverte et éclaircie, la seule vie par
conséquent réellement vécue, c'est la littérature. Cette vie qui
en un sens, habite à chaque instant chez tous les hommes aussi bien
que chez l'artiste</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Proust,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Temps Retrouvé</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
2284)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a>.
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De
sorte que, </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mutatis
mutandis</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
on pourrait appliquer à la peinture sino-japonaise de paysage l'idée
selon laquelle son unique vertu pédagogique consiste à être </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">une
sorte de "révélateur" (encore une métaphore optique) de
la vie </span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">car
le style pour l'écrivain aussi bien que la couleur pour le peintre
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[…]
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">est
la révélation, qui serait impossible par des moyens directs et
conscients, de la différence qualitative qu'il y a dans la façon
dont nous apparaît le monde, différence qui, s'il n'y avait pas
l'art, resterait le secret éternel de chacun</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">loc.
cit.</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">À
l'importante différence près, cependant, qu'il ne s'agit pas, dans
la tradition tao-bouddhiste<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a>
de (re-)constituer le "moi" du peintre ou du spectateur,
mais, au contraire de le dissoudre, non pas de révéler la plénitude
de la vie, mais, tout au contraire, sa vacuité.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;">Disons
donc que, pour
la peinture sino-japonaise, "<i>il
y a "paysage" lorsque ma capacité connaissante bascule,
s'inverse, en connivence [</i><i>谋</i>,
móu, litt. "conspiration", "convergence"<i>] ; que
le rapport d'objectivation, et d'abord d'observation que j'entretiens
avec le monde se mue en entente et en communication tacite : de
connaissant que j'étais vis-à-vis du "pays" (le savoir de
la géographie), je redeviens connivent dans un paysage</i>"(Jullien, <u>la
Pensée Chinoise en vis-à-vis de la Philosophie</u>,
x). Je
suggère à
présent de
prendre
cette notion de "connivence" comme paradigme de l'intensité
de la relation qu'un être humain entretient avec un paysage et de
dire
la chose suivante : cette connivence est maximale dans la peinture
sino-japonaise qui "<i>ne
représente pas un paysage particulier, tel "coin" de
nature imaginaire ou perçu, mais tente, chaque fois, d'actualiser le
paysage par excellence, de capter par son tracé la grande animation
du réel</i>"(Jullien, <u>le
Détour et l'Accès, Stratégie du Sens en Chine et en Grèce</u>,
vii) car,
comme le dit <em><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Lǎozǐ,</span></span></em>
<em><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></em><em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">chercher
la pureté et la paix dans la séparation d’avec le monde, c’est
exagération. Elles peuvent s’obtenir dans le monde. La pureté
s’obtient dans le trouble de ce monde, par le calme intérieur, à
condition qu’on ne se chagrine pas de l’impureté du monde. La
paix s’obtient dans le mouvement de ce monde, par celui qui sait
prendre son parti de ce mouvement, et qui ne s’énerve pas à
désirer qu’il s’arrête</span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Lǎozǐ,
</span></span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tao
Te King</span></u></span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§15)<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span>
La
"connivence" entendue en ce sens
est déjà
moindre
dans la peinture impressionniste qui instaure
déjà une coupure entre un
sujet et un
objet
en s'évertuant à faire sentir
un
paysage, certes
évanescent et mouvant, mais toujours, en
droit
sinon
en fait, à
distance d'un spectateur, réel
ou potentiel, donc,
encore et toujours comme un spectacle, un décor. Enfin la peinture
classique héritée des idéaux antiques occidentaux n'incite
à
aucune espèce de connivence avec un paysage qu'elle entend
représenter dans toute sa perfection visuelle afin que celui-ci soit
admiré à la manière dont on vénère un Dieu transcendant,
c'est-à-dire
comme absolument séparé, en fait comme en droit, du spectateur.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Donc,
effectivement, comme le soulignent les auteurs de </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">notre
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">article
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">introductif</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
même si </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">c</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">elle-</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ci</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
n'est ni monolithique ni figée, il existe </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">indiscutablement
une </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">tendance
à la transcendance visuelle dans la conception "occidentale"
du paysage, tendance qui n'est pas du tout partagée par d'autres
cultures, notamment extrême-orientales. En tout cas, il </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">est
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">exact
que, dans certaines cultures, "</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>le
paysage reflète la manière dont les sens [</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">note </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>:
Nous sommes conscients de la dimension culturelle que recèle
l’énumération des sens. Si chez les Hausa du Nigeria deux termes
seulement servent à exprimer les cinq sens (un pour la vue, un pour
tous les autres), dans les sociétés occidentales, après de
multiples débats philosophiques et scientifiques, l’existence de
cinq sens l’a emporté] éprouvent une portion d’espace. Cette
expérience débouche alors sur un jugement esthétique</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">",
jugement qui est "objectif"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a>
en cela que le paysage y est considéré comme un "objet".
Là où nous sommes moins d'accord, en revanche, avec les auteurs </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">de
l'article</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
c'est lorsqu'ils prétendent "</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>reconsidérer
la présupposée domination visuelle dans l’appréhension du
paysage pour l’ensemble des sportifs. Des sens comme le toucher,
implicitement dévalués dans la recherche sur le paysage, sont en
effet essentiels chez certaines catégories de sportifs, comme les
grimpeurs</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">".
D'abord parce que, comme nous l'avons montré, l'Occident n'a pas
attendu les sportifs pour reconsidérer et relativiser la domination
visuelle dans l'appréhension du paysage. Ensuite parce que cette
catégorisation "sensible" ("aesthésique"
disent-ils aussi) d</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">'une</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
relation au paysage </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">en
continuité avec des préoccupations "écologistes" tout à
fait dans l'air du temps </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">nous
paraît éminemment contestable dans l</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">a</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
mesure où aucune activité, fût-elle sportive,</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
fût-elle</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">écolo-sensible,
de l'homme </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">occidental</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
ne semble </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">pouvoir
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">concevoir
le paysage autrement que comme un objet. </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">D'ailleurs,
nos deux auteurs en conviennent d'eux-mêmes : </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l'"</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>objectivité
matérielle [est] retravaillée par les sensibilités multiples des
acteurs qui se l’approprient, le paysage n’est pas une notion
figée, sur laquelle le temps n’a pas prise. Sa dynamique repose
essentiellement sur deux points. D’une part, l’environnement
physique évolue sous l’effet des diverses actions anthropiques,
et, simultanément, modifie le regard de l’individu, la réalité
observée, ressentie, n’étant plus la même. D’autre part,
les pratiques sociales d’appropriation ou de consommation de
l’espace, notamment naturel, sont en constante mutation. De fait,
aux modulations de certaines pratiques (de l’escalade en falaise à
l’escalade sur bloc) répondent des activités inédites, dont les
sports extrêmes sont exemplaires</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">".
Les auteurs reconnaissent donc explicitement que la relation au
paysage qu'entretiennent les sportifs en particulier est étroitement
conditionnée par deux facteurs caractéristiques de la civilisation
occidentale. D'une part la transformation industrielle de la nature
(ce que les peintres de la Renaissance n'avaient pas manqué de
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">relever</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">).
Et, d'autre part, ce qui est à la fois plus récent et plus lourd de
conséquences encore, ce que nous appellerons le "consumérisme
naturel" qui consiste en ce que des individus prétendent
s'"approprier" (de quelque manière que ce soit) des
portions d'espace afin d'y consommer du temps libre ("loisir").
Bref, que ce soit pour les peintres occidentaux en général (</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">mais
aussi pour l</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">es
photographes ou </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">es
cinéastes) ou bien pour les "sportifs" </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">prétendument
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">écolo</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">-sensibles</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le
paysage reste encore et toujours un objet. </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">U</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">n
objet que l'on </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ne
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">se
contente </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">d'ailleurs
plus </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">de
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">contemple</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">r</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
ou </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">de</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
sent</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ir
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">à
la manière </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">des
artistes </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ou
des lettrés</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
mais que l'on entend désormais "s'approprier", soit afin
d'en jouir </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">égoïstement
(je crains que ce soit le cas </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">pour
une majorité </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">de
sportif-</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ive-</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">s
en général)</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
soit, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">pourquoi
pas,</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
pour </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le
préserver, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">en
prendre soin </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">(telle
est une des préoccupations majeures de nos modernes "écologistes")</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
ou encore, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">selon
une démarche politicienne </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">électoralement
très payante,</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">de
l'</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">aménager</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">(sous-entendu,
afin que l'une </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">au
moins </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">des
deux catégories pré-citées s'en déclare satisfait</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">e)</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Voilà
donc un article qui ne fait que renouveler sans la remettre
sérieusement en question, la tradition occidentale d'appréhension
du paysage caractérisée à la fois par son individualisme
méthodologique ("</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>davantage
attaché à la notion de territoire qu’à l’appréciation
esthétique de l’espace – que nous désignerions sous le
vocable de « mise en paysage » –, Jean-Pierre
Augustin [1986], précurseur de l’analyse géographique appliquée
au domaine sportif, développe l’idée selon laquelle l’extension
et l’appropriation de nouveaux espaces maritimes sont liés à
l’émergence de nouvelles pratiques, tel le surf</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"
; "</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>dès
que l’environnement est envahi, le paysage est comme entaché :
il perd de sa substance. Pour le géographe Yi-Fu Tuan [1977] la
sensation d’espace est intimement liée à celle de liberté. Il
ajoute que la solitude en est une condition nécessaire. Cette
réflexion trouve un écho chez les sportifs de plein air, qui
valorisent l’espace et l’isolement, générateurs d’un fort
sentiment de liberté</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">")
et par son parti-pris phénoménologique faisant </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">encore
et toujours </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la
part belle au regard ("</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>les
études de Jacques Birouste sur l’aesthésique sportive [1993]
appellent également à une autre compréhension de l’« être-là »</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"
; "</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>ce
qui rassemble tous ces sportifs et fonde l’originalité de leur
relation au paysage se situe dans le mouvement, la kinesthésie.
L’inscription dynamique du corps dans l’espace débouche sur des
perceptions paysagères nouvelles. On peut alors parler de
contemplation active pour évoquer ce rapport privilégié. Par
l’acte sportif, le paysage ne s’offre plus : il se dévoile.
Et le sportif réinvente à sa façon de nouveaux schèmes de
délectation du paysage</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">").</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Bref,
bien que l'idée soit dans l'air du temps, il n'est pas du tout
certain que l'approche sportive </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">analysée
par</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
cet article renouvelle autant la relation du l'homme au paysage que
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ne
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le
prétendent leurs auteurs. </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Il
nous semble même que, tout au contraire, les Occidentaux ne se sont
jamais à ce point sentis "</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>comme
maîtres et possesseurs de la Nature</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">",
pour parler comme Descartes, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">et,
comme lui, avec la meilleure conscience du monde</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote13sym" name="sdfootnote13anc"><sup>13</sup></a></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">témoin
la fréquence et la connotation élogieuse du terme "appropriation"
dans le lexique moderne</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Donc</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">si
nouveauté il y </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">doit
y avoir</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
c'est </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">dans
le sens où</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
le paysage, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">naguère</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">chasse
gardée des artistes </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">et
des lettrés</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">s'est
désormais démocratisé, au point que, comme l'exprime </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">clairement
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Merleau-Ponty,
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>je
suis la source absolue du paysage, car c’est moi qui fais être
pour moi cet horizon dont la distance à moi s’effondrerait,
puisqu’elle ne lui appartient pas comme une propriété, si je
n’étais pas là pour la parcourir du regard. [C'est pourquoi]
le paysage me touche et m’affecte, il m’atteint dans mon être le
plus singulier</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Merleau-Ponty,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Phénoménologie
de la Perception</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Elle
est </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">donc
bien </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">là
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">véritable
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"nouveauté" </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">à
quoi notre article fait allusion </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">:
le "paysage", </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">reste
</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">un
objet qui se donne à un sujet, sauf que c'est la conscience du sujet
("je", "moi") qui crée l'objet par son activité
de distanciation de ce qui n'est pas elle-même et donc en découpant
dans le réel un "quelque chose" qui la concerne à titre
de "propriété"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote14sym" name="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>14</sup></a>.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Par
contraste, donnons à présent</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
un aperçu de ce en quoi peut consister une approche du paysage dans
la pensée sino-japonaise fondée, comme nous le disions plus haut,
sur la notion de "connivence" vitale, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>versus </i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">celles,
très occidentales, de connaissance visuelle </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">et/</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ou
d'appropriation sensible. Nous avons déjà fait remarquer que la
notion de paysage en tant que portion d'espace contemplée ou sentie
n'a pas de sens pour les Chinois. La raison profonde est simple à
comprendre : pourquoi se contenter d'une partie quand on peut
accéder au tout, au grand Tout ? </span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ton
âme</span></i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">peut</span></i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">elle</span></i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">embrasser
l'Un</span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">一</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
yī</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">sans</span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">jamais</span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR">s'en
détacher, former avec lui un tout indissoluble ?</span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Peux-tu
former ton âme de façon qu'elle embrasse l'Un ?</span></i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Lǎozǐ,
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tao
Te King</span></u></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
§10). </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Or,
pour </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Tao</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></span></em><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
le grand Tout n'est pas un </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">objet</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
(quelque chose comme la Nature), fût-</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">il</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
infini (comme chez Spinoza<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote15sym" name="sdfootnote15anc"><sup>15</sup></a>),
mais un processus : </span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">penser
ne serait plus commencer par se retourner contre, objecter,
affronter, chercher à s'émanciper </span></i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[…]
</span></i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mais
invite à entrer dans un processus en cours, dont on reconnaît ne
pas avoir l'initiative, celui d'un apprentissage qui nous vient du
fond des âges et qu'on prolonge au fil des jours pour le porter plus
loin</span></i></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Jullien,
</span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'Invention
de l'Idéal et le Destin de l'Europe</span></u></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
i), </span></span></span></em><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">celui
qui, précisément s'actualise en permanence en produisant toute
chose. </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Plus
précisément,</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
"</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>les
Chinois appellent ce fonds commun d'où naît toute actualisation, en
tirant sa respiration, le "souffle-énergie" (</i></span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">氣</i><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>,
qì)</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Jullien, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><u>la
Grande Image n'a pas de Forme, à partir des Arts de peindre la Chine
Ancienne</u></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
ix). D</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ès
lors,</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
"</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>il
est deux façons dont mon existence se trouve continûment branchée
sur un dehors : je respire et je perçois. Soit on privilégie
le regard et l'activité de perception, et tel est le choix
[occidental] qui a conduit à concevoir prioritairement le réel
comme un objet de connaissance, […] soit je fonde ma conception du
monde, non sur l'activité de connaissance mais sur la respiration,
et tel est le choix chinois</i></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Jullien, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><u>la
Grande Image n'a pas de Forme, à partir des Arts de peindre la Chine
Ancienne</u></span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
ix). Dans le premier cas, ce dont on jouit, c'est la précision, la
pénétration, la finitude, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la
réplétion.</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
Dans le second, c'est l'évanescence, la connivence,
l'indétermination, </span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l'appétit</span><span lang="fr-FR" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Reprenons
un exemple avec cette peinture chinoise de paysage :</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/13" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="Paysage contemplé, paysage senti, paysage vécu. Proxy-13" border="0" height="176" name="images21" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/proxy-13.jpg" width="287" /></a></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;">Un
Occidental pourrait demander : mais enfin, quel est l'intérêt
d'une telle image ? On n'y reconnaît absolument rien. C'est
plat, banal, fade, impersonnel et sans temporalisation
ni localisation
possibles.
Et il aurait raison. Car, effectivement, "<i>le
peintre ne peint pas un coin du monde, mais l'univers dans sa
totalité, dans l'espace et la durée, les quatre orients et les
quatre saisons</i>"(Jullien, <u>la
Grande Image n'a pas de Forme, à partir des Arts de peindre la Chine
Ancienne</u>,
ix). Autrement dit, voilà une image qui n'est ni à contempler,
ni à ressentir, puisqu'il n'y a, à proprement parler, rien à y
percevoir ni apercevoir. Le paysage peint est donc
plutôt
là pour nous suggérer
sans nous le dire explicitement
une
respiration
participant
au grand "souffle-énergie" (氣, qì) dont
procède toute chose. C'est
en ce sens qu'il peut être dit y avoir
connivence avec la vie. Et d'ailleurs, quel est le (la) promeneur
(euse) occidental(e) (cf. Rousseau<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote16sym" name="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a>)
qui
ne
s'est pas littéralement
senti(e)
respirer plus librement en jouissant
de quelque paysage ? Sauf que, d'un
point de vue taoïste,
ce n'est pas parce qu'il est "grandiose", "admirable"
mais au
contraire parce
qu'il est "fade" que
Jean-Jacques peut si librement
le "respirer" !
En effet, "<i>à
la fadeur éprouvée dans les choses correspond la capacité de
détachement intérieur. Que le même mot chinois (</i><i>淡</i><i>, </i>dàn<i>)
signifie à la fois l'un et l'autre, sans distinction de sujet et
d'objet, nous donne à réfléchir. […] Car quand la conscience ne
se laisse plus happer par la diversité des saveurs mais sait
apercevoir l'indifférenciation essentielle qui sert de fond à
toutes ces différences, le monde redevient disponible […] et tout
coopère spontanément et de plein gré</i>"(Jullien, <u>Éloge
de la Fadeur à partir de la Pensée et de l'Esthétique de la Chine</u>,
iii). </span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Le
paysage n'est donc rien d'autre, pour les Chinois, qu'une invitation
à la méditation, au calme, à la paix, au vide intérieurs, ce
</span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i>vide
inébranlable à l'usage inépuisable</i></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Lǎozǐ,
</span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Tao
Te King</u></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§5)</span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> auxquels, au fond, tous les Sages de toutes
les civilisations nous ont toujours exhortés. Car "</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le calme
intérieur, l'intuition du vide ne nous rendent pas inaccessible à
l'émotion. [Seulement] quand on accède au monde de la fadeur, les
sentiments ne nous distraient plus, l'expérience émotionnelle est
décantée : la conscience reflète donc d'autant mieux, selon
la vieille métaphore de l'eau paisible ou du miroir, l'infinie
richesse de la vie intérieure</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Jullien, </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Éloge de
la Fadeur à partir de la Pensée et de l'Esthétique de la Chine</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
xiv). La fadeur comme valeur fondamentale du paysage, rien n'est
moins "occidental", direz-vous. Que nenni ! La preuve : le
silence. Pourquoi </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">homo occidentalis</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> est-il à ce point
obnubilé par la recherche du silence ? Non pas moins de bruit
(que dans les villes) mais plus de bruit du tout ! Au fond, le
silence n'est-il pas l'autre nom de la fadeur sonore, non pas
l'absence de son (comment se pourrait-ce ?) mais un son
indifférencié, comme une sorte de vibration originelle à l'unisson
de laquelle nous cherchons plus ou moins consciemment à nous
accorder ? En risquant une analogie synesthésique que n'aurait
pas désavouée Merleau-Ponty, on pourrait même dire, en
enchevêtrant peinture, musique et poésie, que la peinture chinoise
de paysage est "silencieuse" au sens où </span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sans
qu'il y ait discours, [le poème] est musical, [il] fait entendre le
silence comme le fait entendre ce cri d'oiseau qu'on perçoit d'un
moment à l'autre, au creux du vallon, fond du silence qui n'est
jamais dit mais dont tout ce paysage est imprégné</span></i></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Jullien,
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
Sage est sans Idée, ou l'Autre de la Philosophie</span></u></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
II, vii). </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Certes</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
selon une </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">certaine</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
approche du romantisme, comme dans les <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hj75lgF8RsJs95JXzveDssucUOKaQj30/view?usp=sharing">"Impresiones Intimas" de Federico Mompou</a></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
y a bien évocation d'un </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">paysage
intérieur calme et paisible, </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">voire
silencieux</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mais</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
silence est </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">alors</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
celui d'un </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">repli
sur soi</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mélancolique</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">presque
douloureux<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote17sym" name="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">plus
que d'un</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
connivence sereine avec la nature</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Le
silence y est celui de l'absence de ..., et non pas de la présence à
…, </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
est pauvreté et non richesse.</span></span></em><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Et si on y ajoute un peu d'allant, dans un registre un peu moins languissant, comme dans cette <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QNIMW1QQLFgLjaQIPPAlAJjbYyWrWFvW/view?usp=sharing">"Fantaisie en do majeur </a></span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QNIMW1QQLFgLjaQIPPAlAJjbYyWrWFvW/view?usp=sharing"><i>der Wanderer </i>("le Vagabond") de Franz Schubert</a>, on reconnaît à présent cette </span></span></span><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">gaîté </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tragique</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> (</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;">die H</em><em style="font-family: georgia;">e</em><em style="font-family: georgia;">iterkeit</em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">) </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">célébrée</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> par Nietzsche, celle qui aide à surmonter le "dégoût de l'existence"<span style="font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tandis
que</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
comme l'écrit </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
sinologue </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cyrille
Javary, </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans
de nombreuses peintures traditionnelles, on voit parfois, au milieu
d'immenses montagnes et de vastes rivières, deux petits personnages
jouer de la musique. Ils sont une évocation de la double connivence
existant entre chacun d'eux et, en même temps, entre eux deux et le
paysage environnant</span></i></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Javary,
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cent
Mots pour comprendre les Chinois</span></u></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
art. "</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">joie,
musique</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">").
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De
cette connivence </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vitale</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
entre </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fade
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">présence
et </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">riche
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">silence
vient aussi que les rares êtres animaux non-humains admis à figurer
</span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sur
ces peintures de paysage sont les oiseaux, </span></span></em><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">animaux
"musiciens" s'il en est, ou bien "joyeux", puisque le même caractère chinois </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">乐 peut se lire yuè (musique) tout aussi bien que lè (joie)</span><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></em></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><em style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></em></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZJXWXm4yZBKsh_r-hVQxrorAgbuUcHmI7re4w5vaqqs2uUe-WDb32bNYohICzEek5KJeVGfLqvmEGwVzfhK5pqKDIC5Jnh3sJ7xpvCqCF3dzOmwYzgu1V3TaL_FMv3pRnDcpG8Qxlag4/s225/proxy-image+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="225" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZJXWXm4yZBKsh_r-hVQxrorAgbuUcHmI7re4w5vaqqs2uUe-WDb32bNYohICzEek5KJeVGfLqvmEGwVzfhK5pqKDIC5Jnh3sJ7xpvCqCF3dzOmwYzgu1V3TaL_FMv3pRnDcpG8Qxlag4/s0/proxy-image+%25281%2529.jpg" width="225" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtVbvYPNFES981FKC5xvZlMJtqJCG7ieI5eBSqyq_Cwho6FoLYwcnzpey6ACQ2gEd2HN4jNBF51tyindwg_wCHbQivBOMgcGHl25WPJInklGnzzs4dFXb8L0HPgsLljwmeslDorBEN1KI/s300/proxy-image.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="206" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtVbvYPNFES981FKC5xvZlMJtqJCG7ieI5eBSqyq_Cwho6FoLYwcnzpey6ACQ2gEd2HN4jNBF51tyindwg_wCHbQivBOMgcGHl25WPJInklGnzzs4dFXb8L0HPgsLljwmeslDorBEN1KI/s0/proxy-image.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><br /><p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Un
Sage chinois du III° siècle de l'ère commune a écrit que "</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le
grand procès de la nature est simple et aisé [...]. La vertu du Tao
est plate et fade, aussi n'y a-t-il ni son ni saveur. […] Le </i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">阴</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
yīn et le </i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">阳</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
yáng</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">communiquent
spontanément entre eux ; dans la mesure où il y a absence de
saveur, tous les existants sont spontanément heureux</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Ruan
Ji, </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Traité
sur la Musique</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">).
La fadeur, l'absence de saveur, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le
vide, le silence, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">cette
vertu (</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">德
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
dé) fondamentale que le Sage va rechercher dans un paysage se
présente donc comme une invitation à concentrer </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">en
soi</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
le "souffle-énergie" (</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">氣</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
qì) de la Vie ou, plus exactement, du Vivre, du processus de la Vie,
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">cette
vie </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">que
la sagesse commande de "nourrir"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
(</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">要养生</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
yào yǎng shēng, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"il
importe de nourrir la vie"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">),
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">c'est-à-dire
d'entretenir </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">comme
un bien inestimable</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote18sym" name="sdfootnote18anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>18</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Il
se trouve même que</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
"</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">le chinois
ne distingue pas, d'un point de vue morphologique, entre "vivre"
et la "vie" (</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">生</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
shēng) ; et encore ce mot peut-il signifier aussi bien, en
chinois classique, "naître" et "engendrer" :
la vie y est prise moins comme un état (le vivant) que comme une
activité de poussée et d'avènement</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Jullien, </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Chemin
faisant, connaître la Chine, relancer la Philosophie</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
vii). </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Loin
de supposer une </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">notion
de "progrès" au sens occidental </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">(fût-il
darwinien) </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">du
terme, c'est-à-dire </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">de</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
poussée monotone et continue vers un plus </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ou
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">un
mieux, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">l</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">a
"poussée" dont il est question ici et qui caractérise la
vie </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">ou
le "vivre" </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">(</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">生</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
shēng) en général est, si l'on ose cette analogie technologique,
non pas un courant continu mais un courant alternatif entre deux
pôles opposés, le </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">阴</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
yīn et le </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">阳</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
yáng entre lesquels circule le "souffle-énergie" (</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">氣</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
qì). Peu importe ici ce que l'on désigne exactement par ces termes,
indissociables de la pensée taoïste</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote19sym" name="sdfootnote19anc" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><sup>19</sup></a><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.
Qu'il nous suffise de comprendre que "</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">阴</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
yīn et </i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">阳</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
yáng ne sont pas matière mais facteurs de polarité</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Jullien, </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">un
Sage est sans Idée, ou l'Autre de la Philosophie</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
I, viii). Autrement dit, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">qu'</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">il
n'y a pas une essence, une vérité </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">définitive
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">de
la vie, mais un mouvement contradictoire, un perpétuel processus
duel </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">qui
en résume la réalité</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.
Raison pour laquelle "</span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">la
pensée chinoise […] ne s'est [guère] consacrée à la quête de
la Vérité, lui préférant l'"être-en-phase" (</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">示威</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
shì wēi), […] aborde toute expérience, y compris intérieure,
sous l'angle de la corrélation des facteurs opposés </i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">阴</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
yīn et </i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">阳</i><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">,
yáng, c'est-à-dire de la régulation des énergies et de
l'harmonie</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"(Jullien, </span><u style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">cinq
Concepts proposés à la Psychanalyse</u><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">).
Ce sera donc à </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">être
en phase</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
avec cette dualité </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">dynamique,
tout à la fois </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">harmonieuse
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">et</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">
contradictoire, de tout processus naturel (vital) que nous invitera
le paysage </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">vécu
comme une méditation</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;">Pour
bien se persuader du rôle dynamique et harmonisant de la
contradiction,
là
encore à l'opposé diamétral de la conception occidentale
l'érigeant en vice suprême<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote20sym" name="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>20</sup></a>,
il
suffit de se rappeler qu'en
chinois, "paysage" se dit 山水
,
shān shuǐ , "montagne-eau", ou bien 风景
,
fēng jǐng , "vent-lumière", ou encore 地景
,
dì jǐng , "terre-lumière". Dans toutes
ces expressions, on perçoit la présence d'un élément 阴,
yīn, la terre, l'eau, le vent, et d'un élément 阳,
yáng, la montagne, la lumière. Là encore, une telle bipolarité
ontologique n'est pas exclusive de la pensée extrême-orientale
puisqu'elle a été développée, notamment dans la notion
philosophique
de
"sublime" (de Pseudo-Longin à Kant en passant par Burke),
laquelle est même devenue une catégorie fondatrice de l'esthétique
occidentale dite "romantique". Voyez, par exemple, ces deux
tableaux du peintre romantique Caspar Friedrich, "le Voyageur
contemplant une mer de Nuages" (1818), "Lever de Lune sur
la Mer" (1821). </span></p>
<p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/14" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="270" name="images22" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/211px-10.jpg" width="211" /></a></span></p><p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/15" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="Paysage contemplé, paysage senti, paysage vécu. 300px-10" border="0" height="245" name="images23" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/300px-10.jpg" width="300" /></a></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR">N'y
décèle-t-on pas exactement la même logique de composition que dans
les peintures chinoises que nous avons reproduites plus haut ?
Mêmes jeux d'oppositions : montagne/nuages, terre/lumière,
</span><span lang="fr-FR">ciel/brume</span><span lang="fr-FR">.
Même fadeur des teintes et des contours. Et pourtant, d'une part, il
n'en émane nulle impression de connivence avec la nature, mais y est
suggérée au contraire l'idée d'une lutte </span><span lang="fr-FR">acharnée,
voire héroïque,</span><span lang="fr-FR">
de l'homme contre les éléments<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote21sym" name="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a>
(</span><span lang="fr-FR">y
compris dans le second tableau où ce sont … des ancres qui sont
figurées au premier plan</span><span lang="fr-FR">),
et, d'autre part, les personnages humains sont peints de dos,
manifestant à la fois qu'ils sont spectateurs et non acteurs du
paysage et à la fois qu'ils ont à lui "faire face". </span><span lang="fr-FR">La
</span><span lang="fr-FR">fonction</span><span lang="fr-FR">
des nuages et de la brume dans ces deux tableaux </span><span lang="fr-FR">y
est particulièrement significative : dans les deux cas, ce qui
est suggéré, c'est une menace pour l'homme, menace de la chute ou
menace de la tempête. Tandis que "</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
brume du paysage chinois n'est pas la brume froide et dangereuse des
forêts européennes […]. Ce sont des volutes légères [qui] ne
sont pas placées là pour faire joli ni pour inciter à la rêverie
mais pour assurer la communication entre les deux éléments [ </i></span><i>阴</i><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
yīn et </i></span><i>阳</i><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
yáng] constitutifs du paysage</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">"(Javary,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>cent
Mots pour comprendre les Chinois</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
art. "changer, transférer").</span><span lang="fr-FR">
</span><span lang="fr-FR">Bref,
malgré de réelles similitudes avec le paysage chinois, le paysage
romantique reste une catégorie esthétique et non vitale : il
s'appréhende (dans les deux sens du terme) plus qu'il ne se vit avec
</span><span lang="fr-FR">sagesse
et </span><span lang="fr-FR">sérénité.
</span><span lang="fr-FR">Nul
mieux que</span><span lang="fr-FR">
Baudelaire </span><span lang="fr-FR">(dont
la classification dans la catégorie romantique fait débat) n'a
exprimé avec plus de justesse la conception romantique du paysage
dans son poème </span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>l'Homme
et la Mer</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">
</span><span lang="fr-FR">:
</span>
</span></p>
<p align="LEFT" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span><i>Homme
libre, toujours tu chériras la mer !<br />La mer est ton miroir ;
tu contemples ton âme<br />Dans le déroulement infini de sa lame,<br />Et
ton esprit n’est pas un gouffre moins amer.</i></span></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><i>Tu
te plais à plonger au sein de ton image ;<br />Tu l’embrasses
des yeux et des bras, et ton coeur<br />Se distrait quelquefois de sa
propre rumeur<br />Au bruit de cette plainte indomptable et sauvage.</i></span></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><i>Vous
êtes tous les deux ténébreux et discrets :<br />Homme, nul n’a
sondé le fond de tes abîmes ;<br />Ô mer, nul ne connaît tes
richesses intimes,<br />Tant vous êtes jaloux de garder vos secrets !</i></span></span></p>
<p lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><i>Et
cependant voilà des siècles innombrables<br />Que vous vous combattez
sans pitié ni remord,<br />Tellement vous aimez le carnage et la
mort,<br />Ô lutteurs éternels, ô frères implacables !</i>"</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR">Certes</span><span lang="fr-FR">,
selon une autre approche, </span><span lang="fr-FR">moins
héroïque (disons, plus goethéenne et moins hugolienne)</span><span lang="fr-FR">
du romantisme, </span><span lang="fr-FR">la
lutte fait place à l'abandon, le combat </span><span lang="fr-FR">au
retrait dans</span><span lang="fr-FR">
la solitude</span><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span><span lang="fr-FR">La
première phrase des </span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Rêveries
du Promeneur Solitaire</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">
de Rousseau est, à cet égard, très significative : "</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>me
voici donc seul sur la terre, n'ayant plus de frère, de prochain,
d'ami, de société que moi-même</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>loc</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>.
cit.</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
"première promenade"). On est loin d</span><span lang="fr-FR">'une</span><span lang="fr-FR">
conception de la paix telle que Confucius, par exemple l'e</span><span lang="fr-FR">nvisag</span><span lang="fr-FR">e :
</span><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le
Maître dit : « il est bon d’habiter là où règne le
sens de l’humanité. Pourrait-on appeler sage un homme qui
choisirait de n’y point habiter ? […] </i></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">L’homme
honorable trouve la paix dans la vertu d’humanité"</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Confucius,
</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Entretiens</u></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
IV, 1-2). </span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><i>A
fortiori</i></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
de celle des bouddhistes ou des taoïstes<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote22sym" name="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a>.
</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ce
que Rousseau gagne en paix intérieure, il le perd en connivence </span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><i>阴</i></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
yīn/</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>阳</i></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
yáng </i></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">avec
le "souffle-énergie" (</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">氣</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
qì) de la vie.</span></span></em></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;">Nous
voudrions enfin évoquer un élément
qui s'invite à peu près systématiquement dans la peinture de
paysage
sino-japonaise : l'arbre. Dans toutes les traditions
culturelles,
l'arbre possède à peu près la même force
symbolique. Avant que de devenir, malheureusement, dans la
civilisation occidentalo-capitaliste, une simple ressource
exploitable et profitable à merci, l'arbre, c'est à la fois la
pérennité du temps et la périodicité des saisons, le vert et le
brun, le mutisme du
bois et
le son du
feuillage,
l'invisibilité
des racines et la profusion de la ramure, l'immobilité végétale et
l'agitation animale, la
rectitude du
tronc et
la torsion des
branches,
la hauteur et la profondeur, faisant lien entre la terre et le ciel
accueillant le gel comme le feu, l'humidité comme la sécheresse.
Dans la langue chinoise, le radical 木, mù
("arbre") entre dans la composition de pas moins de 587
caractères ("mots") différents ! Bref, nulle phase<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote23sym" name="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a>
de la nature n'est plus qualifiée que celle de l'arbre pour être le
représentant de cette dualité force/faiblesse, 阴,
yīn /阳,
yáng qui est celle de la vie. Ce que rappelle le proverbe
chinois 被风吹倒的树,枝比根多,
bèi fēng chuī dào de shù, zhī bǐ gēn duō , "arbre
renversé par le vent avait plus de branches que de racines".
Magistrale invitation à méditer la nature incertaine de la vie,
tournant le dos à cette quête occidentale aussi vaine
qu'obsessionnelle
de ces
soi-disant "racines" qui entendraient
faire abstraction d'un rapport
de forces avec le tronc
et les
branches !</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;">Toujours
est-il que, omniprésent dans la tradition sino-japonaise, l'élément
"arbre" est beaucoup plus rare et récent dans l'histoire
de la peinture occidentale de paysage<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote24sym" name="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a>.
Comparons encore une fois une estampe japonaise d'une part avec,
d'autre part, ces "Arbres et Route" de Cézanne, cette
"Route avec Cyprès et Ciel étoilé" de Van Gogh, tous
deux de 1890, ou cet "Arbre de Jessé" de Chagall (1960).</span></p><p align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /><a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/23" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="125" name="images24" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/th/proxy-15.jpg" width="79" /></a>
<a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/24" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="125" name="images25" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/th/arbres11.jpg" width="103" /></a>
<a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/25" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="125" name="images26" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/th/route_13.jpg" width="98" /></a>
<a href="https://servimg.com/view/20228325/26" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="124" name="images27" src="https://i.servimg.com/u/f59/20/22/83/25/th/l_arbr12.jpg" width="93" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">Remarquons
comment, à chaque fois, c'est le "souffle-énergie"
(</span><span style="font-size: small;">氣</span><span style="font-size: small;">, qì)
qui anime toute chose et qui se
manifeste dans les
"cinq phases" (</span><span style="font-size: small;">五行</span><span style="font-size: small;">, wǔ
xíng) de la
procession perpétuelle de la nature qui
est puissamment évoqué à travers le "mouvement" de
l'arbre.
Raison pour laquelle, dans la cosmologie chinoise, </span><span style="font-size: small;">木</span><span style="font-size: small;">, mù
("l'arbre"), qui est toujours en position médiane dans
l'énumération, semble même faire la synthèse des quatre autres
phases (</span><span style="font-size: small;">行</span><span style="font-size: small;">, xíng)
que sont </span><span style="font-size: small;">火</span><span style="font-size: small;">, huǒ,
"le feu", </span><span style="font-size: small;">土</span><span style="font-size: small;">, tǔ,
"la terre", </span><span style="font-size: small;">金</span><span style="font-size: small;">, jīn,
"le métal" et </span><span style="font-size: small;">水</span><span style="font-size: small;">, shuǐ,
"l'eau". Ainsi, "<i>il
est dans la nature de l'eau d'humidifier et de couler vers le bas ;
dans celle du feu de brûler et de s'élever dans les airs ; dans
celle du bois d'être courbé et redressé ; dans celle du métal
d'être ductile et d'accepter la forme qu'on lui donne ; dans celle
de la terre de se prêter à la culture et à la moisson</i>"
proclame le <u>Classique
des Document</u> (</span><span style="font-size: small;">书经</span><span style="font-size: small;">, shū
jīng) qui date de la fin du IV° siècle avant notre
ère. D'ailleurs, est-ce un hasard si le même recueil associe
l'arbre au printemps, au vent, à la colère, à la musique et à la
planète Jupiter ? Il
semblerait donc qu'on ait encore
là, à travers la figuration de l'arbre, une passerelle possible
entre
des traditions picturales et des styles que, pourtant, tout oppose.</span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;">Et,
puisqu'il faut bien conclure, nous renvoyons à
deux expressions artistiques
à
la fois bien
différentes et
consonnantes du
paysage vécu tel
que nous en avons défendu le principe.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;">D'une
part <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1986sNA7RtC_BGcNliEWpmdTpzOPzVWtP/view?usp=sharing"><u>ce
chant traditionnel chinois intitulé </u></a><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1986sNA7RtC_BGcNliEWpmdTpzOPzVWtP/view?usp=sharing"><u>橄榄
树 </u></a><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1986sNA7RtC_BGcNliEWpmdTpzOPzVWtP/view?usp=sharing"><u>,
gǎn lǎn shù, </u></a><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1986sNA7RtC_BGcNliEWpmdTpzOPzVWtP/view?usp=sharing"><u>"l'olivier"</u></a>
et
dont nous traduisons les paroles :</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">不要问我从哪里来
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(b</span>ù
yào wèn wǒ cóng nǎ lǐ lái <span lang="fr-FR">)
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Ne
me demande pas d'où je viens</i></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">我的故乡在远方
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(w</span>ǒ
de gù xiāng zài yuǎn fāng <span lang="fr-FR">)
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Ma
ville natale est </i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>si
loin</i></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">为什么流浪
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(w</span>èi
shén me liú làng <span lang="fr-FR">)
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Pourquoi
errer </i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>(litt.
"</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>se
perdre</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
à la manière d'un flot")</i></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">流浪远方流浪
</span><span style="font-size: small;">(liú làng
yuǎn fāng liú làng) <i>Err</i><i>er</i><i> au loin, </i><i>e</i><i>rr</i><i>er</i><i>
au loin</i></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">为了天空飞翔的小鸟
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(w</span>èi
le tiān kōng fēi xiáng de xiǎo niǎo <span lang="fr-FR">)
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Pour
les </i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>petits
</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>oiseaux
qui volent dans le </i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>vide
du </i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ciel</i></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">为了山间轻流的小溪
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(w</span>èi
le shān jiān qīng liú de xiǎo xī <span lang="fr-FR">)
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Pour
le</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>s
petits</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
ruisseau</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>x</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>qui
courent léger à travers la</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
montagne</i></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">为了宽阔的草原
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(w</span>èi
le kuān kuò de cǎo yuán <span lang="fr-FR">)
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Pour
</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
riche et large plaine herbeuse</i></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">流浪远方流浪
</span><span style="font-size: small;">(liú làng
yuǎn fāng liú làng) <i>Err</i><i>er</i><i> au loin, </i><i>e</i><i>rr</i><i>er</i><i>
au loin</i></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">还有还有
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(h</span>ái
yǒu hái yǒu <span lang="fr-FR">)
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Et
plus encore</i></span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">为了梦中的橄榄树橄榄树
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">(w</span>èi
le mèng zhōng de gǎn lǎn shù gǎn lǎn shù
<span lang="fr-FR">)
</span><i><span lang="fr-FR">Pour
c</span><span lang="fr-FR">et
</span><span lang="fr-FR">olivier
</span><span lang="fr-FR">qui
peuple mes </span><span lang="fr-FR">rêve</span></i><span lang="fr-FR"><i>s</i>.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR">D</span><span lang="fr-FR">'autre
part, </span><span lang="fr-FR">deux </span><span lang="fr-FR">échantillons musicaux</span><span lang="fr-FR"> </span><span lang="fr-FR">d'auteurs</span><span lang="fr-FR">
occidentaux contemporains. L'un est de celui </span><span lang="fr-FR">dont</span><span lang="fr-FR">,
plus que tout</span><span lang="fr-FR">e</span><span lang="fr-FR">
autre, </span><span lang="fr-FR">l’œuvre
tout entière </span><span lang="fr-FR">nous
semble </span><span lang="fr-FR">illustrer
la fluidité paisible d'une connivence extrême-orientale de la vie
et du paysage : </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yj_9qkUGuBkevAfrOr3Bcr-SEy1yROwG/view?usp=sharing">"the
Hours" de Philip Glass</a><span lang="fr-FR">. L'autre est d'une jeune compositrice dont le style donne la clé du <i>chengyu </i>d'après lequel </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">乐山乐水, ce qui peut se lire </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">lè </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">shān </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">lè </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">shuǐ ("joie de la montagne joie de l'eau") ou bien yu</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">è </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">shān yu</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">è </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">shuǐ </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">("musique de la montagne musique de l'eau")</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> : <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OmsEjzTd-N6KU0Mc0HDSh23-KZqdzy2Y/view?usp=sharing">"Vajrayana (Karma, le Vent, Vairocana, l'Espace)" de Camille Pépin</a>.</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><br /></span></span></p>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>T<span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">outes
les citations sans références </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">précisées
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR">seront
tirées de cet article.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote2">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>En
chinois, "libre" se traduit
par
自由,
zì
yóu,
littéralement
"par soi-même" et "liberté" par
豁免权,
huò
miǎn quán,
littéralement "faculté
de s'exempter (des contraintes)". Quant à la notion
d'"expérience", elle donne lieu à de très nombreuses
approximations variables selon le contexte.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote3">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Il
existe une sorte d’œil de l’esprit par lequel l’âme peut
fixer son regard sur la vérité</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Platon,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">République</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
VI, 508e).</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote4">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>À
l'origine, la <i>veduta </i>était
d'ailleurs obtenue à partir d'un cadrage du paysage au moyen d'une
<i>camera oscura</i>, une
"chambre obscure", sorte de boîte noire qui préfigure
évidemment le procédé de la photographie argentique.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote5">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" name="sdfootnote5sym">5</a><span lang="fr-FR">Nous
ferons néanmoins a</span><span lang="fr-FR">bstraction
du support, des outils et de la technique </span><span lang="fr-FR">sur
lesquels il y aurait beaucoup à dire mais qui dépasse la modeste
ambition de cet article.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote6">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a><span lang="fr-FR">N</span><span lang="fr-FR">ous
appel</span><span lang="fr-FR">ler</span><span lang="fr-FR">ons
</span><span lang="fr-FR">ainsi
</span><span lang="fr-FR">toute
tradition</span><span lang="fr-FR">
qui s'enracine à la fois dans le confucianisme, le taoïsme et le
bouddhisme.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote7">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[L'accord
céleste] </span></i></span></em><em>c'est
</em><em><span lang="fr-FR">l’harmonie
de tous les êtres, dans leur commune nature, dans leur commun
devenir. Là, pas de contraste, parce que pas de distinction.
Embrasser, voilà la grande science, la grande parole. Distinguer,
c’est science et, parler d’ordre inférieur</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Zhuāngzǐ
, </span></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Zhuang
Zi</span></u></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
</span></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ii</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).</span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote8">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a>Au
sens où le biologiste prélève sur le patient un échantillon de
son sang non pas pour connaître de quoi est composé la totalité
du liquide sanguin mais seulement pour en relever quelques traits
pertinents.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote9">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a>De
là, toute la problématique proustienne de la mémoire. Si on admet
avec Wittgenstein que <span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>nous
nous faisons des images des faits </i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">wir
machen uns Bilder der Tatsachen</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[…].
L</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>’image
est </i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>une</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
transposition de la réalité </i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">das
Bild ist ein Modell der Wirklichkeit</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span><span lang="fr-FR">"(Wittgenstein,
</span><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tractatus</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
2.1-2.12), alors, on peut dire qu'il existe, en gros, deux sortes
d'"images" : des images prospectives et des images
rétrospectives (mais pas au sens de Merleau-Ponty cité <i>supra</i>). Les premières sont comme le plan d'une région que
nous ne connaissons pas : le regarder nous permet de la
connaître un peu par avance. Les secondes sont comme le portrait
d'un être cher : le regarder </span><span lang="fr-FR">nous
permet de nous remémorer des épisodes de notre vie partagée avec
cet être. Pour Proust, il appartient au talent de l'écrivain
(ainsi que du musicien mais, apparemment, pas du peintre) de savoir
faire naître pour lui-même et pour ses lecteurs des images
mentales rétrospectives qui évoquent justement "le temps
perdu", c'est-à-dire des épisodes "perdu</span><span lang="fr-FR">s</span><span lang="fr-FR">"
(c'est-à-dire égaré</span><span lang="fr-FR">s</span><span lang="fr-FR">
et non pas anéanti</span><span lang="fr-FR">s</span><span lang="fr-FR">)
</span><span lang="fr-FR">de
la vie </span><span lang="fr-FR">qui
</span><span lang="fr-FR">sont
tout prêts </span><span lang="fr-FR">à
resurgir à la </span><span lang="fr-FR">mémoire
pour peu que l'occasion s'en présente</span><span lang="fr-FR">.
</span><span lang="fr-FR">En
ce sens, la peinture sino-japonaise de paysage a, abstraction faite
de considérations psychologiques complètement étrangères à
cette tradition, une portée rétrospective, tandis que la peinture
occidentale, depuis les Grecs, a une orientation nettement
prospective.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote10">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a><span lang="fr-FR">Pour
les taoïstes, </span><span lang="fr-FR">le
vide n'est rien moins que la matrice du réel </span><span lang="fr-FR">:
</span><span lang="fr-FR">"</span><em><span lang="fr-FR">t</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">rente
rayons autour d'un moyeu : c'est le vide central [</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">wù</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">]
qui fait l'utilité du chariot</span></em><span lang="fr-FR">"</span><span lang="fr-FR">(Lǎo
Zǐ, </span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Tao
Te King</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
§11) ; </span><span lang="fr-FR">"</span><em><span lang="fr-FR">le
grand souffle [</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qì</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">]
indéterminé de la Nature, s’appelle vent [</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">fēng</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">].
Par lui-même, le vent n’a pas de son. Mais, quand il les émeut,
tous les êtres deviennent pour lui comme un jeu d’anches</span></em><span lang="fr-FR">"</span><span lang="fr-FR">(Zhuāng
Zǐ, </span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Zhuang
Zi</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
iv). </span><span lang="fr-FR">Quant
au bouddhisme, il n'a de cesse d'insister sur l'impermanence,
l'évanescence de toute chose, de tout phénomène, en particulier,
celui de la vie.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote11">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Notons
que la paix telle qu'évoquée par </span></span><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Lǎozǐ
</span></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
ce passage n'a pas grand chose à voir avec l'ataraxie, l'aponie ou
l'apathie chères aux Stoïciens puisqu'il ne s'agit pas de la
trouver en fuyant le trouble et le chagrin du monde mais, tout au
contraire, en s'y immergeant.</span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote12">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a>Contrairement
à une convention langagière que nous récusons, "objectif"
ne s'oppose pas à "subjectif" puisqu'il ne saurait y
avoir d'objet sans sujet pour le saisir, objet et sujet étant les
deux pôles de la même relation de dénotation. On comprendra en
revanche à la lecture de cette discussion sur le statut du paysage
que le terme "objectif" se distingue plutôt de
"suggestif" comme une réalité définie, délimitée
s'oppose à une autre qui ne l'est pas.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote13">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote13anc" name="sdfootnote13sym">13</a><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Rappelons
que l'enjeu, pour Descartes est déjà sanitaire : </span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ainsi
nous rendre comme maîtres et possesseurs de la Nature </span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[…]
</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'est
pas seulement à désirer pour l'invention d'une infinité
d'artifices, qui feraient qu'on jouirait, sans aucune peine, des
fruits de la terre et de toutes les commodités qui s'y trouvent,
mais principalement aussi pour la conservation de la santé ;
laquelle est sans doute le premier bien et le fondement de tous les
autres biens de cette vie</span></i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Descartes,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Discours
de la Méthode</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
VI).</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote14">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote14anc" name="sdfootnote14sym">14</a>L'ambiguïté
qui naît de la polysémie du terme "propriété" est, en
elle-même, très significative.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote15">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote15anc" name="sdfootnote15sym">15</a><span lang="fr-FR">"</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Si
d’un corps, autrement dit d’un individu, composé de plusieurs
corps, certains sont séparés, mais qu’en même temps, autant
d’autres et de même nature les remplacent, l’individu
conservera sa nature comme auparavant, sans aucun changement dans sa
forme. [...] Et si nous continuons de la sorte à l’infini, nous
concevrons facilement que la Nature dans sa totalité est un seul
Individu dont les parties, c’est-à-dire tous les corps, varient
d’une infinité de façons, sans changements de l’Individu
total</i></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Spinoza,
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Éthique</span></u></span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
I, 13, ax.2, 3).</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote16">
<p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote16anc" name="sdfootnote16sym">16</a>
"<i>Je me souviens même d'avoir passé une nuit délicieuse
hors de la ville, dans un chemin qui côtoyait le Rhône ou la Saône
</i><i>[...]. </i><i>Je me promenais dans une sorte d'extase,
livrant mes sens et mon coeur à la jouissance de tout cela, et
soupirant seulement un peu du regret d'en jouir seul. </i><i>[...].
M</i><i>es yeux, en s'ouvrant, virent l'eau, la verdure, un paysage
admirable</i>"(Rousseau, <u>les Confessions</u>, IV).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote17">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote17anc" name="sdfootnote17sym">17</a><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Un
peu</span></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
comme dans le </span></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fado
</span></i></span></em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">portugais (la </span><span><i>saudade</i>)<i>,</i></span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le </span></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">blues
</span></i></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">noir-américain ou le </span><span>spleen </span><span style="font-style: normal;">baudelairien</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.</span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote18">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote18anc" name="sdfootnote18sym">18</a><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></em><em>Le
b</em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ut</i></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">de</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">tous
les mouvements taoïstes est la longue vie [...]. Ce qui est sage,
en conséquence, est d'éviter tout ce qui fait le jeu de la
mort</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Marcel
Conche, </span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Lao
Tseu : Tao Te King</u></span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
intro.).</span></span></em></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote19">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote19anc" name="sdfootnote19sym">19</a>Et
qui, d'ailleurs, est difficilement définissable. Disons pour faire
court que l'opposition/complémentarité du
<i>阴</i><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
yīn </i></span><span lang="fr-FR">et
du</span><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span><i>阳</i><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
yáng </i></span><span lang="fr-FR">est
à penser par analogie avec le couple nuit/jour (passage,
alternance) plutôt qu'avec le couple féminin/masculin (état,
statut) </span><span lang="fr-FR">qui
sert, hélas, le plus souvent, de pont-aux-ânes conceptuel</span><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote20">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote20anc" name="sdfootnote20sym">20</a>Y
compris chez un philosophe comme Hegel pour qui la contradiction
reste vertueuse à condition d'être dépassée (<i>aufhebt</i>).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote21">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote21anc" name="sdfootnote21sym">21</a><span lang="fr-FR">C</span><span lang="fr-FR">f.
la place de la "montagne" chez des écrivains comme Thomas
Mann ou Hermann Hesse.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote22">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote22anc" name="sdfootnote22sym">22</a>
"<em><span lang="fr-FR">M’asseoir
et oublier tout [</span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">坐忘</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">,</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">zuò
wàng</span></span></em><em><span lang="fr-FR">].
[…] C’est là la transformation, dans laquelle l’individualité
se perd</span></em><span lang="fr-FR">"</span><span lang="fr-FR">(Zhuāng
Zǐ, </span><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Zhuang
Zi</u></span><span lang="fr-FR">,
§6). </span><span lang="fr-FR">Quant
au bouddhisme, </span><span lang="fr-FR">la
première de ses quatre Nobles Vérités, </span><span lang="fr-FR">la plus fondamentale, donc,</span><span lang="fr-FR">
est que la souffrance naît de l'attachement, notamment à soi.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote23">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote23anc" name="sdfootnote23sym">23</a>
Nous traduirons 五行<span lang="fr-FR">, wǔ
xíng, par "les cinq phases" (feu, terre, bois, métal,
eau) et non par "les cinq éléments", car la cosmologie
chinoise procède d'une pensée du devenir et non de l'être </span><span lang="fr-FR">comme
la cosmologie occidentale</span><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote24">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote24anc" name="sdfootnote24sym">24</a>
De même dans la littérature romantique. Notons toutefois que la
première évocation d'un élément "naturel" dans les
<u>Confessions</u> de
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, après une dizaine de pages introductives, est
celle de la coexistence conflictuelle d'un noyer et d'un saule.</span></p>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-3852323169513658832021-08-06T09:36:00.044+02:002022-01-16T08:44:00.951+01:00"AUSWEIS*, BITTE !" ("laissez-passer, je vous prie !")<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hIefKcDw7oE" width="320" youtube-src-id="hIefKcDw7oE"></iframe></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p></p><p lang="zxx" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><div id="sdfootnote1">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">*<span><i>Ausweis </i> : document d'identification délivré et exigé par les autorités d'occupation et par celles de collaboration pour avoir le droit de passer de la Zone Libre à la Zone Occupée et <i>vice versa</i>.</span></span></p><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a name='more'></a></span></span><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span><span><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Je
ne tiens peut-être plus guère à la vie, seulement la machine est
lancée<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>,
le jeu continue. Il est de règle que le gibier coure toujours devant
le chasseur et je me sens encore du souffle. Je ferai tout pour
qu'ils n'aient pas le plaisir de m'avoir</span></i></span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Joseph
Joffo, </span></span><span><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un
Sac de Billes</span></u></span><span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
p. 224). </span></span></span>
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">C</span></span><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'est-à-dire
...</span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-
</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
je refuse </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
me </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">laisser
sidérer</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
par</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
cette logorrhée propagandiste complaisamment
</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">relayée</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
justifiée</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
et entretenue</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">s</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
par des </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">media
</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">conspirants qui ont objectivement les mêmes intérêts économiques et politiques que les <i>lobbies </i>dominants</span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-
</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
je refuse d'obéir à un pouvoir totalitaire<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>
</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">qui</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">écrase
les hommes les uns contre les autres, [...] détruit l’espace entre
eux en supprimant la faculté de se mouvoir</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Arendt,
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Système Totalitaire</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
iv). </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En
effet,</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
totalitarisme ne tend pas vers un règne despotique sur les hommes,
mais vers un système dans lequel les hommes sont de trop</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Arendt,
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Système Totalitaire</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
iii). </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">De
sorte que</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es
solutions totalitaires peuvent d'ailleurs fort bien survivre à la
chute des régimes totalitaires, sous la forme de tentations fortes
qui surgiront chaque fois qu'il semblera impossible de soulager la
misère politique, sociale et économique d'une manière qui soit
digne de l'homme</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Arendt,
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><u>le
Système Totalitaire,</u> iv). Or l'</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">instauration d'un "passe sanitaire" EST une solution totalitaire puisque, désormais, DES HOMMES SONT DE TROP, pas seulement indésirables en raison </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">du péril que font peser</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> leurs actes, avérés ou potentiels, mais à exclure en raison de la menace que fait peser leur constitution biologique. TOTALITAIRE est donc bien cette</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> vulgate paranoïaque sécuritaire (requalifiée et euphémisée en "sanitaire"), fondement de tous les racismes et de tous les fascismes, m'enjoignant de considérer, </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">a priori</i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">, autrui comme LA MENACE. Et que mon prochain soit soupçonné de dissimuler le mal au plus profond de lui-même plutôt que dans son sac ou dans ses poches à la manière d'un vulgaire terroriste rappelle encore et toujours la terrifiante </span><i style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Judenfrage </i><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">chère aux nazis</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
je refuse d'obéir, plus précisément, à un "bio-pouvoir"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a>
totalitaire, étant entendu que "</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
bio-pouvoir est un élément indispensable au développement du
capitalisme ; celui-ci n’a pu être assuré qu’au prix de
l’insertion contrôlée des corps dans l’appareil de production
et moyennant un ajustement des phénomènes de population aux
processus économiques</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Histoire
de la Sexualité</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
De telle sorte que l'humanité est réduite à sa capacité à ne pas
mourir du </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">simple
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fait
de l'incurie criminelle dudit "bio-pouvoir". Car </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
[véritable] mortalité des hommes réside dans le fait que la vie
individuelle, la </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bios</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
avec sa biographie reconnaissable de la naissance à la mort, naît
de la vie biologique, </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">zôè"(Arendt,
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
Crise de la Culture</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
II, i) : elle en naît mais ne s'y réduit pas. </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">L'y
réduire suppose qu'il n'y a plus que des "corps" humains
comme on parle de "têtes" de cheptel saines (c'est-à-dire <i>covid free</i>). L'y
réduire, c'est donc </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">mépriser</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
la nature de </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">zôon
politikon</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
de l'être humain. </span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">La
spécificité de la bio-politique du XXe siècle : non
plus faire mourir, non plus faire vivre, mais faire survivre. Car ce
n’est plus la vie, ce n’est plus la mort, c’est la production
d’une survie modulable et virtuellement infinie qui constitue la
prestation décisive du bio-pouvoir de notre temps</span></i></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Agamben,
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
qui reste d'Auschwitz</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">). Ce qui reste d'Auschwitz ...</span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- que
je refuse de légitimer, par mon obéissance, une clique politicarde
mafieuse dont la corruption juridique et morale, l'incompétence financière, l'inefficacité
administrative et la lâcheté sociale n'ont d'égales que l'obsession pathologique du pouvoir et de la reconnaissance clientélistes, une clique qui trouve comme par hasard,
dans ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler "crise sanitaire",
l'occasion inespérée</span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de,
si j'ose dire, se refaire une santé et donc de combler son néant
existentiel en apparaissant enfin, sans masque (!), pour ce qu'elle
est : un simple pouvoir ubuesque de comumnication et de coercition</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">je refuse de faire preuve de "civisme" </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">dans le cadre</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> d'</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">un État Français qui </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">conchie</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> toute expression hétérodoxe (<i>quid </i>des objections des Raoult, Péronne, Fouché, Vélot, Henrion-Caude <i>inter alia </i>?) qui ne va pas dans le sens des dogmes (politiques, économiques ou scientistes) bien compris des intégristes dominants<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a>, État Français qui, de surcroît, abolit </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de facto </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">l'État de droit en autorisant n'importe quelle instance juridictionnelle à se prévaloir de la notion de "circonstances exceptionnelles" pour justifier </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">toute</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> décision législative ou réglementaire </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">attentatoire aux</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Droits de l'Homme, quand ce n'est attentatoire à la simple logique (<i>quid</i> , par exemple, de la contradiction entre la loi du 11 octobre 2010 prohibant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public et l'obligation de s'y masquer le visage ?). P</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">our ne rien dire des contrôles policiers réputés "aléatoires" mais qui, en réalité<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a>, font toujours suite à une dénonciation ou à un soupçon relatif au faciès, </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ni du règne de l'arbitraire le plus complet dès lors que lesdites "circonstance exceptionnelles" effacent toute notion d'égalité face un pouvoir qui se fractionne en une myriade de "micro-pouvoirs" : "</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la forme juridique générale qui garantit un système de droits en principe égalitaires est</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sous-tendue par ces mécanismes menus, quotidiens et physiques, par tous ces systèmes de micro-pouvoirs essentiellement inégalitaires et dissymétriques</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Foucault, S</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">urveiller et Punir</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que je refuse de faciliter la tâche de cet</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">État policier </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">aux abois<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a> </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en participant à mon propre "traçage </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">numérique</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">" </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par la production d'un quelconque document à teneur "sanitaire" doté d'un "QR code"</span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> : </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le vrai effet du Panopticon </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[imaginé par Bentham au XVIII° siècle]</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, c’est d’être tel que, même lorsqu’il n’y a personne, l’individu dans sa cellule, non seulement se croie, mais se sache observé, qu’il ait l’expérience constante d’être dans un état de visibilité pour le regard. Plus besoin d’armes, de violences physiques, de contraintes matérielles. Mais un regard qui surveille et que chacun, en le sentant peser sur lui, finira par intérioriser au point de s'observer- lui-même : chacun, ainsi, exercera cette surveillance</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Foucault, </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Surveiller et Punir</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">). </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Et puis </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'est un cercle vicieux. Plus nos rapports au monde sont interfacés, plus nos corps sont des îlots dans un océan de données et plus nos esprits éprouvent, inconsciemment, cette coupure, qu'ils tentent de compenser. Et ils compensent en se reliant à des objets, en touchant et parlant à des dispositifs qui nous rassurent et nous distanc</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">i</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ent en même temps. </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[…] </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">On ne peut plus faire un pas sans être tracé. Il y a comme un Parlement des machines qui décide dans notre dos. Nous sommes gouvernés par des algorithmes. Mais on ne décide jamais de leurs critères ! On ne discute pas du programme, ni des arbitrages qu’ils vont faire pour nous</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Damasio, </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">les Furtifs</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que je refuse d'appeler "démocratie"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a> ce cirque permanent où paradent de sinistres guignols qui n'excellent qu'à jongler avec la crédulité d'un public préalablement abruti par les conditions de survie qui leurs sont imposées : </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">représente-toi de la façon que voici l'état de notre nature relativement à l'instruction et à l'ignorance. Figure-toi des hommes dans une demeure souterraine, en forme de caverne, ayant sur toute sa largeur une entrée ouverte à la lumière; ces hommes sont là depuis leur enfance, les jambes et le cou enchaînés, de sorte qu'ils ne peuvent bouger ni voir ailleurs que devant eux, la chaîne les empêchant de tourner la tête; la lumière leur vient d'un feu allumé sur une hauteur, au loin derrière eux; entre le feu et les prisonniers passe une route élevée; imagine que le long de cette route est construit un petit mur, pareil aux cloisons que les montreurs de marionnettes dressent devant eux, et au-dessus desquelles ils font voir leurs merveilles. </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[…] </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Si donc ils pouvaient s'entretenir ensemble, ne penses-tu pas qu'ils prendraient pour des objets réels les ombres qu'ils verraient? </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Platon, </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">République</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, VII, 515</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">b</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Notamment, tiens, comme c'est bizarre, lorsqu'il s'agit de sa santé : </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il m’est arrivé maintes fois d’accompagner mon frère ou d’autres médecins chez quelque malade qui refusait une drogue ou ne voulait pas se laisser opérer par le fer ou le feu, et là où les exhortations du médecin restaient vaines, moi je persuadais le malade, par le seul art de la rhétorique. Qu’un orateur et un médecin aillent ensemble dans la ville que tu voudras : si une discussion doit s’engager à l’assemblée du peuple ou dans une réunion quelconque pour décider lequel des deux sera élu comme médecin, j’affirme que le médecin n’existera pas et que l’orateur lui sera préféré si cela lui plaît. Il en serait de même en face de tout autre artisan : c’est l’orateur qui se ferait choisir plutôt que n’importe quel compétiteur ; car il n’est point de sujet sur lequel un homme qui sait la rhétorique ne puisse parler devant la foule d’une manière plus persuasive que l’homme de métier, quel qu’il soit. Voilà ce qu’est la rhétorique et ce qu’elle peut</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Platon, </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Gorgias</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">, 456c-d). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Platon avait déjà tout compris ... il y a vingt-cinq siècles</span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-
que je refuse de valoriser par mon obéissance les actions des
Pfizer, Moderna, Astra-Zeneca, Johnson and Johnson et autres
multinationales industrialo-pharmaceutiques qui se disputent,
évidemment pour le plus grand bien de l'humanité, le magot du
siècle. Car le virus du capitalisme financier mondialisé est de
beaucoup plus redoutable pour l'avenir (ou ce qui en reste) de
l'humanité (ou ce qui en reste) que le virus du covid (en
tout cas, depuis deux-cent cinquante ans, il a fait, continue et
continuera de faire infiniment plus de victimes ...)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span></span>
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"></span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">- que je refuse d'appeler "pandémie" une maladie qui n'a causé (selon des statistiques officielles qu'on a tout lieu de soupçonner manipulées et donc surestimées) que deux millions de morts en deux ans dans un monde peuplé de huit milliards d'âmes (c'est-à-dire 0,025 % de la population mondiale). À titre de comparaison, l'épidémie dite de "grippe espagnole" de 1919-1920 a tué, selon les estimations, entre 20 et 100 millions de personnes à une époque où 2 milliards d'individus peuplaient la terre (soit 1 à 5 % de la population mondiale), pour ne rien dire des épidémies de peste ou de choléra qui décimaient jadis jusqu'aux deux tiers d'une population donnée. Et <i>quid </i>des cancers, des maladies cardio-vasculaires, du SIDA, etc. voire, simplement des accidents mortels de la route ? Il y a, rien qu'en France, environ 600 000 décès par an, toutes causes confondues. Ceux qui, ces deux dernières années sont officiellement imputés au Covid ne représentent qu'1/10 de ce total. Pourquoi les statistiques officielles, pourtant si friandes de comptabilité "scientifique", ne mettent-elles pas en perspectives leurs données chiffrées respectives ?</span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
je refuse </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">de
me laisser duper</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a>
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">par
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ces
slogans publicitaires débiles</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">u
genre : </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
vaccin vous protège contre les formes graves de la maladie</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"
(</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
que d</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">es
essais cliniques OBJECTIFS ET CONCLUANTS </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">n'ont
encore </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">montré
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">pour
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">AUCUN
des quelque 150 produits vaccinaux anti-covid </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">actuellement
sur </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
marché, notamment s'agissant de leurs effets possiblement morbides,
voire létaux<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a> ;
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
puis quel est </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">e
VOUS à qui s'adresse le message ? en toute rigueur statistique,
ce ne peut être qu'UNE POPULATION PRISE COLLECTIVEMENT et non pas CHACUN
DE SES INDIVIDUS, ce que la propagande se garde bien de
préciser</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
Ou encore : "</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on
est moins </span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(variante :
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">on
n'est pas</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">contagieux
lorsqu'on est vacciné</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"
(c'est ridicule, le vaccin stimule, dans le meilleur des cas, les
défenses immunitaires naturelles de l'organisme contre la
réplication virale, mais il est SANS EFFET SUR LA CONTAMINATION, ce
n'est pas un antibiotique, </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ce
que prouve le fait que 20 % environ des vaccinés qui
-inquiets ?- se font néanmoins tester se révèlent porteurs du
virus</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).
Quant </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">la
débilité</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
que je préfère, </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">c'est
celle qui consiste à </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">proclamer</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">triomphalement
que </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"80 à 90 %
des cas graves concernent des non-vaccinés" (ah bon !
parce qu'il y a encore, très officiellement, 10 à 20 % de vaccinés parmi ceux qui doivent se faire hospitaliser ? </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
France aujourd'hui, </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ça fait tout de même plus d'une centaine par jour !!!). </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Pour
ne rien dire de ce</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
présupposé implicite dont les énonciateurs (-trices) ne sont même
pas conscient(e)s : on vous dit </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">LE
vaccin </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ceci
...", "LE vaccin cela …", </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">comme
s'il n'y en avait qu'un seul ou mieux, qu'une seule sorte (</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">alors
qu'</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">il
y en quatre : deux issues de technologies éprouvées -vaccin à
virus atténué et vaccin à virus inactivé, la </span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYwCxe9gvQY" style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">vidéo de Christian Vélot</a> <span style="font-family: georgia;">explique ça très bien</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- mais longs à tester et
dont la couverture immunogène laisse parfois à désirer, deux
issues de technologies nouvelles -</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vaccin
à ARN messager et vaccin à vecteur viral- dont on ne sait rien pour
le moment -</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">en
fait, ce sont les vaccinés qui servent, à leur insu, de cobayes- </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sinon qu'ils sont plus faciles à fabriquer et que les quatre vaccins autorisés par l'Union Européenne en font
partie !)</span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">que
je refuse d'appeler </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"science"<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a>
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cette</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bouillie conceptuelle scientiste, q</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ui
tend à faire accroire que des propositions sont </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">d'autant
plus </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vraies
qu'elles sont </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">plus
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bourrées
de données chiffrées invérifiables </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">censées
mesurer des </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"faits"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fantasmés
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">à
partir de notions indéfinissables </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">au
sein de "raisonnements" inconsistants </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">et
dont la durée de validité ne dépasse pas la durée du fantasme de
son énonciateur </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(-trice)</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. <i>Quid</i>, par exemple, de ce fameux "chiffre des contaminations quotidiennes" dont la valeur absolue dépend, évidemment, du nombre de tests réalisés, lequel est d'autant plus élevé que l'opinion publique a été, au préalable, plus affolée par des <i>media </i>complices ? </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Le
pire, dans tout ça, c'est qu'on fait jouer à la science le rôle d'"idiot utile" à cette entreprise de désinformation systématique au point que</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
ladite "s</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cience"
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">devient</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
la justification (justi-fiction ?) ultime de toute entreprise
légiférante : </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">heureuse
la nation où les lois ne seraient pas une science !</span></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">(Beccaria,
</span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">des
Délits et des Peines</span></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span></span></span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="fr-FR">-
que je refuse, plus précisément, d'appeler "science" ce prêchi-prêcha scientologique cette pensée magique de l'homme blanc dominateur et sûr de lui qui,
se prenant le plus sérieusement du monde, pour le maître de la
nature, autrement dit pour Dieu, voit en tout risque de vivre (et
donc de mourir) un simple problème soluble dans et par une
technologie agressive. Vous êtes-vous seulement demandé,
espèce de sinistres guignols prétentieux, combien de fois le virus
du covid se réplique et mute pendant la durée de l'un de vos
pitoyables "conseil de défense sanitaire", déjouant ainsi
vos stupides et arrogantes stratégies ? Vous êtes-vous demandé comment, par le passé (ah oui, je sais, c'est un gros mot : le "progrès" ne saurait s'encombrer du "passé"), TOUTES les épidémies avaient TOUJOURS pris fin ? Ne vous êtes-vous pas rendu compte, bande de tristes bouffons, que la Nature (que vous n'êtes pas obligés d'appeler "Dieu") fait lentement mais bien ce que votre pitoyable technologie réalise vite mais mal ? Je veux dire qu'en l'occurrence, l'immunité collective est TOUJOURS atteinte par élimination, mutation et recombinaison génétiques spontanée NATURELLE des agents pathogènes, tandis que votre lamentable campagne de vaccination sera, dans le meilleur des cas inefficace, dans le pire des cas, criminelle. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">"</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>La vaccination est le meilleur moyen de venir à bout du virus</i></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">" prétendez-vous. C'est FAUX : en période de forte circulation virale, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">elle est surtout le meilleur moyen de produire des SOUCHES MUTANTES VACCINO-RÉSISTANTES, d'où la nécessité des <i>n+1 </i>doses, <i>n </i>tendant vers l'infini </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">(le cas actuel de l'</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">État</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> d'Israël, dont la population est l'une des plus vaccinées au monde, est significatif : on y parle déjà d'y injecter une quatrième dose de vaccin !).</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> D'ailleurs, n'est-il pas étonnant que les trois endroits au monde où il y a le plus de vaccinés (Islande, Israël, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">État du Vermont aux USA) soient aussi ceux où il y a le plus grand nombre de contaminés (toujours selon les statistiques officielles) par le "variant Delta" ? Et puis on ne vient jamais "à bout" d'un virus. Tout au plus tend-on à éliminer statistiquement la maladie qu'il provoque : </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">Dame Nature ne fait que sélectionner progressivement les souches les moins gravement pathogènes de celui-ci, aidée, le cas échéant, par une campagne prophyllactique incluant, à titre accessoire, une vaccination INTELLIGENTE, c'est-à-dire PRÉVENTIVE, tandis que VOUS, pauvres Diafoirus dégénérés, Knock abrutis, Homais de caniveau, </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">administrez </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">LE vaccin comme on prescrit un antibiotique ou, mieux, un pesticide.</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Bref, j'ai TREIZE BONNES RAISONS DE NE PAS ME FAIRE VACCINER</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> ET AUCUNE DE ME FAIRE VACCINER</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"> CONTRE LE CORONAVIRUS</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;">. J'en ai même découvert une quatorzième : emmerder qui vous savez (mise à jour le 03/01/2022) ...</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><br /></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" lang="zxx" style="line-height: 150%; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym" style="text-align: left;">1</a><span style="text-align: left;">Vendredi
6 août 2021, la loi autorisant la discrimination des êtres humains
sur la base de leur situation vaccinale (nature et provenance du
vaccin) est promulguée et publiée au J.O.R.F.</span></span></p><div id="sdfootnote2">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2018/07/paradoxe-scepticisme-et-sideration.html">Paradoxe,
Scepticisme et Sidération</a>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote3">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2015/04/haine-de-soi-haine-de-lautre-et.html">Haine
de soi, Haine de l'autre et Totalitarisme</a>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote4">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2021/01/manifeste-du-parti-conspirationniste_25.html">Manifeste
du Parti Conspirationniste</a>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote5">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" name="sdfootnote5sym">5</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2017/04/post-verite-post-politique-post-humanite.html">Post-Vérité,
Post-Politique, Post-Humanité</a>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote6">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a>Cf.
<a href="https://www.francesoir.fr/opinions-tribunes/la-vaccination-covid-lepreuve-des-faits-2eme-partie-une-mortalite-inedite">cet
article de Laurent Mucchielli</a> et <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYwCxe9gvQY">cette
vidéo de Christian Vélot</a>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote7">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2019/06/hypothese-scientifique-et-modele.html">Hypothèse
Scientifique et Modèle Explicatif</a>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote8">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2017/07/de-quoi-la-democratie-est-elle-le-nom_50.html">de
quoi la Démocratie est-elle le Nom ?</a></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote9">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a>Cf.
<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2020/11/les-cons-sils-savaient.html">les
Cons, s'ils savaient !</a></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote10">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a>L'auteur
de cet article, qui a exercé la profession de Commissaire de la
Concurrence de la Consommation et de la Répression des Fraudes (<i>sic
!</i>), parle d'expérience.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote11">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a>Cf.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9D3czKCXcQo">tous
Surveillés, 7 milliards de Suspects</a>.</span></p>
</div><p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><div id="sdfootnote12">
<p class="sdfootnote" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"</span></span></span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">La
morale réformée, la santé préservée, l'industrie revigorée,
l'instruction diffusée, les charges publiques allégées,
l'économie fortifiée — le nœud gordien des lois sur les
pauvres non pas tranché, mais dénoué — tout cela par une
simple idée architecturale</span></i></span></span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">"(Bentham,
</span></span></span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">le
Panoptique</span></u></span></span><span><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div><div id="sdfootnote1">
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4205631674593131367.post-23256464767201823142021-01-25T10:08:00.010+01:002021-08-20T09:24:55.614+02:00MANIFESTE DU PARTI CONSPIRATIONNISTE.<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="color: black;"> </span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Un
spectre hante l’Occident : le spectre du conspirationnisme.
Toutes les puissances du vieil Occident se sont unies en une
Sainte-Alliance pour traquer ce spectre : le politique, le
scientifique et le médiatique, </span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Parly</span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
Delfraissy</span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
et July</span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
les </span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ministres,
les experts </span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;">et
les journalistes. </span></span></em><span style="color: black;">Quelle
est l’opposition qui n’a pas été accusée de conspirationnisme
par ses adversaires au pouvoir ? Quelle est l’opposition qui, à
son tour, n’a pas renvoyé à ses adversaires de droite ou de
gauche l’épithète infamante de conspirationniste ? Il en résulte
un double enseignement. Déjà le conspirationnisme est reconnu comme
une puissance par toutes les puissances d’Occident. Il est grand
temps que les conspirationnistes exposent à la face du monde entier,
leurs conceptions, leurs buts et leurs tendances ; qu’ils
opposent au conte du spectre conspirationniste un manifeste du Parti
lui-même</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a><span style="color: black;">.</span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;">L’histoire
de toute société jusqu’à nos jours n’a été que l’histoire
des luttes de places</span><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a><span style="color: black;">.
</span><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Loin
de constituer une alternative à la lutte des classes comme moteur
principal de l'histoire, ce que Bourdieu appelle "lutte des
places" en est plutôt l'achèvement même, c'est-à-dire sa
résultante à la fois la plus concrète et la plus perverse dès
lors qu'on quitte les grandes généralités historiques pour
s'intéresser à la vie quotidienne des gens. En effet, à quelque
classe sociale qu'appartienne l'individu Lambda et dans quelque
système de rapports sociaux que ce soit, il doit en permanence
donner des garanties de sa "normalité". Et même si ce
n'est pas là une propriété de la seule configuration
socio-économique dite capitaliste</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
pour autant, en système capitaliste, "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>aux
marques qui traduisent des statuts, des privilèges, des
appartenances, on tend à substituer ou du moins à ajouter tout un
jeu de degrés de normalité, qui sont des signes d’appartenance à
un corps social homogène, mais qui ont en eux-mêmes un rôle de
classification, de hiérarchisation et de distribution des
rangs</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Surveiller
et Punir</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
En effet, conformément au dogme révélé aux prophètes de cette
théocratie, "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>tous
les Citoyens [sont] égaux […] sans autre distinction que celle de
leurs vertus et de leurs talents</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Déclaration
des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
art.6)</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
D'où, tout à la fois en amont et en aval de la "norme"
commune, l'existence "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>des
moyens de correction qui ne sont pas exactement des moyens de
punition, mais des moyens de transformation de l'individu, toute une
technologie du comportement de l'être humain</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>le
Pouvoir, une Bête Magnifique</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Une telle "technologie du comportement", que Foucault, comme Agamben, nomment "bio-pouvoir", justement, vise une distinction qui n'est plus statique
comme dans les sociétés pré-capitalistes, mais devient dynamique :
la "vertu" héritée par la naissance ne suffit plus, il
faut y ajouter les "talents", ceux que l'on acquiert "par
son seul mérite" tout au long de son existence. Voilà pourquoi
le capitalisme a inventé des euphémismes savoureux pour qualifier
de tels "moyens de correction", tout à la fois punition
(rentrer dans le rang en montrant sa vertu) et transformation (sortir
du rang en prouvant son talent) : des mots comme "autocritique",
"autodiscipline", "autonomie", "autocensure",
etc. On remarquera que le plus significatif, dans tous ces termes
est, bien entendu, le préfixe αὐτόϛ, "par soi-même"
qui suggère que le moteur de la lutte des places est bien cette
obsession de la normalité consistant en une préoccupation
constante, chez tout atome social individuel, de se distinguer de
tout autre et ce, à quelque classe qu'il appartienne. Il en va de ce
que Foucault appelle la "gouvernabilité", c'est-à-dire,
en fait, de l'intelligibilité, de la lisibilité et, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>in
fine</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
de l'acceptabilité même du système capitaliste.</span></span></span></em></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Les
"places" comme enjeu de lutte, ce sont donc, tout à la
fois, ces "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>effets
de distinction [qui] inclinent les uns à tenir leur rang, à garder
leurs distances, et les autres à se tenir à leur place, à se
contenter de ce qu’ils sont</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Langage
et Pouvoir Symbolique</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii, 2), "effets de distinction" qui, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>de
facto</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
déterminent la normalité sociale et la conscience qu'on en a</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
mais aussi le facultatif dans le comportement, car, au fond, "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>seul
le facultatif peut donner lieu à des effets de
distinction</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Langage
et Pouvoir Symbolique</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i, 1). La "place", c'est donc ce par quoi on est (ou on
n'est pas) quelqu'un de distingué et, en même temps, ce par quoi on
se distingue. Dans les deux cas, "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>c’est
la société et elle seule qui dispense, à des degrés différents,
les justifications et les raisons d’exister. C’est elle qui, en
produisant les affaires et les positions que l’on dit importantes,
produit les actes et les agents que l’on juge importants, pour
eux-mêmes et pour les autres, personnages objectivement et
subjectivement assurés de leur valeur et ainsi, arrachés à
l’indifférence et à l’insignifiance. […] ‘‘Misère de
l’homme sans Dieu !’’, disait Pascal. Misère de l’homme sans
mission ni consécration sociale. En effet, […] je dirais : Dieu,
ce n’est jamais que la société. Ce que l’on attend de Dieu, on
ne l’obtient jamais que de la société qui seule a le pouvoir de
consacrer ; mais seulement de manière différentielle, distinctive :
tout sacré a son complémentaire profane, toute distinction produit
sa vulgarité […]. Le jugement des autres est le jugement dernier,
et l’exclusion sociale la forme concrète de l’enfer et de la
damnation. C’est aussi parce que l’homme est un Dieu pour l’homme
que l’homme est un loup pour l’homme</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Leçon
sur la Leçon</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Bref, on peut avoir une conception matérialiste de l'histoire et
admettre que dans celle-ci "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il
n’y a pas seulement des forces ou plus de forces d’un côté que
de l’autre ; mais il y a toujours en ceux qui sont gouvernés une
structure qui les rend gouvernables par les autres</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Foucault,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>l'Origine
de l'Herméneutique de soi</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Or, "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
structure […] pose des conditions quant au type des occupants
légitimes des différentes places prévues. Il en va ici, en somme,
comme de la syntaxe d'une phrase</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Descombes,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>les
Institutions du Sens</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xv, 3). Bref, de la même façon que, dans un langage donné, les
mots ont une "place" assignée par la syntaxe dudit
langage, de même, dans une société donnée, les êtres humains ont
une place autorisée</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote8sym" name="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
par la structure de cette société, la structure et la
gouvernabilité en celle-ci se substituant à la syntaxe et
l'intelligibilité en celle-là. La structure est donc en quelque
sorte la matrice qui prédétermine les forces (sociales ou
sémantiques) en les orientant vers des places autorisées. Sauf que,
comme le reconnaît Marx lui-même, une originalité du système
capitaliste tient en ce qu'en son sein "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
division du travail, […] prend aussi, dans la classe dominante, la
forme de la division du travail intellectuel et du travail
matériel</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Marx,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>l’Idéologie
Allemande</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Il en va de même dans la classe dominée. C'est ainsi que
"</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’organisation
des prolétaires en une classe et, par suite, en un parti politique,
est à tout moment détruite par la concurrence des ouvriers entre
eux</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Marx,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Manifeste
Communiste de 1848</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
i). Autrement dit, à travers la notion d'"égalité", on
voit que le mouvement de normalisation coercitive propre au système
capitaliste est indissociable de celui de promotion compétitive, que
le courant d'intégration sociale coexiste avec un courant
antagoniste de désagrégation.</span></span></span></em></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Pour
résoudre le paradoxe d'un système social tout à la fois pérenne
et miné par ses propres contradictions, Bourdieu fait alors
intervenir une notion importée de la science physique : celle
dite du "démon de Maxwell"</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote9sym" name="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Il commence par admettre que toutes les institutions sociales "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>sont
des corps animés d’une sorte de </i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">conatus</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
au sens de Spinoza</i></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote10sym" name="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
c’est-à-dire d’une tendance à perpétuer leur être social,
avec tous ses pouvoirs et ses privilèges, qui est au principe des
stratégies de reproduction</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Raisons
Pratiques</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii). Évidence physique en quoi réside, en particulier, toute
mécanique sociale de nature intégrative, normative, coercitive mais
qui, on le sait, contredit, du moins en apparence, le </span></span></span></em><em><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuxième_principe_de_la_thermodynamique"><span style="font-style: normal;">second
principe de la thermodynamique</span></a></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
en vertu duquel tout système physique, quel qu'il soit (et un
système social est un système physique particulier), tend vers
l'accroissement de l'entropie, donc du désordre, donc vers sa propre
désintégration. Sauf que, comme le suggère l'expérience de pensée
de Maxwell, cette règle générale connaît des exceptions
apparentes</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote11sym" name="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
celle concernant les corps vivants et, notamment, les "corps
sociaux" humains étant les plus manifestes. C'est ainsi que,
nous dit Bourdieu, tout corps social "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>agit
à la manière du démon de Maxwell : au prix de la dépense
d’énergie nécessaire pour réaliser l’opération de tri, il
maintient l’ordre préexistant, c’est-à-dire l’écart entre
[individus] dotés de quantités inégales de capital
culturel</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Raisons
Pratiques</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii)</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Tout se passe donc comme s'il existait un "démon", une
sorte de "malin génie" cartésien, de "main
invisible" smithienne, de "rire" nietzschéen ou
bergsonien ou encore, de divinité métaphysique qui œuvre en
permanence à rétablir l'ordre social menacé par la tendance à la
désagrégation consécutive aux effets sociaux de distinction
individuelle, effets élevés au rang de norme par le capitalisme.
Plus précisément, tout se passe comme s'il existait une
intelligence organisatrice qui centralise en temps réel
l'information disponible concernant, d'une part les tendances
centrifuges des agents sociaux préoccupés de distinction, d'autre
part la tendance centripète du système social qui s'emploie à en
(ré-)concilier les conséquences néfastes. "Comme si",
avons-nous dit : on use donc ici, explicitement, d'un procédé
argumentatif analogique et non descriptif. Car une telle
"intelligence" n'existe pas réellement. C'est une
construction conceptuelle sur un modèle anthropomorphique. Ou, si
l'on préfère, cette "intelligence" n'est pas
transcendante aux corps (physiques et/ou biologiques et/ou sociaux)
qu'elle discipline mais leur est au contraire immanente, elle n'agit
pas sur eux, ce sont eux qui, en réalité, sont spontanément
"intelligents" en tant qu'ils agissent. Dit d'une autre
manière, le "démon de Maxwell" s'incorpore en chacun des
êtres qu'il conditionne sous la forme de ce que Bourdieu appelle,
empruntant le terme à Aristote, Thomas d'Aquin et Leibniz, un
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>habitus </i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">:
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>les
conditionnements associés à une classe particulière de conditions
d’existence produisent des </i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">habitus</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
systèmes de dispositions durables et transposables </i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[...]
</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>en
tant que principes générateurs et organisateurs de pratiques et de
représentations qui peuvent être objectivement adaptées à leur
but sans supposer la visée consciente de fins et la maîtrise
expresse des opérations nécessaires pour les atteindre,
objectivement réglées et régulières sans être en rien le produit
de l’obéissance à des règles et, en étant tout cela,
collectivement orchestrées sans être le produit de l’action
organisatrice d’un chef d’orchestre</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Choses
Dites</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
C'est donc cette notion de "démon de Maxwell", autrement
dit d'</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>habitus</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
qui rend compte de la régulation spontanée de tout système social</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote12sym" name="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
en ce qu'il est contraint de concilier en permanence des courants
contraires d'intégration (normalisation) et de désintégration
(distinction), le système capitaliste simplifiant cette régulation
en inculquant l'</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>habitus
</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
la distinction comme norme suprême.</span></span></span></em></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> De
là vient, tout naturellement, la notion de "conspiration".
D'abord, d'une manière générale, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>tout
corps se ressent de ce qui se fait dans l’univers ; tellement que
celui qui voit tout pourrait lire dans chacun ce qui se fait partout
et même ce qui s’est fait ou ce qui se fera en remarquant dans le
présent ce qui est éloigné, tant selon les temps que selon les
lieux : </i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">sumpnoia
panta</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
[tout conspire vers un même but], disait Hippocrate</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Leibniz,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>la
Monadologie</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§61). Il importe peu pour notre propos que la métaphysique
leibnizienne ait été malmenée par la physique moderne sur au moins
deux points : la conservation de l'énergie (par la deuxième
loi de la thermodynamique que nous avons évoquée </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>supra</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote13sym" name="sdfootnote13anc"><sup>13</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
et le déterminisme nécessaire (par le principe d'incertitude de
Heisenberg)</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote14sym" name="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>14</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Il reste que sa thèse dite de "l'harmonie pré-établie",
peut-être héritée de la conception taoïste de la Voie</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote15sym" name="sdfootnote15anc"><sup>15</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
nous offre une clé de compréhension pour ce que les </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">media
main stream</span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
nomment avec mépris le "conspirationnisme", d'ailleurs
confondu avec le "complotisme"</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote16sym" name="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Cette thèse affirme en effet que "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>naturellement
chaque substance simple a de la perception, et que son individualité
consiste dans la loi perpétuelle qui fait la suite des perceptions
qui lui sont affectées, et qui naissent naturellement les unes des
autres, [...] et, par son moyen, l'univers entier, suivant le point
de vue propre à cette substance simple, sans qu'elle ait besoin de
recevoir aucune influence physique</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Leibniz,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Essais
de Théodicée</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote17sym" name="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Que "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>chaque
substance simple [ait] de la perception</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"
signifie ni plus ni moins que chaque portion spatio-temporelle de
l'univers est nécessairement en connexion avec le tout de l'univers
et qu'elle porte en soi les empreintes de cette connexion. Et ce sont
ces empreintes incorporées qui, précisément, constituent
l'</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>habitus</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
De sorte que ce qui individualise "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>chaque
substance</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">",
ce qui fait sa singularité n'est pas, comme le suggère la pensée
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>main
stream</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
une soi-disant indépendance, mais, tout au contraire le fait qu'elle
soit déterminée par toutes les autres mais d'une manière unique,
d'un point de vue unique qui fait que, par exemple, "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>une
même ville regardée de différents côtés paraît tout autre, et
est comme multipliée perspectivement […] selon les différents
points de vue de chaque monade</i></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote18sym" name="sdfootnote18anc"><sup>18</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Leibniz,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>la
Monadologie</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§§56, 57). </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">E</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">n
ce qu'elles "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>naissent
naturellement les unes des autres</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">",
les différentes (ré-)actions sont </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">donc
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">toutes
pré-déterminés d'une certaine manière qui est toujours, malgré
tout, spontanée en ce qu'une telle (ré-)action est toujours
pré-accordée à son environnement naturel et/ou social "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>sans
qu'elle ait besoin de recevoir aucune influence physique</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".
Cette spontanéité est, pour Leibniz comme pour Bourdieu, celle de
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l'habitus </i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">:
"</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>on
a un </i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">habitus</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
pour une chose lorsque cette chose est faite d’ordinaire en vertu
d’une disposition spontanée de l’agent</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[…]</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>;
la spontanéité est ce dont le principe réside dans
l’agent</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Leibniz,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Opuscules
et Fragments</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
"Réside dans l'agent" et non pas "a l'agent pour
origine". Le "démon de Maxwell" est donc bien
incorporé, et si bien que l'agent se comporte "comme si"
on lui dictait les règles de son comportement, sauf que ce n'est pas
le cas : il y "obéit" spontanément, c'est-à-dire
inconsciemment</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote19sym" name="sdfootnote19anc"><sup>19</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
en ce qu'il perçoit confusément la conspiration qui l'englobe sans
pour autant nécessairement l'apercevoir consciemment</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote20sym" name="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>20</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
C'est en ce sens que, tout mouvement dans l'univers pour Leibniz et
tout mouvement social pour Bourdieu est conditionné, non par une
simple causalité isolable et descriptible par un mécanisme</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote21sym" name="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
partant, réputée observable et expérimentable. Bien plutôt, tout
mouvement procède d'un "démon de Maxwell", autrement dit
d'un </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>habitus</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
c'est-à-dire d'un ensemble de conditions diffuses et confuses qui
relèvent d'une corrélation complexe globale inobservable dans sa
totalité et d'autant moins objectivable que tout "observateur"
potentiel fait lui-même partie du processus à "observer".
Il y a donc bel et bien un sens à affirmer que "tout conspire"
ou, si l'on préfère que la nature, à commencer, bien entendu, par
la nature humaine, est gouvernée par des processus immanents de
convergence de tous les phénomènes vers un horizon de
conditionnement confusément perceptible quoiqu'entièrement
déterminé.</span></span></span></em></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Il
est remarquable que de telles intuitions, pour métaphysiques, voire
mystiques qu'elle puissent paraître à l'occidental positiviste
borné, aient été largement confirmées par les développements les
plus récents de la connaissance scientifique, à savoir la mécanique
quantique, la psychanalyse</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote22sym" name="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
et les sciences sociales</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote23sym" name="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
C'est ainsi que la mécanique quantique "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>est
très proche de la pensée orientale</i></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote24sym" name="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
non seulement dans ses conclusions ultimes mais également dans sa
conception générale de la matière. Elle décrit le monde des
particules élémentaires comme une réseau d'événements et met
plus l'accent sur les changements et les transformations que sur les
structures et les entités fondamentales</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Capra,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>le
Tao de la Physique</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
xvii). De même, Bourdieu définit la sociologie comme une activité
qui "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>dévoile
des choses cachées et parfois refoulées comme la corrélation entre
la réussite scolaire (que l’on identifie à l’“intelligence”)
et l’origine sociale</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Questions
de Sociologie</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii). Et Freud : "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le
</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ça</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
est la partie obscure de notre personnalité, et le peu que nous en
savons, nous l’avons appris en étudiant l’élaboration du rêve
et la formation du symptôme névrotique […]. Les processus qui s’y
déroulent n’obéissent pas aux lois logiques de la pensée : pour
eux, le principe de contradiction n’existe pas</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Freud,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Nouvelles
Conférences sur la Psychanalyse</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Que ce soit en physique quantique, en psychanalyse ou en sociologie,
les trois axes culturels occidentaux qui ont conceptualisé le plus
systématiquement cette tendance, l'accent est mis sur
l'objectivation paradoxale de ce qui, rigoureusement parlant, est
réputé directement inobservable. On y insiste donc sur ce qui, tout
en restant caché, manifeste néanmoins indirectement des processus
de transformation mettant en jeu des réseaux serrés d'influences
réciproques entre entités plutôt que sur les qualités
intrinsèques de ces substances, ce qui, on s'en doute est plus
aisément constatable. L'exemple le plus connu de cette difficulté
se trouve dans l'évidence et la simplicité des remarques de Hume au
sujet de la (trop) fameuse relation de causalité dont use et abuse
la pensée scientifique. Celle-ci présuppose, par exemple, qu'une
boule de billard nommée "cause" communique à une autre
boule de billard nommée "effet", une certaine quantité de
son énergie par quoi on rend compte de sa réaction. Si au lieu de
la simpliste relation de cause à effet entre la boule impactante et
la boule impactée, on tient compte des phénomènes collatéraux de
roulement, de résistance du tapis, d'élasticité des matériaux,
etc., même en admettant avec Newton qu'au </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>finale</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
la réaction doit être égale à l'action</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote25sym" name="sdfootnote25anc"><sup>25</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
la relation entre les deux boules devient beaucoup plus difficile à
objectiver qu'en termes de simple choc entre deux corps simples</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote26sym" name="sdfootnote26anc"><sup>26</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
On a, en effet, affaire désormais à un processus complexe dont les
composantes, pourtant intuitivement convergentes (conspirantes) sont
difficilement descriptibles isolément les unes des autres. De sorte
que ce processus relève désormais d'une explication par des raisons
plutôt que d'une description par des causes, la différence étant
que "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
recherche d’une raison entraîne comme partie essentielle l’accord
de l’intéressé avec elle, alors que la recherche d’une cause
est menée expérimentalement</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Cours
de Cambridge 1932-1935</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).
Dès lors, la description mécaniste par les causes se révèle être
un cas limite de l'explication par les raisons lorsque l'accord entre
locuteurs est réalisé sur la base d'une expérimentation linéaire
selon l'avant et l'après : la cause à l'instant </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>t</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
l'effet à l'instant </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>t'
</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">avec
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>t'
</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">strictement
postérieur à </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>t</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Bref, tout étant difficilement modélisables, les raisons indirectes
et intuitives rendent compte de la réalité de manière, certes,
moins précise, mais beaucoup plus large que les causes objectives
directement observables</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote27sym" name="sdfootnote27anc"><sup>27</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Ce n'est par pour rien que Leibniz parle, à leur propos, de principe
de "raison suffisante" et non pas de "causalité
suffisante". Dans un précédent article</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote28sym" name="sdfootnote28anc"><sup>28</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
nous montrions que la modélisation scientifique ne se réduit
d'ailleurs plus à la production d'un mécanisme causal mais a
tendance à se prévaloir plutôt d'une modélisation que nous
qualifiions d'"organiciste" (l'objet de science est
considéré comme un organisme vivant qui, partant, possède une
marge incompressible d'imprévisibilité due à la complexité de son
biotope), voire d'une modélisation "textualiste" (l'objet
de science est considéré comme une sorte de texte dont
l'interprétation fait intervenir, de la part de l'observateur, des
facteurs culturels indissociables des raisons qu'il fournit pour
justifier son interprétation). C'est en ce dernier sens que le
scientifique en général "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>n'a
quelque chance de réussir son travail d'objectivation que si,
observateur observé [par son objet], il soumet à l'objectivation
non seulement tout ce qu'il est, ses propres conditions sociales de
production et par là les "limites de son cerveau", mais
aussi son propre travail d'objectivation, les intérêts cachés qui
s'y trouvent investis, les profits qu'ils promettent</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>sur
l'Objectivation Participante</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">),
autrement dit si et seulement s'il reste intuitivement conscient
d'être, comme l'envisage aussi la mécanique quantique et la
psychanalyse, embarqué dans le même processus de convergence que
les phénomènes qu'il étudie. L'objectivation, nous dit Bourdieu,
est alors "participante" en ce que le "sujet
conscient" (appelons-le ainsi par commodité de langage) n'est
pas réellement distinct de son "objet d'observation"</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote29sym" name="sdfootnote29anc"><sup>29</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
mais que les raisons qu'il avance pour en rendre compte, loin d'être
transcendantes et neutres, sont bien plutôt immanentes et
conspirantes par rapport au phénomène observé et, donc,
participent de celui-ci. </span></span></span></em>
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> De
cela suit que la conspiration ne peut être tenu pour synonyme
d'"illusion". Comme Leibniz a été le premier penseur
occidental à en prendre pleinement conscience, et comme la physique
quantique, la psychanalyse et les sciences sociales ont été amenées
à la conceptualiser, la convergence spontanée de processus
dynamiques qui s'influencent réciproquement est la loi fondamentale
du réel qui doit son existence à la compossibilité de ses
différentes composantes, qu'elles soient naturelles ou sociales,
dans un tout cohérent qui pré-existe à chacune de ses parties et,
par conséquent, les détermine</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote30sym" name="sdfootnote30anc"><sup>30</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Il en est résulté, d'une part une approche de la mesure en sciences
physiques ou sociales qui se base sur des statistiques</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote31sym" name="sdfootnote31anc"><sup>31</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
d'autre part, une conception objectiviste de l'"information"
disponible sur de tels processus dynamiques en termes de probabilités
de survenance de tel ou tel événement</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote32sym" name="sdfootnote32anc"><sup>32</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Dès lors, dire qu'il existe une conspiration entre deux ou plusieurs
événements est purement tautologique : il ne peut pas en être
autrement. Car, pour que deux événements E et E' ne soient pas
conspirants, il faut que leur convergence soit, ou bien impossible,
ou bien nécessaire, autrement dit que la probabilité de leur
conjonction soit, ou bien égale à 0 ou bien égale à 1. Ce qui,
dans le monde réel (physique), n'a aucun sens</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote33sym" name="sdfootnote33anc"><sup>33</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Par ailleurs, du fait qu'un événement qui dépend de la conjonction
d'un grand nombre de facteurs convergents est moins probable qu'un
autre qui dépend de peu de facteurs, plus un événement est
probable et moins on possède d'informations sur cet événement. Ce
qui se comprend aisément : tandis qu'un événement "certain"
(dont la probabilité de survenance est très proche de 1) n'a pas
besoin de s'expliquer, il suffit qu'on le constate ou qu'on le sente
ainsi</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote34sym" name="sdfootnote34anc"><sup>34</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
C'est pourquoi, dire que deux ou plusieurs processus conspirent,
n'est pas nécessairement prétendre qu'ils tendent vers un même
but. Car, comme Aristote l'a suffisamment expliqué</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote35sym" name="sdfootnote35anc"><sup>35</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
l'existence d'un but suppose une intelligence anthropomorphe
(transcendante ou non, peu importe) qui dirige le mouvement dans une
direction et vers une fin conscientes. Or nous avons vu que les
processus convergent naturellement "comme si" ils étaient
voulus et contrôlés par un "démon de Maxwell", sauf que
nous savons que ce "démon" est une fiction. À la limite
donc, dans la mesure où nous sommes détenteurs d'un très grand
nombre d'informations (physiques) relatives à la quasi-imposibilité
de son inexistence, nous pouvons dire que très faible est la
probabilité pour qu'un but conscient et intelligent soit assigné à
une simple conspiration</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote36sym" name="sdfootnote36anc"><sup>36</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Bref, la conspiration, n'est pas le complot<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote37sym" name="sdfootnote37anc"><sup>37</sup></a>.
Celui-ci n'est, en effet, que la limite vers laquelle tend une
conspiration lorsqu'elle est le fruit d'une volonté organisatrice
(peu importe qu'elle soit individuelle ou collective) qui pose
explicitement et consciemment un but à atteindre à partir d'un ou
plusieurs moyen(s) réputé(s) cause(s) de l'effet souhaité</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote38sym" name="sdfootnote38anc"><sup>38</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Or, dans le cas de la conspiration, il n'y a justement pas, y
avons-nous lourdement insisté, de relation linéaire entre un
événement "cause" et un événement "effet",
entre une conscience posant un but et un ensemble de moyens
mécaniques, seulement une corrélation floue entre conditions et
conséquences, événements inter-dépendants qui se co-déterminent
mutuellement et sur lesquels notre </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>habitus
</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">nous
fournit peu, voire pas du tout, d'informations objectives.</span></span></span></em></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Peu
d'informations mais, paradoxalement, beaucoup de compréhension</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote39sym" name="sdfootnote39anc"><sup>39</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Si, comme le dit Bourdieu, "</span></span></span></em><em>l'</em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">habitus</span></span></span></em><em>
est une connaissance sans conscience</em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Bourdieu,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Choses
Dites</u></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">),
nous avons, en tant qu'être vivant, et à tout moment de notre
existence, une compréhension précise de ce qu'il convient de faire
ou de ne pas faire pour nous ajuster à un courant d'événements qui
nous détermine en permanence. Et ce n'est pas parce que cet ensemble
d'événements corrélés est un ensemble flou</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote40sym" name="sdfootnote40anc"><sup>40</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
de conditions que, pour autant, un tel courant est dépourvu de
réalité. Concrètement, ce n'est pas parce que tous les
actionnaires se trouvent vendre au même moment les mêmes actions
d'un même titre sans pour autant avoir ourdi un complot pour faire
baisser la valeur de leurs propres actions, que cette convergence est
un fantasme : le résultat sur la valeur des actions en est, au
contraire, on ne peut plus tangible ! Du coup,
contrairement à ce que l'idéologie </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>main
stream </i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">pourrait
conclure de notre exemple ci-dessus, la pensée conspirante</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote41sym" name="sdfootnote41anc"><sup>41</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
ne procède pas du tout d'une perversion cognitive (d'un "biais
cognitif" comme elle se plaît à répéter à l'envi). Certes,
nos actionnaires ne se sont pas concertés, en tout cas, pas à un
niveau global, il n'ont pris aucune décision collective, aucun
organe centralisateur n'a été mandaté pour piloter ce mouvement de
convergence. En ce sens, ils n'ont pas "comploté". Pour
autant, ils montrent qu'ils ont, au même moment, la même
compréhension intuitive de l'imminence de la chute des cours qu'ils
vont, précisément, précipiter par le fait même de tenter d'y
échapper. Du coup, on pourrait être tenté de qualifier
d'"irrationnel" ce classique mouvement de panique boursière
que la psychologie sociale bon marché fonde sur le soi-disant
"biais cognitif" du traitement insuffisant de l'information
qui serait, dit-on, parasitée par l'affectivité</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote42sym" name="sdfootnote42anc"><sup>42</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Ce qui suppose la rationalité pratique réduite à l'obtention
nécessaire de l'effet souhaité par la seule rationalité théorique</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote43sym" name="sdfootnote43anc"><sup>43</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
elle-même réduite au schème d'une relation causale entre le corps
considéré comme moyen indéfectible lorsqu'il est au service d'une pensée infaillible lorsqu'elle est à la fois désincarnée et capable d'imposer au corps ses propres fins. Si c'est le cas, l'effet
souhaité (éviter de perdre de l'argent) n'étant manifestement pas
obtenu au motif, prétend-on, que l'actionnaire Lambda, submergé par
son émotion, tient un raisonnement qui fait abstraction de
l'information selon laquelle tous les autres actionnaires vont tenir
le même que le sien, hâtant ainsi la chute du cours de l'action,
alors, effectivement, ce mouvement est irrationnel. Il en va très
différemment, en revanche, si l'on considère que, précisément en
raison de la compréhension intuitive de l'imminence d'une chute des
cours et de la certitude qui en découle, déterminant ainsi
l'urgence qu'il y a à réagir, il n'y a, à proprement parler,
aucune information à traiter. Dès lors, le procès en irrationalité
fondé sur un prétendu "biais cognitif" procédant d'un
manque d'information ne tient plus (d'ailleurs, pour l'actionnaire
Lambda, l'absence d'information vérifiable sur le comportement des
autres actionnaires exclut-elle la certitude intuitive que ceux-ci
vont agir comme il le fait ? est-il idiot à ce point?). Par
ailleurs, constate-t-on, ce mouvement de panique fait suite à la
peur</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote44sym" name="sdfootnote44anc"><sup>44</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
de perdre de l'argent. Or, quoi de plus irrationnel que la peur ?
En fait, elle ne l'est que si et seulement si on raisonne comme
Descartes. Elle l'est beaucoup moins dès lors que l'on admet que la
peur ou le </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">stress</span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
est, dans le règne du vivant, une éminente fonction biologique de
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>self
preservation</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">D'ailleurs,
une preuve que la peur, fût-elle panique, est, chez nous autres
humains, parfaitement rationnelle est que, dans tous les cas, nous
sommes capables d'en donner … des raisons. Même si, encore une
fois, nous possédons sur l'objet de notre peur d'autant moins
d'informations vérifiables que nous en sentons intuitivement la plus
grande proximité. À la lumière de ces considérations, nous devons
re-considérer le jugement que la pensée </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>main
stream </i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">ne
manquera pas de prononcer sur les vagues successives de revirement
cognitif consécutives à un mouvement de panique au motif qu'à
terme, la chute du cours de l'action va s'accompagner,
immanquablement, d'un "rebond", le faible prix de celle-ci
attirant des opportunistes qui, par leur demande soudainement
accrue, vont revaloriser le cours de l'action jusqu'à ce qu'un
nouveau mouvement de défiance ne le fasse à nouveau chuter, etc.
Mais de tels revirements ne sont irrationnels que pour autant que
l'on réduit la rationalité à un processus inférentiel délivrant
UNE vérité définitive</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote45sym" name="sdfootnote45anc"><sup>45</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
sur la base d'une information vérifiable une fois pour toutes. Or, </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>a
contrario</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">dans
cet exemple précis, en quoi l'investisseur potentiel qui
n'anticiperait pas intuitivement les fluctuations de cours et donc
qui ne se fondrait pas dans le flux de ces mutations, certes, très
rapides, pourrait-il être regardé comme "rationnel" ?
Dès lors, si on accepte de voir l'émotion et la contradiction
s'ingérer dans un processus cognitif, il ne faut pas s'étonner d'y
trouver aussi de la confusion (au sens étymologique de </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>cum
fusio</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
"ce qui est fondu ensemble"), encore une entorse à la
conception standard de la rationalité. Confusion qui se manifeste
dans l'indécision, le flottement, la </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">fluctuatio
animi</span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
qui caractérise celui ou celle qui, manquant de certitude dans ses
conclusions, manque aussi de fermeté dans ses actes, ce qui,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>horresco
referens</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
le rend malléable et influençable à merci</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote46sym" name="sdfootnote46anc"><sup>46</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Tout ça pour dire que si l'on refuse de réduire la rationalité à
celle que déploie la seule logique bivalente</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote47sym" name="sdfootnote47anc"><sup>47</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
dans un processus d'inférence linéaire hypothético-déductif, mais
qu'on l'étend au principe "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>en
vertu duquel nous considérons qu’aucun fait ne saurait se trouver
existant, aucune énonciation vraie, sans qu’il y ait une raison
suffisante pourquoi il en soit ainsi et pas autrement</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Leibniz,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Monadologie</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§32), ou bien d'après lequel "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>les
hommes […] cherchent ce qui leur est utile et donc ne désirent
rien pour eux-mêmes qu’ils ne désirent pour les autres
hommes</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Spinoza,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Éthique</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
IV, 18), si on admet donc que "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
raison n’est pas une explication conforme à une expérience, mais
simplement une explication acceptée</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Leçons
sur l’Esthétique</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
II, 39), bref, qu'il existe une rationalité consistant à se sentir
intuitivement pris dans un flux d'événements et d'y ajuster son
comportement en temps réel, alors l'idée selon laquelle tout
phénomène naturel et/ou social est toujours au cœur d'un concours
de conditions</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote48sym" name="sdfootnote48anc"><sup>48</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
dont la plupart font l'objet d'une compréhension intuitive, alors la
pensée conspirante est une attitude intellectuelle parfaitement
rationnelle en raison même de son caractère à la fois émotionnel,
contradictoire et confus. Tirons de cette conclusion deux
conséquences immédiates. Premièrement, il est parfaitement
rationnel que la classe dominée soit animée d'une pensée
conspirante comprenant intuitivement que les intérêts de ses
membres sont conspirants, et donc, corrélativement, qu'elle est
l'objet d'une conspiration sociale dirigée contre les conditions
conspirantes de sa domination. Deuxièmement, il est parfaitement
rationnel que la pensée conspirante dominante ait tendance, d'une
part à se nier comme pensée conspirante réputée, nous l'avons
dit, irrationnelle, d'autre part à tout faire pour éviter que cette
conspiration d'intérêts dominants soit entravée par la prise de
conscience de cette conspiration par le plus grand nombre</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote49sym" name="sdfootnote49anc"><sup>49</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Alors, justement, examinons à présent en détail les raisons que la
pensée conspirante dominante fournit elle-même pour justifier la
dénonciation et la condamnation du conspirationnisme en général à
travers d'un exemple précis : la réception du</span></span></span></em><em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKBR2XRql8M"><span style="color: #993322;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
documentaire de Pierre Barnérias intitulé </span></span></span></span></a></em><em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKBR2XRql8M"><span style="color: #993322;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Hold-up</u></span></span></span></span></a></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></em>
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Rappelons
d'abord en quoi consiste ce documentaire. Mais, avant tout, deux mots
de méthode. Comme le dit Wittgenstein, en tant que nous prétendons
à l'objectivité de la connaissance informative, à la limite, "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>nous
devons tâcher d'écarter toute explication et ne mettre à la place
qu'une description</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Recherches
Philosophiques</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§109) car "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>expliquer
est plus que décrire, bien que toute explication contienne une
description</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Remarques
Philosophiques</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§1)</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote50sym" name="sdfootnote50anc"><sup>50</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Or, "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>si
la simple description est si difficile, c’est parce que l’on
croit que, pour parvenir à la compréhension des faits, il faut les
compléter. C’est comme si l’on voyait une toile avec des taches
de couleurs éparses, et que l’on dise : telles qu’elles sont là,
elles sont incompréhensibles, elles ne prendront un sens que
lorsqu’on les aura complétées. Tandis que moi, je veux dire : ici
est le tout, si tu le complètes, tu le fausses</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Leçons
sur la Philosophie de la Psychologie</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
§257). Voyons donc, à cet égard, quel est le statut de </span></span></span></em><em><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold-up_(film,_2020)">la
présentation que fait le site Wikipedia</a></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> du
documentaire controversé et qui commence par : "</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Hold-up,
retour sur un chaos</u></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>est
un film documentaire indépendant conspirationniste français</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i> sorti
le 11 novembre 2020 sur Vimeo</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>.
Il a été produit par Pierre Barnérias</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
Nicolas Réoutsky et Christophe Cossé. Il met d'abord en avant des
controverses autour de la pandémie de Covid-19</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i> telles
que l'utilité des masques</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
du confinement</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
des traitements comme l'hydroxychloroquine</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>,
pour développer dans une seconde partie la théorie d'un complot
mondial</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".
L'article, par ailleurs très détaillé</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote51sym" name="sdfootnote51anc"><sup>51</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
émanant de cette institution que constitue Wikipedia en matière de
recherches documentaires</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote52sym" name="sdfootnote52anc"><sup>52</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
est intéressant précisément en ce qu'il commence par quelques
lignes de description (celles que nous venons de citer) au sens de
Wittgenstein, lesquelles sont vite noyées sous un déluge
d'explications. Ce sont celles-ci, qui, comme le dit Wittgenstein,
"complètent" la description autant qu'elles la faussent,
qu'il convient à présent d'examiner de près. En nous conformant au
proverbe chinois selon lequel lorsque le sage montre la lune,
l'imbécile regarde le doigt, jouons donc à l'imbécile et observons
le gros doigt inquisiteur de la pensée conspirante qui anime la
classe dominante. Disons tout de suite que la conspiration
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">économico-</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">politico-scientifico-médiati</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
qui condamne unanimement</span></span></span></em><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote53sym" name="sdfootnote53anc"><sup>53</sup></a><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
ce documentaire au nom, précisément, du rejet du
"conspirationnisme/complotisme" qui animerait la populace,
est tellement simpliste et caricaturale que, s'il fallait un exemple
pédagogique de ce qu'est une conspiration </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(en
l'occurrence, une conspiration des nantis)</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
on aurait du mal à </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">en
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">trouver
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">un
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">plus
pertinent que celui-ci. D'abord, si on s'intéresse à la forme que
prennent toutes ces réactions convergentes, on ne peut qu'être
frappé par les nombreux symptômes d'affolement qu'elles
manifestent. Tout d'abord, ce sont, effectivement des "réactions"
dans le sens que prend ce terme en biologie, c'est-à-dire que les
répliques au documentaire sont des mouvements immédiatement
conditionnés par un </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR">stimulus</span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">
pavlovien mettant en jeu la survie de l'organisme qui réagit. De
fait, les échantillons que nous donnons de ces "réactions"
ont tous été produits entre le 12 et le 16 novembre, soient un à
quatre jours après la sortie du documentaire, à peine plus vite que
la sortie du vaccin de Pfizer ! Ce qui, encore une fois, n'est
pas du tout une preuve d'irrationalité, partant, un motif
d'irrecevabilité. Simplement, il nous semble juste un peu
surréaliste de pontifier en parlant à ce propos, comme le fait
notamment le journaliste de France-Culture qui "réagit"
moins de 24 heures après la sortie dudit phénomène (a-t-il
seulement eu le temps de visionner ce documentaire de près de 3
heures et de prendre des notes ?) de "réflexions sur un
problème de société", autrement dit de réponses qui eussent
exigé un temps de recul et un effort de documentation incompatibles
avec l'injonction courante, dans la plupart des </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>media</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>
</i></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">de
"coller à l'actualité", comme ils disent. Ensuite, il est
flagrant que ce qui est commun à ces différentes "réactions",
outre leur quasi-simultanéité par rapport à l'événement
considéré, c'est leur caractère "bâclé" : fautes
d'orthographe, syntaxe malmenée, répétition de lieux communs
journalistiques (termes passe-partout, abus du conditionnel, ton
condescendant, jugements de valeur présentés comme des descriptions
objectives, etc.) et, bien évidemment, confusion systématique de
bon aloi entre les termes-clés "complot" et
"conspiration". Mais laissons cela et venons-en au contenu
même de ces "réactions" dans lequel nous distinguerons
trois chefs d'accusation. </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Dans
l'ordre de priorité qui leur est </span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">factuellement
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">donné</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> :
immoralité (il émane de la "fachosphère"), paranoïa
(ceux qui y croient sont des malades), fausseté (pardon,
"contre-vérité").</span></span></span></em></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><em><span style="color: black;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(<a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2021/01/manifeste-du-parti-conspirationniste.html">à suivre dans ...</a>)</span></span></span></em></span></p><div id="sdfootnote1">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a> Respectivement
ministre français des armées, président du Comité Scientifique
Covid-19 et journaliste fondateur du quotidien Libération.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote2">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> On
aura reconnu dans cette introduction une parodie de l'introduction
au </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><u>Manifeste du Parti
Communiste</u></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">
rédigé par Marx et Engels en 1848. En voici le texte original
(traduit en français) : "</span><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>Un
spectre hante l’Europe : le spectre du communisme. Toutes les
puissances de la vieille Europe se sont unies en une Sainte-Alliance
pour traquer ce spectre : le pape et le tsar, Metternich et
Guizot, les radicaux de France et les policiers d’Allemagne.
</i></span></span></em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>Quelle
est l’opposition qui n’a pas été accusée de communisme par
ses adversaires au pouvoir ? Quelle est l’opposition qui, à son
tour, n’a pas renvoyé à ses adversaires de droite ou de gauche
l’épithète infamante de communiste ? Il en résulte un double
enseignement. Déjà le communisme est reconnu comme une puissance
par toutes les puissances d’Europe. Il est grand temps que les
communistes exposent à la face du monde entier, leurs conceptions,
leurs buts et leurs tendances ; qu’ils opposent au conte du
spectre communiste un manifeste du Parti lui-même</i></span></span><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">".</span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote3">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym">3</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Même
remarque pour la toute première phrase du </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><u>Manifeste</u></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">:
"</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>L’histoire
de toute société jusqu’à nos jours n’a été que
l’histoire des luttes de classes</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">".</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">
</span>
</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote4">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym">4</a> C<em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">elle-ci
"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>n’a
pas aboli les oppositions de classe mais, au contraire, n’a fait
que les simplifier</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Marx,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>la
Lutte des Classes en France</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">),
en l'occurrence, en deux classes aux intérêts antagonistes :
une classe dominante composée des possesseurs de capital et une
classe dominée constituée par ceux qui n'ont que leur seule force
de travail et le salaire y afférent pour toute richesse, les
premiers nommés ayant intérêt à exploiter les seconds pour
valoriser leur capital, les seconds nommés ayant intérêt à
lutter contre les premiers pour améliorer leurs conditions de
travail et/ou leurs salaires. Cf. notre cours </span></span></span></span></em><em><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2010/04/le-progres-technique-entraine-t-il.html">le
Progrès Technique entraîne-t-il Liberté et Bonheur pour tous ?</a></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote5">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" name="sdfootnote5sym">5</a><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> "</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>De
même que les chrétiens sont égaux au Ciel et inégaux sur terre,
les membres du peuple sont égaux dans le Ciel de leur monde
politique et inégaux dans l’existence terrestre de la société
bourgeoise</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Marx,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Critique
de la Philosophie du Droit de Hegel</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote6">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym">6</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Rappelons
au passage que </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ce
n’est pas la conscience des hommes qui détermine leur existence,
c’est au contraire leur existence sociale qui détermine leur
conscience</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Marx,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Critique
de l’Économie Politique</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote7">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym">7</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Cf.
aussi Beckett : </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"Hamm
: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>amène-moi
à ma place. C’est là ma place ? </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Clov
: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>oui,
ta place est là. </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">H.
: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>je
suis bien au centre ? </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">C.
: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il
me semble. </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">H.
: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il
te semble ! Mets-moi bien au centre </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>[…]</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">
H. : </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>pourquoi
restes-tu avec moi ? </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">C.
: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>pourquoi
me gardes-tu ? </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">H.
: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il
n’y a personne d’autre.</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">
C. : </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>il
n’y a pas d’autre place</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Fin
de Partie</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">) ;
Arendt : "</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
désolation, fonds commun de la terreur, est étroitement liée au
déracinement et à l’inutilité : être déraciné, c’est ne
pas avoir de place dans le monde, reconnue et garantie par les
autres ; être inutile c’est n’avoir aucune appartenance au
monde</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>le
Système Totalitaire</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
iv) ; et, bien entendu, Sartre : "</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>alors,
c'est ça l'enfer. Je n'aurais jamais cru ... Vous vous rappelez :
le soufre, le bûcher, le gril... Ah ! quelle plaisanterie. Pas
besoin de gril : l'enfer, c'est les Autres</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Huis
Clos</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
5).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote8">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" name="sdfootnote8sym">8</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> D'où
la dérivation que fait Hannah Arendt d'autorisation à autorité :
</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">"</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l’autorité,
c’est la hiérarchie elle-même dont chacun reconnaît la justesse
et la légitimité, et où tous deux [dominant et dominé] ont
d’avance leur place fixée. Pour cette raison, l’autorité
implique une obéissance dans laquelle les hommes gardent leur
liberté</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Arendt,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>la
Crise de la Culture</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
III).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote9">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" name="sdfootnote9sym">9</a> Pour
un bref historique de cette notion, cf. l'article <span style="color: navy;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Démon_de_Maxwell">Démon
de Maxwell</a></u></span></span> sur Wikipedia.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote10">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote10anc" name="sdfootnote10sym">10</a><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> "</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Toute
chose s’oppose à tout ce qui peut supprimer son existence et
s’efforce, autant qu’elle peut et selon son être propre, de
persévérer dans son être [</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">in
suo esse perseverare conatur</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>].
L’effort [</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">conatus</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">par
lequel toute chose tend à persévérer dans son être n’est rien
de plus que l’essence actuelle de cette chose</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Spinoza,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Éthique</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
III, 6).</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote11">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote11anc" name="sdfootnote11sym">11</a> Apparentes
parce que, comme Brillouin l'a établi, il existe une prémisse
cachée dans le raisonnement de Maxwell : c'est que son "démon"
rétablit l'ordre avec une dépense d'énergie au moins égale à
celle qui est nécessaire pour s'"informer" du travail à
accomplir et ainsi contrecarrer les effets de l'entropie. De sorte
que, <i>in fine</i>, le système
ayant quand même perdu de l'énergie, les équations de Boltzmann
et Carnot restent valides. Ce que vérifie de manière éclatante le
règne du vivant dont la principale caractéristique est d'accumuler
de l'information afin de résister à l'entropie (la mort), le bilan
énergétique d'une telle accumulation se révélant toujours
négatif (puisque l'organisme meurt). Cf. notre article <span style="color: navy;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2011/11/information-conatus-et-entropie.html">Information,
Conatus et Entropie</a></u></span></span>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote12">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote12anc" name="sdfootnote12sym">12</a> Comme
cas particulier de l'auto-régulation de l'univers. Développant la
notion chinoise de "voie de la régulation" (<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>zhōng
yōng zhī dào</i></span></span>), François
Jullien écrit que "<i>l'ordre n'y est pas introduit d'un
dehors ni n'exprime un progrès, il est interne au déroulement et
promeut celui-ci en procès du monde qui se poursuit sans
s'épuiser</i>"(Jullien, <u>la
Pensée Chinoise </u><u>en
vis-à-vis de la Philosophie</u>,
xii).</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote13">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote13anc" name="sdfootnote13sym">13</a> Ce
qui fait que <i>the ultimate furniture of the world</i>,
pour parler comme Russell, n'étant pas constante, il existe une
flèche irréversible du temps qui interdit au futur d'être la
continuation perpétuelle du présent.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote14">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote14anc" name="sdfootnote14sym">14</a> Au
terme duquel, la prédiction de l'événement à venir est de type
probabiliste et non pas apodictique. <em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Il
est manifestement faux que "</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>celui
qui voit tout [</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">c'est-à-dire
Dieu</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>]
pourrait lire dans chacun ce qui se fait partout et même ce qui
s’est fait ou ce qui se fera</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">".</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote15">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote15anc" name="sdfootnote15sym">15</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"> Sans
entrer dans les détails des origines de la métaphysique
leibnizienne disons simplement que Leibniz, qui était aussi
diplomate, aimait à se faire décrire le mode de pensée des Sages
taoïstes par les pères jésuites qui avaient vécu en Chine et
avec lesquels il entretenait une correspondance suivie. Il
serait étonnant qu'il n'y ait, entre la notion leibnizienne
d'harmonie pré-établie et son équivalent taoïste qu'une simple
coïncidence.</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">
</span>
</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote16">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote16anc" name="sdfootnote16sym">16</a> Cf.,
par exemple, l'article de Wikipedia intitulé <span style="color: navy;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théorie_du_complot">Théorie
du Complot</a></u></span></span> dans lequel se trouvent confondues,
non seulement les notions de "conspiration" et de
"complot", mais aussi celles de "théorie" et de
"thèse".</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote17">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote17anc" name="sdfootnote17sym">17</a> Comparer
avec, par exemple, le taoïsme de <em><span style="color: #181818;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Zhuāngzǐ
</span></span></span></span></em>:<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">
"</span><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>l'ordre
céleste [</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">tiān
lǐ</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>] </i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">c'est l’harmonie
de tous les êtres, dans leur commune nature, dans leur commun
devenir. Là, pas de contraste, parce que pas de distinction.
Embrasser, voilà la grande science, la grande parole. Distinguer,
c’est science et, parler d’ordre inférieur</span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: #181818;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: #181818;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">Zhuāngzǐ</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>Zhuang
Zi</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
ii).</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote18">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote18anc" name="sdfootnote18sym">18</a> La
monade est, dans le langage leibnizien, "<i>la substance
simple</i>", autrement dit le point métaphysique à partir
duquel le reste de l'univers peut être perçu.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote19">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote19anc" name="sdfootnote19sym">19</a><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Allant
même jusqu'à s'illusionner sur sa propre "liberté".
</span></span></span></span></em>Cf.,
sur ce point, Spinoza : <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>mais
venons-en aux choses créées qui, toutes, sont déterminées à
exister et à agir selon une manière précise et déterminée. Pour
le comprendre clairement, prenons un exemple très simple. Une
pierre reçoit d’une cause extérieure qui la pousse, une certaine
quantité de mouvement, par laquelle elle continuera nécessairement
de se mouvoir après l’arrêt de l’impulsion externe. Concevez
maintenant, si vous voulez bien, que la pierre, tandis qu’elle
continue de se mouvoir, sache et pense qu’elle fait tout l’effort
possible pour continuer de se mouvoir. Cette pierre, assurément,
puisqu’elle n’est consciente que de son effort, [...] croira
être libre et ne persévérer dans son mouvement que par la seule
raison qu’elle le désire. Telle est cette liberté humaine que
tous les hommes se vantent d’avoir et qui consiste en cela seul
que les hommes sont conscients de leurs désirs et ignorants des
causes qui les déterminent. C’est ainsi qu’un enfant croit
désirer librement le lait et un jeune garçon irrité vouloir se
venger s’il est irrité, mais fuir s’il est craintif</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Spinoza,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Lettre
LVIII à Schuller</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote20">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote20anc" name="sdfootnote20sym">20</a> Leibniz
distingue soigneusement "perception" et "aperception"
: <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>ainsi
il est bon de faire distinction entre la perception qui est l’état
intérieur de la monade représentant les choses externes, et
l’aperception qui est la conscience, ou la connaissance réflexive
de cet état intérieur, laquelle n’est point donnée à toutes
les âmes, ni toujours à la même âme</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Leibniz,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Principes
de la Nature et de la Grâce fondés en Raison</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
iv).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote21">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote21anc" name="sdfootnote21sym">21</a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"> "</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Nous
cherchons une cause en essayant de repérer un
mécanisme</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Leçons
sur l’Esthétique</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
II, 34). </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">La
recherche du mécanisme en termes de chemin causal qui conduit d'un
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>input
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">à
un </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>output</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">
est le paradigme de la pensée technologique.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote22">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote22anc" name="sdfootnote22sym">22</a> Cf.
notre article <span style="color: navy;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2018/10/freud-metapsychologie-et-psychanalyse-i.html">Freud,
Métapsychologie et Psychanalyse</a></u></span></span>, ainsi que le
remarquable ouvrage, mi-documentaire, mi-fiction romanesque du
physicien Tom Keve intitulé <u>trois Explications du Monde</u>
dans lequel l'auteur montre l'intrication conceptuelle de la
mécanique quantique, de la psychanalyse et de la mystique juive
(les "trois explications du monde").</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote23">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote23anc" name="sdfootnote23sym">23</a> Qu'elles
soient héritières de la tradition dite "descriptive"
chère à Durkheim ou dans la veine wébérienne de la sociologie
"compréhensive". Les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu sont une
bonne synthèse de ces deux courants, apparemment antagonistes, en
réalité convergents.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote24">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote24anc" name="sdfootnote24sym">24</a> Comme
l'écrit le physicien Fritjof Capra dans un ouvrage qu'il lui a
consacré et qui a fait scandale, "<i>à l'opposé de la vision
mécaniste occidentale, la conception orientale du monde est
"organique". Pour la spiritualité orientale, tous les
objets et événements perçus par les sens s'avèrent
inter-dépendants et ne sont que différents aspects ou
manifestation d'une même réalité fondamentale. Notre tendance à
diviser le monde perçu en objets individuels et séparés, et à
nous y éprouver nous-mêmes en tant que sujets isolés, est
considéré comme une illusion provenant de notre mentalité</i>"(Capra,
<u>le Tao de la Physique</u>,
i). En d'autres termes, la notion taoïste de Voie, la notion
hindouiste ou bouddhiste de <i>karma</i>
substituent à la relation duale cause/effet (au singulier) qui est
le propre de la <i>mâyâ</i>,
"<i>l'illusion
qui prend ses concepts pour la réalité, la carte pour le
territoire</i>"(<i>op.cit.</i>,
v), celle de conditions/conséquences (au pluriel). Il en va de même
pour la notion kabbalistique juive de <i>tsim-tsoum</i>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote25">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote25anc" name="sdfootnote25sym">25</a> C'est
la loi de la conservation de l'énergie totale de l'univers
(première loi de la thermodynamique), loi contestée, comme nous
l'avons dit, par la notion d'entropie (cf. note 11).</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote26">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote26anc" name="sdfootnote26sym">26</a> Cf.
aussi Bachelard qui voit un "obstacle épistémologique"
dans le modèle mécaniste des chocs entre causes et effets. Pour
lui <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
pensée scientifique contemporaine s'attache à un réalisme
transplanté. Elle ne peut évidemment plus se satisfaire de la
réalité objective du philosophe réaliste qui désire ne jamais
perdre de vue les premiers signes d'une réalité manifeste. Elle
doit faire subir à cette réalité objective une longue suite de
déréalisations</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Bachelard,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>l'Activité
Rationaliste de la Physique Contemporaine</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote27">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote27anc" name="sdfootnote27sym">27</a> Wittgenstein,
comme Hume avant lui,<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> va
beaucoup plus loin. Pour lui, </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>croire
en l’existence d’un lien causal, c’est cela la
superstition</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Tractatus</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
5.1361), au point même que </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>nous
ne devrions pas dire qu’il y a des causes dans la nature, mais
seulement que nous avons un système de représentation dans lequel
il y a des causes : le déterminisme ou l’indéterminisme sont des
propriétés d’un système qui sont fixées
arbitrairement</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Wittgenstein,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Cours
de Cambridge 1932-1935</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote28">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote28anc" name="sdfootnote28sym">28</a> Cf.
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2019/06/hypothese-scientifique-et-modele.html">Hypothèse
Scientifique et Modèle Explicatif</a></u></span></span>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote29">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote29anc" name="sdfootnote29sym">29</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> C'est
explicitement le cas en physique quantique dans le cadre de
laquelle, </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>nous
devons comprendre que, sous le choc de nos méthodes raffinées
d'observation et de nos méthodes d'interprétation des résultats
d'expérience, cette mystérieuse frontière entre le sujet et
l'objet s'est effondrée</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Schrödinger,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Physique
Quantique et Représentation du Monde</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">).
C'est aussi le cas, bien évidemment, en psychanalyse avec la notion
de "transfert" qui "</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>désigne
le processus par lequel les désirs inconscients s'actualisent sur
certains objets dans le cadre d'un certain type de relation établie
avec eux</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Laplanche
et Pontalis, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Vocabulaire
de la Psychanalyse</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
art. "transfert").</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote30">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote30anc" name="sdfootnote30sym">30</a><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Conception
holistique, comme on le voit, de la réalité qui est à l'opposé
diamétral de la conception atomistique qui, à quelques exceptions
près, traverse toute la pensée occidentale depuis les Grecs
jusqu'à nos jours.</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote31">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote31anc" name="sdfootnote31sym">31</a> Du
point de vue mathématique, la statistique se définit comme un
recueil empirique de données représentées graphiquement par d<em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">es
"nuages" de points, lesquels "nuages" sont plus
ou moins bien ajustables ("explicables") au moyen de
courbes fonctionnelles (linéaires ou non).</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote32">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote32anc" name="sdfootnote32sym">32</a> Rappelons
qu'en théorie objectiviste de l'information (cf. l'article <span style="color: navy;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physique_statistique">Physique
Statistique</a></u></span></span> sur Wikipedia), la quantité
d'information disponible sur un événement E est l'opposé du
logarithme de la probabilité de survenance de E : <i>I(E) = - ln
prob.(E)</i>. En clair, plus un
événement est probable, moins on possède d'information sur lui.
Un exemple tiré de l'actualité journalistique récente : quelle
"information" tire-t-on de l'annonce selon laquelle le
gouvernement va peut-être décréter le "reconfinement"
bien que cela ne soit pas sûr ?
</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote33">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote33anc" name="sdfootnote33sym">33</a><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Comme
Wittgenstein l'a montré, il n'y a, rigoureusement parlant, de
nécessité ou d'impossibilité que dans le domaine extrêmement
restreint des propositions de la logique et nulle part ailleurs.
Comme Hume, bien avant lui, l'avait déjà souligné, le fait que le
soleil se lève à l'est ou le fait que je sois mortel ne sont pas
"nécessaires" </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>stricto
sensu</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote34">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote34anc" name="sdfootnote34sym">34</a> Mathématiquement,
<em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">le
produit des probabilités, valeurs toutes comprises entre 0 et 1,
tend vers 0 lorsque la quantité de ces valeurs s'accroît
infiniment. Ainsi, la "certitude" (positive) que le soleil
se lève à l'est, ne se fonde que sur une seule information :
la conjonction constante des deux événements depuis la nuit des
temps qui me fait "sentir" qu'il en sera perpétuellement
ainsi. </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>A
contrario</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
la "certitude" (négative) que je ne suis pas immortel se
fonde sur un grand nombre d'informations relatives à la
non-conjonction des processus qui devraient être réunis pour que
je le fusse (en d'autres termes, il faudrait un "miracle",
c'est-à-dire une intervention sur-naturelle qui réduise
"miraculeusement" le nombre de facteurs en jeu).</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote35">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote35anc" name="sdfootnote35sym">35</a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"> "</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Si
l’acte involontaire est fait par nécessité ou par hasard, l’acte
volontaire semblerait être l’acte dont le principe est dans
l’agent lui-même qui sait en détail toutes les conditions que
son action renferme</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Aristote,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Éthique
à Nicomaque</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
III, 1111a).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote36">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote36anc" name="sdfootnote36sym">36</a> Que dire, par exemple, à ceux ou celles qui, ne possédant pas
les informations physiques que NOUS possédons ou, en tout cas, ne
leur accordant pas la valeur que NOUS leur accordons, sont
"certain-e-s" (parce qu'ils/elles le "sentent")
que tout, dans l'univers, est voulu et piloté par un démiurge (<i>intelligent design</i>) ?
Par définition, si quelqu'un "sent" la présence de Dieu quelque part,
aucune information d'aucune sorte ne lui fera changer d'avis !
Le problème est : que répondre à qui considère comme UN (donc
dispensé de justification par des informations) ce que NOUS considérons, NOUS, comme MULTIPLE et, partant, dont la conjonction des composantes, est, sur la base des nombreuses informations que NOUS possédons, très peu probable ? Cela pose indirectement le problème de l'autorité des institutions de savoir en général que nous aborderons à la fin de cet article.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote37">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote37anc" name="sdfootnote37sym">37</a> Un
simple et bon exemple de la différence entre complot et
conspiration réside dans ce qu'on appelle, l'<i>omertà </i>ou
"conspiration du silence" : à l'occasion d'un sombre
événement, les témoins potentiels se taisent en général non pas
parce qu'ils en ont reçu l'ordre mais parce qu'ils sentent qu'ils y
ont intérêt.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote38">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote38anc" name="sdfootnote38sym">38</a> Au
stade suivant, nous aurions affaire à une conjuration ou cabale,
complot dans le cadre duquel les comploteurs se donnent, de
surcroît, mutuellement des gages de fidélité. Ou bien à un
miracle, une providence, etc., qui sont les noms que l'on donne au
complot lorsqu'il n'y a qu'un seul comploteur et que sa volonté est
transcendante par rapport aux lois de la nature au point qu'elle est
le seul facteur dont dépende la réussite de son plan.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote39">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote39anc" name="sdfootnote39sym">39</a> À
partir de maintenant, nous distinguerons, deux pôles opposés dans
un processus de connaissance : d'une part le pôle de la
compréhension comme situation dans laquelle se trouve celui ou celle qui
dit (ou pense) "je sais que ..." sans, à la limite,
pouvoir justifier sa connaissance par une autre raison que "je
sens intuitivement que ...", et, d'autre part, le pôle de
l'information dans le sens restreint et précis de la même attitude
propositionnelle justifiable par une prétention au recours possible
à l'expérimentation d'un mécanisme causal identifiable et
isolable. En ce sens, on peut donc dire, en vertu de la corrélation
inverse que nous avons établie entre probabilité et quantité
d'informations (cf. note 32), que, à propos d'un événement donné,
plus on a d'informations parcellaires et moins l'on comprend
globalement, plus on a de compréhension globale et moins on est
partiellement informés. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cela dit, une information peut aussi être considérée non pas comme dénotant le fait isolé qu'elle prétend décrire, mais comme exemplifiant un ensemble de faits déjà globalement connus (cf. <a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2014/01/lire-v-philosophie-analytique.html">Philosophie Analytique, Littérature et Sémantique</a>), un peu comme le même bruit peut évoquer un danger nouveau ou bien une situation familière. C'est de cette dernière manière que le présent exposé aborde l'information journalistique. Il reste qu'e<span style="text-align: left;">ntre ces deux pôles extrêmes (information <i>vs </i>compréhension) se situe la connaissance scientifique
comme tissu de prémisses intuitives et d'informations
expérimentables formant ensemble une théorie, c'est-à-dire un
réseau global de propositions consistantes (non-contradictoires)
entre elles tendant à décrire le réel. Quelque part entre ces
deux pôles, se trouvent aussi la connaissance du philosophe et celle de l'historien chez
qui les proportions respectives d'informations et de compréhension
varient fortement selon les courants et les traditions. La
connaissance du sage, celle de l'artiste, celle du mystique sont,
quant à elles, clairement orientées vers la compréhension (cf.
</span><span style="color: navy; text-align: left;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><a href="https://phiphilo.blogspot.com/2020/04/les-yoga-sutra-de-patanjali-sagesse-ou.html">les
Yoga-Sûtra de Patanjali : Sagesse ou Philosophie</a></u></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">).</span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote40">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote40anc" name="sdfootnote40sym">40</a> Au
sens de la théorie des <i>fuzzy sets </i>de
Lotfi Zadeh : en gros, un ensemble E est dit flou si et seulement
s'il existe une fonction <i>f </i>d'appartenance
à E telle que, pour tout objet <i>x</i>,
0 ≤ <i>f(x) </i>≤
1. L'on peut considérer l'ensemble booléen classique comme un cas
limite de la théorie des ensembles flous lorsque, pour tout objet
<i>x</i>, ou bien <i>f(x)
</i>= 0, ou bien <i>f(x) </i>=
1.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote41">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote41anc" name="sdfootnote41sym">41</a> Nous
parlerons désormais de "pensée conspirante" pour
désigner cette forme de pensée compréhensive qui admet,
consciemment ou non, le postulat tautologique que tout ou partie des
événements, à commencer par les événements sociaux, sont
intriqués dans une inter-dépendance complexe qui exclut, <i>a
priori</i>, que l'on puisse en
faire un compte-rendu linéaire en termes de causes et d'effets.
Nous réserverons l'appellation "conspirationnisme" à la
pensée conspirante suffisamment consciente d'elle-même pour
pouvoir assumer de se revendiquer et accepter de se justifier comme
telle.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote42">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote42anc" name="sdfootnote42sym">42</a> Cf.
Descartes : <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>on
peut généralement nommer passions toutes sorte de perceptions et
de connaissances qui se trouvent en nous, à cause que souvent ce
n’est pas notre âme qui les fait telles qu’elles
sont</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Descartes,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Traité
des Passions</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
art.17). Or, "</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>je
ne suis donc précisément parlant qu’une chose qui pense,
c’est-à-dire un esprit, un entendement ou une raison</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Descartes,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Méditations
Métaphysiques</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
II, 7). La passion (l'émotion, l'affect) est donc réputée
participer de l'intrusion de l'Autre (le corps) en Moi (l'âme).
Tradition philosophique qui culminera, au XX° siècle, dans le
computationalisme, c'est-à-dire dans la promotion de l'ordinateur
comme modèle de raisonnement parfait ne traitant que des
informations (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>data</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">)
sans compréhension</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote43">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote43anc" name="sdfootnote43sym">43</a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"> "</span></span></span><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>L’intellect
qui raisonne en vue d’un but c’est-à-dire l’intellect
pratique se distingue de l’intellect théorique par sa fin
[</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">telei</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>].
[Dans le premier cas] le terme final du raisonnement est le point de
départ de l’action</i></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">"(Aristote,
</span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>de
l'Âme</u></span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
III, 433a).</span></span></span></span></em></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote44">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote44anc" name="sdfootnote44sym">44</a> Rappelons
que le terme même de "panique" dérive de la mythologie
grecque dans laquelle le dieu Pan était censé inspirer de la
frayeur à ses ennemis.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote45">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote45anc" name="sdfootnote45sym">45</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Ce
qui remonte à l'invention de la métaphysique par les Éléates
dont le principe fondamental est que </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">ce
qui est est et ne saurait, en aucun cas, ne pas être ou ne plus
être ; ce qui est vrai est vrai et ne saurait en aucun
cas être faux ou le devenir.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">
Ce principe, dit de (non-)contradiction, selon lequel "</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>il
est impossible qu’une seule et même chose soit, et tout à la
fois ne soit pas, à une même autre chose, sous le même
rapport</i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">"(Aristote, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><u>Métaphysique</u></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">,
Γ, 1005b 19-20), a acquis le statut de </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">dogme
absolu dans l'histoire de la pensée occidentale. Une tout autre
conception de la rationalité est illustrée, par exemple, par la
pensée taoïste qui proclame : "</span><em><span style="color: #181818;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">un </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">yīn</span></span><em><span style="color: #181818;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
un </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">yáng</span></span><em><span style="color: #181818;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
voilà le </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">dào"(</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Grand
Commentaire du Yi King</u></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">).
Autrement dit, la Voie (</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>dào</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">)
est indéfectiblement celle qui mène d'une situation à son
contraire, d'un</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yīn</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">à un</span></span><em><span style="color: #181818;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yáng</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">puis
de ce</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yáng</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">à
un autre</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>yīn</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
etc.</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">
</span>
</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote46">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote46anc" name="sdfootnote46sym">46</a> Cf.
encore Descartes :<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>le
premier [précepte] était de ne recevoir jamais aucune chose pour
vraie que je ne la connusse évidemment être telle; c'est-à-dire,
d'éviter soigneusement la précipitation et la prévention, et de
ne comprendre rien de plus en mes jugements que ce qui se
présenterait si clairement et si distinctement à mon esprit, que
je n'eusse aucune occasion de le mettre en doute</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Descartes,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Discours
de la Méthode</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
II). Du coup, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>la
première [règle pratique] est de tâcher toujours de se servir du
mieux possible de son esprit pour connaître ce qui est à faire ou
ne pas faire [...], la seconde est d’avoir une ferme et constante
résolution d’exécuter tout ce que la raison conseille [...], la
troisième est de tâcher toujours plutôt à se vaincre que la
fortune et à changer ses désirs que l’ordre du monde</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">"(Descartes,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u>Discours
de la Méthode</u></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">
III).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote47">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote47anc" name="sdfootnote47sym">47</a> Qui
réduit la valeur des énoncés à deux seulement : le Vrai dans
l'absolu, le Faux dans l'absolu.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote48">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote48anc" name="sdfootnote48sym">48</a> De
conditions (lat. <i>condicio</i>,
manière d'être) et non de circonstances (lat. <i>circum
stans</i>, qui se tient autour) :
ce sont les événements qui conspirent, non ce qui se tient autour.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote49">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote49anc" name="sdfootnote49sym">49</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> "</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><i>La
coutume fait toute l'équité, par cette seule raison qu'elle est
reçue ; c'est le fondement mystique de son autorité. Qui la ramène
à son principe, l'anéantit. [Car] qui voudra en examiner le motif
le trouvera si faible et si léger, que, s'il n'est accoutumé à
contempler les prodiges de l'imagination humaine, il admirera qu'un
siècle lui ait tant acquis de pompe et de révérence. L'art de
fronder, bouleverser les États, est d'ébranler les coutumes
établies, en sondant jusque dans leur source, pour marquer leur
défaut d'autorité et de justice</i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">"(Pascal,
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><u>Pensées</u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">,
B294).</span></span></span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote50">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote50anc" name="sdfootnote50sym">50</a><em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Conformément
à la première des quatre maximes conversationnelles de Grice,
l'information quantitativement optimale se situe toujours quelque
part entre le trop peu et le trop. </span></span></span></span></em>Cf.
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><a href="http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2008.foudon_n&part=145070">la
Théorie de Implicatures de Grice</a></u></span></span>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote51">
<p class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote51anc" name="sdfootnote51sym">51</a> Article
complet intitulé <span style="color: navy;"><span lang="fr-FR"><u><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold-up_(film,_2020)">Hold-up
(film, 2020)</a></u></span></span>.</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote52">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote52anc" name="sdfootnote52sym">52</a> De
fait, si vous tapez "Hold-up" sur un moteur de recherche,
c'est la page de Wikipedia qui apparaît en premier.</span></p>
</div><p>
</p><div id="sdfootnote53">
<p align="JUSTIFY" class="sdfootnote-western" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote53anc" name="sdfootnote53sym">53</a> Ajoutons
qu'au jour où nous écrivons, c'est-à-dire plus de deux mois après la sortie de ce documentaire, il est toujours impossible de
trouver, dans le foisonnement de publication éditoriales qu'il a
suscitées, le moindre article fournissant des explications allant
dans le sens de celles qui sont données par les contributeurs à ce
documentaire. Si cela n'est pas la preuve d'une conspiration ...</span></p>
</div><div id="sdfootnote53">
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0